Chapter 5 THE REVOLUTION SETTLEMENT

After the failure of the treaty of 1670, eighteen years, eventful in the history of both kingdoms, passed; and at the Revolution the question of the Union was again discussed.

In the letter which William addressed to the Scottish Estates in March 1689, he said that he was glad to find that many peers and gentlemen of Scotland, whom he had consulted in London, were "so much inclined to a union of both kingdoms, that they did look upon it as one of the best means for procuring the happiness of these nations, and settling of a lasting peace among them." He himself was of the same opinion, and was resolved to do everything in his power to bring it about.

Among the members of the Estates there was a strong party in favour of delaying the settlement of the Crown until the Union had been accomplished, on the ground that terms favourable to Scotland would be more easily obtained when the affairs of England were in a critical and unsettled condition. Among those who took this view was Sir John Dalrymple, who afterwards, as first Earl of Stair, was to play a prominent part in the final settlement of the question. The fact, however, that this view was supported by some astute members of the Jacobite party, who saw in it a means of causing delay, induced a majority of the Estates to resolve that the settlement of the Crown should come first.

William had instructed Melville, and his other representatives in Scotland, that nothing was to interfere with the settlement of the Government. That was to be their first concern. If the Estates were in earnest for the Union, care was to be taken that it was not made an excuse for delay. If the Union was insisted on, then an attempt must be made to obtain from the Estates an offer of terms such as the English Parliament was likely to accept at once, without entering upon a treaty. He indicated his own view to be that the laws and customs of Scotland should be preserved intact, while questions relating to the public safety, and also the proportion of Scottish members in the united Parliament, should be referred to himself.[103]

Although William thus anticipated a discussion on the Union, he was determined that nothing should prevent or delay the immediate settlement of the Government. The resolution of the Estates was, therefore, in accordance with his wishes. But as soon as the memorable declaration that James had forfeited his right to the Crown had been adopted, along with the offer of the vacant throne to William and Mary, the Estates lost no time in taking up the question of Union; and an Act was passed appointing commissioners "to meet with such persons as shall be nominate commissioners by the Parliament of England, and to treat concerning the Union of the two kingdoms." This Act became law on the 23rd of April, and on the following day a letter to the king was approved, in which the Estates informed his Majesty that certain of their number would wait upon him with the offer of the Crown, and would present to him a Claim of Rights, and a list of grievances for which they asked redress. At the same time they expressed the hope that the Union would be speedily accomplished, "that as both kingdoms are united in one head and sovereign, so they may become one body politic, one nation, to be represented in one Parliament."

The Scottish Estates had proposed the Union. But at Westminster nothing could be done to further their wishes. William alluded to the question in his speech from the throne in March 1690. "I must," he said, "recommend, also, to your consideration a Union with Scotland. I do not mean that it should now be entered upon; but they having proposed this to me, some time since, and the Parliament there having nominated commissioners for that purpose, I should be glad that commissioners might also be nominated here, to treat with them, and so see if such terms could be agreed on, as might be for the benefit of both nations, so as to be presented to you in some future session."[104] Nothing more, however, was heard of the Union at that time. It was evident that the affairs of both kingdoms were in such a state that it was hopeless to press forward so delicate a piece of business. In England, important questions which could not be delayed awaited decision; and in Parliament party feeling was running high, not only between the Tories and the Whigs, but also between the Lords and the Commons. In Scotland, the factions which contended for the mastery would only have found in the Union another question about which to wrangle. The keen eyes of William had perceived the necessity of the Union, but the time had not yet come.

Although the project of an Union was abandoned, the statutes relating to the Church passed by the Scottish Parliament at this time, constituting what is known as the Revolution Settlement, had a most important bearing on the final accomplishment of the Union. Prelacy was abolished, and Presbytery was re-established. Most of the ministers who had been ejected at the Restoration were now dead, but sixty veterans still survived, and they were restored to their livings. The Act which asserted the royal supremacy in ecclesiastical causes was repealed. The Westminster Confession of Faith was declared to be the national creed. The Law of Patronage was reformed by an Act which gave the Protestant landowners in counties, and the town councils in burghs, power to buy the patronage of livings, for a small sum; and the right of choosing the minister was handed over to the landowners and the elders, against whose choice the congregation might appeal to the Presbytery.[105]

The statutes which introduced these reforms were accepted by an overwhelming majority of the Scottish people. In 1707 they were embodied in the Act of Union; and it is certain that if, while the terms of the great international contract were being arranged, any serious attempt had been made to alter them, the Union would never have been accomplished.

It is, indeed, hardly possible to overestimate the importance of the Church question during the Union controversy. It is certain that if the Church of the majority had not been established in Scotland at the Revolution, another civil war would have been the result. The Presbyterian clergy were Whigs, almost to a man, and their influence in the country was enormous. The views held by the extreme branch of the Church did not affect, to any great extent, the course of events in Scotland. These were the men who, under their various designations of Cameronians, or Hill men, or Society men, still clung tenaciously to the old Covenanting ideas in their most uncompromising form. They could hardly bring themselves to submit to the existing Government. The old formula of a "Covenanted King" of the Stuart dynasty was still full of meaning to them; and long afterwards, during the reign of Anne, the Jacobites tried to make use of them for the purpose of defeating the Union. They were, however, Whigs, and would never, under any circumstances, have acquiesced in the overthrow of the Presbyterian system. The great danger to the cause of the Union and the Hanoverian succession lay in the sentiments of the Episcopalians. Every Episcopal clergyman in Scotland, with scarcely an exception, was a Tory and a Jacobite. On the eve of the Revolution, when the bishops of England were opposing, with dignified firmness, the arbitrary pretensions of the king, the Scottish bishops had addressed him in terms of the most servile eulogy. They assured him that they regarded a steadfast allegiance to the throne as an essential part of their religion. They declared that the line of Stuart was the greatest glory of Scotland. They spoke of James himself as the darling of heaven, and described the amazement and horror with which they had heard the rumours of an invasion from Holland.[106] It is not wonderful that the Presbyterians, when they obtained the ascendency, should have excluded from power the authors of this address. Nor is it wonderful that, in those parts of the country where the persecutors had been at work, the peasantry should have subjected the obnoxious clergymen to every species of indignity. For more than a quarter of a century their oppressors had appealed to the law to justify their misdeeds, and it was natural that, when the hour of deliverance came, the oppressed should take the law into their own hands. Locked out of their churches and expelled from their houses, with their gowns torn from their backs, the Episcopal clergy in Scotland learned how precarious is the situation of a priesthood which is protected by the law, but has no place in the affections of the people.

The Church affairs of Scotland were not settled in accordance with the desires of William. It was no secret that he wished to secure complete toleration for all dissenters. He was anxious to avoid all measures which could interfere with the projected Union of the Kingdoms; and it is probable that his hope was that some plan might be devised for establishing the same system of Church government throughout the whole island. When he received from the Government in Scotland the draft of the Act which it was proposed to pass for the establishment of Presbytery, he made a number of amendments which had a double purpose; to remove expressions which might raise doubts in England with regard to the Union, and to conciliate the Episcopalians in Scotland. For instance, it was stated in the draft that the Reformation in Scotland had been the work of Presbyters "without Prelacy." This statement he deleted. In the draft, Presbytery was described as "the only government of Christ's Church in this kingdom." William was of opinion that a better expression would be "the government of the Church in this kingdom established by law." The rest of his suggestions were of a similar character. Everything in the shape of an assertion that Presbytery was a better system than Episcopacy was carefully avoided, and the only reason given for establishing the former was, that it was more in accordance with the wishes of the Scottish people. At the same time he explained that it was his desire "that those who do not own and yield submission to the present Church government in Scotland shall have the like indulgence that the Presbyterians have in England."

The Act was submitted to the Estates, and became law on the 7th of June 1690. It declared Presbytery to be "the only government of Christ's Church within this kingdom"; it condoned the action of the peasantry in expelling the Episcopal clergy by force; and it placed the government of the Church in the hands of the sixty ministers who had been replaced in the livings from which they had been ejected at the Restoration. Yet the Government acted on tolerant principles. All Episcopal clergymen who took the oaths were left in peaceable possession of their churches, without being called on to submit to the Presbyterian Church courts; and some even of those who refused to take the oaths, and who prayed publicly for the late king and his family, continued to enjoy their livings without molestation.[107] After a few years, when it was seen that the Jacobites were quite irreconcilable, an Act was passed which provided that no one could hold a benefice without taking the oath of allegiance, signing the assurance, which was a declaration that William and Mary were the only lawful sovereigns of the realm, signing the Westminster Confession of Faith, and submitting to the Presbyterian system of Church government. Yet so lenient was the spirit of the Whigs that, instead of vigorously enforcing this law, they superseded it, to a great extent, by another and milder Act, under which taking the oaths to Government became the only qualification required from any Episcopal preacher in Scotland.

At the Revolution, and in consequence of the position in which the Episcopal clergy found themselves, it became the fixed policy of the Jacobites to call the attention of Englishmen to what was going on in the North; and during the reign of William there issued from the press a series of pamphlets, the purpose of which was to create a feeling against the Presbyterians so strong that, if a favourable opportunity should occur, the Scottish Establishment might be attacked and overthrown. The first to take the field were "two persons of quality." Sir George Mackenzie, the late Lord Advocate, and Lord Tarbat, afterwards the first Earl of Cromartie, went to London at the crisis of the Revolution, and published a pamphlet, the purpose of which was to persuade the Prince of Orange that the principles of the Presbyterians were not only inconsistent with monarchy, but even destructive of all human society.[108] This production did not attract much notice; but a great effect was produced by a more elaborate piece of work, to which Mackenzie devoted the last months of his life. This was a vindication of the system of government pursued in Scotland during the reign of Charles the Second.[109] It was, in a measure, a vindication of his own life, for few of the rulers of Scotland had taken a more important part in the questionable transactions of that reign. When his public career was ended by the Revolution, he had retired to Oxford, where Whigs and Tories alike were amused and instructed by his conversation, in which he did not fail to present the worst features of Presbytery.[110] The Vindication, the greater part of which was probably written at Oxford, was a serious attempt to show that the Executive Government in Scotland had not been guilty of oppression and cruelty, that no one had suffered on account of his religion, that the Presbyterians were merely rebels, and that the laws which had been made against them were not only necessary, but had never been harshly administered. He did not live to publish this pamphlet himself, but after his death it was printed by Dr. Alexander Monro, who had lately been deprived of the place of Principal of the University of Edinburgh. Coming from the pen of a well-known member of the late Government, who had, for a number of years, been the first law officer of the Crown in the country about which he was writing, the Vindication had great weight in England.

Monro also published a tract of his own, defending himself against charges made by the commissioners who had been appointed to visit the Scottish universities, and "purge" them of all professors who would not swear allegiance to William and Mary.[111] The effect of this work, and others upon the same subject, was to raise a feeling of contempt for the state of learning in Scotland, and to cause Englishmen to believe that, under the Presbyterian system, literature and science were doomed. Other pamphlets were published giving an account of the proceedings in the General Assembly and in the Parliament connected with the establishment of the Church.[112] These, certainly, contain materials of great historical value; but they do not even pretend to be impartial, and were written to excite sympathy with the ejected Episcopal ministers and dislike to their successors.

The author of one of these pamphlets, the Rev. John Sage, wrote also an elaborate treatise on the history and nature of Presbytery, in which he maintained that the article in the Claim of Rights which declared that Prelacy was a grievance, and contrary to the inclinations of the Scottish people, was utterly without foundation.[113] The Presbyterians, he asserted, had, in pursuance of a carefully-arranged plan, encouraged the rabble to eject the Episcopal ministers, and had managed, during the confusion of the times, to secure a majority in the Estates, which did not represent the wishes of the country. It was obvious that if this could be proved to the satisfaction of the Whigs of England, they would, in any treaty of Union, consider seriously whether the religious Establishment of Scotland should not be brought into conformity with that of England. If a majority of the people desired Presbytery, the Whigs, on principle, were bound to support Presbytery. But if neither the mob nor the Parliament represented the wishes of the people; if the real desire of the nation could only be discovered by private consultations with the Tory and Jacobite laity, or gathered from the writings of the Episcopal clergy; if the majority of the Parliament represented the minority of the nation, then it was the duty of the Whigs to support Episcopacy.

But the pamphlets which were most widely read in England were those which held up the Presbyterians to execration as persecutors, and to ridicule as fanatics. Monro and his friends took great pains to collect accounts of the hardships which the Episcopal clergy had suffered at the hands of the mob, and published them for the purpose of influencing public opinion in England.[114] The clergy were described as "a company of resolute Christians that dare lay down their lives for the truth of those doctrines which they have formerly taught." In point of fact, none of them were called upon to lay down their lives. One of the worst cases of "rabbling," which the Episcopalians described as a "tragedy," took place at Kirkpatrick in Annandale. On Easter day a party of men and women went to the clergyman's house in the morning, knocked him down, and then threw him into "a nasty puddle." His wife, who ran out of the house, was also thrown down. "Then their noble Captain at this honourable expedition gave the word of command to his female janizaries, which was Strip the Curate (for they think this a most disgraceful appellation, and therefore they apply it to all Episcopal ministers). The order was no sooner given, than these Amazons prepared to put it in execution, for throwing away their plaids (i.e. loose upper garments) each of them drew from her girdle a great sharp-pointed dagger, prepared, it seems, for a thorough reformation. The good minister lying panting and prostrate on the ground, had first his night-gown torn and cut off him, his close coat, waistcoat, and britches ript open with their knives, nay, their modesty could not so far prevail against their zeal, as to spare his shirt and drawers, but all were cut in pieces and sacrificed to a broken Covenant. The forementioned Captain gave the finishing stroke himself with a great Reforming Club, the blow was designed for the minister's head or breast, but he naturally throwing up his hands to save those vital parts, occasioned it to fall upon his shin-bones, which he had drawn up to cover his Nakedness; the blow was such as greatly bruised his legs, and made them swell extraordinarily after; however the Captain thinking they were broke, and finding it uneasie for himself and his companions to stand longer in a great storm of wind and snow which happened to fall out that morning, he drew off his company, and left the Semi-Martyr, who afterwards, by the assistance of his servants, crawled home to his bed, and but a little after, the whole herd of his persecutors broke in again upon him, and told him: they had treated him so because he prayed for the Tyrant York (so these people ordinarily called King James, tho' he was too kind to them), and because he had presumed to preach and visit the parishioners as if he had been their minister, which they had formerly forbidden him to do; they required him also to be gone from their Covenanted Lands, under pain of death, before that day Sevennight, and never again to meddle with the ministry."[115]

Such stories-and this is only one of many which were printed and circulated-could not fail to produce anger and alarm in England; and the conduct of the Presbyterian ministers was, at the same time, represented in the most unfavourable light. Not one of them, it was said, had ever been heard to condemn these outrages from the pulpit. On the contrary, sermons had been preached in which the mob had been applauded for their zeal. In the cathedral church of Saint Giles at Edinburgh the congregation had been told that "such shakings as these were the shakings of God, and without such shakings his Church was not in use to be settled."

But the sayings and the character of the ministers of the Church of Scotland were assailed in the most effective way by those writers who relied upon ridicule rather than serious invective. Londoners who remembered laughing over Hudibras in the heyday of the Restoration must have found the Scotch Presbyterian Eloquence very poor reading. But it was admirably suited for the purpose of persuading Englishmen that the sermons and prayers of the Scottish ministers were nonsensical rhapsodies, and that, in many cases, both the preachers and their hearers were hypocrites who led the most immoral lives. That part of the work which attacked the private characters of the Presbyterian ministers was met by a series of accusations of the same kind against the Episcopalians; and it is difficult to say whether the attack or the defence is more discreditable. Both are probably, on the whole, equally mendacious.[116] But the most telling part of the work consisted of selections from grotesque sermons and prayers. "Sirs," one minister is reported to have said in his first sermon, "I am coming home to be your shepherd, and you must be my sheep, and the Bible will be my tar-bottle, for I will mark you with it; (and laying his hand on the clerk or precentor's head) he saith, 'Andrew, you shall be my dog.' 'The sorrow a bit of your dog will I be,' said Andrew. 'O Andrew, I speak mystically,' said the preacher. 'Yea, but you speak mischievously,' said Andrew." Another minister, preaching on the first chapter of the Book of Job, is represented as saying, "Sirs, I will tell you this story very plainly. The Devil comes to God one day. God said, 'What now, Deel, thou foul thief, whither are you going?' 'I am going up and down now, Lord, you have put me away from you now, I must even do for myself now.' 'Well, well, Deel (says God) all the world kens that it is your fault; but do not you know that I have an honest servant they call Job? Is not he an honest man, Deel?' 'Sorrow to his thank,' says the Deel; 'you make his cup stand full even, you make his pot play well, but give him a cuff, I'll hazard he'll be as ill as I am called.' 'Go, Deel,' says God, 'I'll yoke his honesty with you. Fell his cows, worry his sheep, do all the mischief ye can, but for the very soul of you, touch not a hair of his tail.'"

The specimens of prayers are equally absurd. "O Lord," one divine says, "thou'rt like a mousie peeping out at the hole of a wall, for thou sees us, but we see not thee." Another prayed as follows: "Good Lord, what have ye been doing all this time? What good have ye done to your poor Kirk in Scotland?... O, how often have we put our shoulders to Christ's cause, when his own back was at the wall; to be free with you, Lord, we have done many things for thee that never entered in thy noddle, and yet we are content that thou take all the glory; is not that fair and kind?"

The small quarto from which these extracts are taken was only one, though it was the most popular, of a series of similar lampoons. The most offensive of these, a comedy written without the wit, but with all the licentiousness of Wycherley, was not printed for many years; but it may now be read by anyone who wishes fully to understand into what depths of malice and profanity some men were driven by the party spirit of those days.[117]

The public opinion of England on the ecclesiastical affairs of Scotland was, to a great extent, formed by these publications. They increased the hostility with which the High Church party regarded the establishment of Presbytery. The accounts of the outrages committed on the ejected clergy caused a widespread feeling of sympathy with them among all classes of Englishmen; and the effect which they produced was not only evident during the discussions on the Union, but afterwards led Parliament to pass measures which were most unpopular in Scotland, which endangered the stability of the Union before it had lasted more than a few years, and which have been the occasion of endless troubles, misunderstandings, and secessions among the Presbyterians.

The Church question, however, was settled for a time; and the people of Scotland, whose whole energies had for so long been absorbed in the struggle against religious tyranny, were now ready to advance on the path of secular progress. But the commercial policy of England remained unaltered. The least hint that the Navigation Act ought to be repealed raised an outcry among the merchants of London. The proposals for an Union, made by the Estates, had not been listened to. Therefore Scotland, it appeared, must submit to remain poor, while England became wealthier and wealthier.

But now the self-reliant spirit of the Scottish people rose. If they could not share in the trade of England, they would establish a trade of their own. If they were not to be the partners of England, they would be her rivals. There can be no doubt that the schemes of the Scottish Company Trading to Africa and the Indies, on which the hopes of the country were placed, were rash and visionary. Scotland, it is true, was an independent country, with a Parliament of its own, with its own church, laws, coinage, and taxation, united to England by nothing except the Crown; and the powers which the Scottish Parliament gave to the Company brought this fact prominently into view, for the Company was to have the right of arming ships of war, building cities, making harbours and fortresses, waging war, and concluding alliances. But these very powers, which impressed on Scotsmen the fact that their country was independent, could not fail to rouse the alarm of Englishmen, and particularly of English traders. The royal assent had, indeed, been given to the statute by which the Company was created.[118] But the merchants of England were so alarmed, so jealous, so persuaded that their own trade was endangered, that we cannot be surprised that William, whose position depended entirely on the goodwill of England, acted as he did; especially when, at a time when he was deeply involved in continental politics, the Company, by sending the expedition to Darien, so seriously imperilled his relations with Spain.

The sum of money which was actually lost by Scotland seems small in our day. The amount appears to have been about two hundred and twenty thousand pounds; but the Scotland of the seventeenth century was far less able to bear the loss of this sum, than the France of the nineteenth century was to bear the loss of all the millions which she, like her ancient ally, threw away upon the shores of the Gulf of Darien. And rich as England was, in comparison with Scotland, her condition at this time was not so prosperous as to make her liberal in dealing with other nations. War had brought increased taxation; and our enormous national debt, then beginning to accumulate, was a source of constant alarm. In the country districts farmers were suffering from a long period of agricultural depression, and rents were seldom paid in full. In the towns work was scarce, and the price of bread was rising. The carrying trade languished in spite of the monopoly which English shipping enjoyed under the Navigation Act, and the resistance to granting Scotland what she chiefly demanded, a share in the colonial trade, was increased by complaints which reached this country from across the seas. The Scottish shipowners, it was said, were landing goods in America, and underselling the English merchants; and to such an extent was this done, that Government was called upon to send out men-of-war to stop this illegal traffic.

And so once more England and Scotland were at variance. The Lords and the Commons forgot their quarrels, and combined to address the king against the Scottish Company. William's reply was that he would endeavour to find some means of escape from the difficulty which had arisen. That no such difficulty could have arisen if there had not been two Parliaments was perfectly clear. The statute under which the Scottish colonists sailed to Darien had received the royal assent, in the Parliament House at Edinburgh, at a time when the king was on the Continent. It was possible that other measures of equal importance to England might become law in the same way; and the subject of the Union again begins to appear in the correspondence of the day.

"You may remember," Marchmont writes, "your Lordship was speaking a little to me about an Union of the two Kingdoms. I have thought much upon it, and I am of opinion that the generations to come of Scotsmen will bless them and their posterity, who can have a good hand in it."[119] Two months later he addresses another correspondent on the same subject. "I am confident," he says, giving his view of Scottish opinion at this time, "if such a thing came to be treated in terms any ways tolerable, it would find a ready concurrence of the far greater part of people of all ranks of this nation."[120] In January 1700, Vernon, writing to Lord Shrewsbury, says: "My Lord Privy Seal[121] can no sooner hear the word Union named, but he runs blindfold into it, and said all he could think of, for pressing it. My Lord Halifax opposed it; and said they should run any risk rather than be bullied by the Scots' menaces."[122]

The contempt for Scotland which Halifax had expressed was common. In another letter Vernon describes how Sir Edward Seymour, in his place in Parliament, said that the Union reminded him of the story about a countryman who was asked to marry a poor wife, and gave as a reason for refusing, "that if he married a beggar, he should have a louse for a portion." Vernon adds, "this the Scotch have heard, and are very angry at it."[123]

The king lost no time in declaring his own opinion. In a speech to the Lords he reminded them of the Union, which he had recommended soon after his accession, and again pressed it upon the consideration of Parliament, as the only means by which a constant succession of quarrels between the two countries could be avoided.[124] The Lords at once took his advice, and passed a Bill for appointing commissioners to treat upon the subject of the Union, which they sent to the Commons with the statement that it was a Bill of great consequence.

At this time there was a great feeling of jealousy between the two Houses of Parliament, and the Commons, resenting the action of the Upper House in calling special attention to this Bill, seized the opportunity of picking a quarrel, and appointed a Committee to report whether there were any precedents for specially recommending Bills. The Committee reported that there were several precedents. Bills had been sent with such recommendations, both from the Lords to the Commons, and from the Commons to the Lords. Nevertheless the Commons rejected the Union Bill upon the second reading.[125]

During the summer of 1700 Scotland was in a state of dangerous excitement. "The Scotch look," Vernon writes, "as if they were ready for any mischief, and that nothing will please them but setting up for themselves." For the last five years the crops had failed. Thousands had perished from famine. Thousands more had been driven to emigrate. The treasury was exhausted. On the balance of trade there was an annual loss. The Bank of Scotland, established in 1695, found that the whole business of the country could be conducted on a capital of thirty thousand pounds; and so limited was the trade, that neither Glasgow, Dundee, nor Aberdeen could support a branch of the bank.[126] So frightful was the state of things that Fletcher of Saltoun, whose whole mind and soul were given up to an intense love for Scotland, thought that no foundation could be laid for better times except by reducing a great part of the population to slavery.

The Estates had not met for two years. An address calling upon the king to assemble a new Parliament was sent up to London; and it was openly said, that if he refused, a national convention would meet, and meet moreover at Perth, where the members would have "Athol and a part of the Highlands at their backs." The staunch Whigs of the Lowlands laughed in public at the idea of a rebellion; but they were well aware that society in Scotland was deeply tainted with that Jacobite feeling which afterwards gave so much trouble. It appears, from a letter written by Melville to Carstares, that attempts had been made to tamper even with persons who were known and avowed Whigs. The Duke of Hamilton, "upon his lady's birthday," was entertaining a party of his friends, among whom were Queensberry, Argyll, and Leven. After dinner he began to speak in a very confidential manner to Leven, telling him "that he loved him," that he would do all he could to save him, and that he "would obtain a pardon for him." Leven asked him what he meant, saying that he had done nothing to require a pardon from King William, and as for King James, he would not accept one from him. Hamilton saw he had gone too far, and explained away what he had said. "It is true," says Melville, "the duke was very drunk; but post vinum veritas."[127]

It was plain that the Estates must meet; for not only was the national outcry too loud to be ignored, but, the treasury being empty, supplies must be voted, or the Government could no longer be carried on. But the misery and discontent was so universal, that William could not face a general election. The majority of the old Revolution Parliament, however, were still sound Whigs; and it was resolved to summon it once more. The Government did not rely solely on the help of their own supporters, but made a carefully-planned assault on the votes of the Opposition members. The officers of State themselves undertook the business. Each agreed to canvass a certain number of members. Sometimes they set the parish ministers to work; and in other cases the good offices of a member's wife were secured. And there is no doubt that besides mere solicitation and appeals to interested motives, there was direct bribery. The result of these transactions was that when the Parliament met, in October 1700, the Government had a majority.[128]

James Douglas, 4th Duke of Hamilton.

Queensberry, who was Lord High Commissioner, had been instructed to ask for supplies for eight months, but to take less if they were refused. If the supplies were voted, he was authorised to give the royal assent to a subsidy in aid of any branch of Scottish trade which was consistent with the treaty obligations of the Crown; but if the Parliament wished to vote money for the African and Indian Company, it must be applied only to making good the losses which had been sustained at Darien. If an Act was passed confirming the privileges of the Darien colony, the royal assent was to be at once refused.[129]

The Opposition, led by Hamilton, desired to pass an Act asserting the right of Scotland to the settlement at Darien, which was the favourite scheme of the country, and which the Estates had lately been told from the pulpit was "that great, laudable, and glorious design and undertaking of the nation, for the advancement of foreign trade, which if it be altogether crushed, Scotland is never like to enjoy such a fair opportunity again, for promoting her outward wealth and welfare."[130] The Government, on the other hand, moved an address to the king praying him to vindicate the honour of Scotland, and to extend his protection to the Company.

There was a long and fierce debate. Some of those on whom the ministers had relied followed Hamilton, and others declined to vote. But the Government had a majority of twenty-four; and the session ended quietly on the 1st of February 1701.

In Scotland the losses at Darien had brought to a climax the long-standing feud on the subject of commerce. The discontent and annoyance which had been growing ever since the Navigation Act was passed, had now developed into a most violent exasperation against England and every thing that was English. Yet the temperament of the Scottish people was such that these feelings did not lead them into plots against the English Government. They seem to have felt at once that the greater the obstacles which the jealousy of their neighbour might put in their way, the greater was the need for energy and self-help on their own part. Instead of sinking into apathy and indolence, or allowing their hatred of England to drive them into violence, they became more active than ever in forming plans for bringing solid material prosperity to their country. The air was full of projects; and soon these projects took a definite shape. All Scotland was to became one great trading company. The subscribers to the African Company were to be repaid in full. A sum of money greater than that which had been lost was to be raised within two years. In spite of English opposition, colonies were to be founded by Scotsmen. At home manufactories were to be established all over the country. The fisheries of Scotland were to be pursued "to greater profit in all the markets of Europe than any other fishing company in Christendom can do." Employment was to be found for the poor, "so that in two years time there shall not be one beggar seen in all the kingdom."

It was in the midst of this patriotic ferment that Hamilton, Tweeddale, Rothes, Roxburghe, and Andrew Fletcher of Saltoun formed that independent or national party which, calling itself the Country Party, was destined, during the next few years, to pursue a course which ultimately forced England into uniting with Scotland. This party had its origin in the assertion of the right of Scotland to free trade at home and abroad; and the keynote of its policy was that Scotland should refuse to settle the succession to the Scottish Crown until her grievances were redressed. But with the death of William and the accession of Anne, Scottish politics entered upon a new phase; and here the early history of the Union question naturally ends.

Andrew Fletcher of Saltoun.

In the first year of Queen Anne, commissioners were appointed to treat for an Union. They met at Westminster in October 1702, and agreed that the two countries should become one monarchy, with one Parliament, and a system of internal free trade. The English consented, though reluctantly, to allow the Scots to trade with the colonies; but on the subject of the Company of Scotland Trading to Africa and the Indies no agreement was found to be possible. The English commissioners maintained that the privileges of the Scottish Company interfered with the interests of the East India Company: "Two companies existing together in the same kingdom, and carrying on the same traffic, are destructive to trade." To this the Scottish commissioners replied by a claim for compensation, if the Scottish Company, whose losses in the Darien expedition had been so disastrous, was abolished. "If," they said, "the existing of companies for carrying on the same traffic, do appear to your Lordships destructive of trade; it is not expected that your Lordships will insist, that, therefore, the privileges of the Scots Company should be abandoned, without offering at the same time to purchase their right at the public expense." This brought matters to a deadlock; the commissioners separated; and the negotiations were ultimately abandoned.

Defoe describes these proceedings as a "Sham Treaty," and, in his opinion, religion was the real, though secret, difficulty. "The jealousies," he says, "on both sides about Church affairs, in respect to the Union, were ground of such difficulties as no Body could surmount, and lay as a Secret Mine, with which that Party who designed to keep the nation divided, were sure to blow it up at last, and therefore knew that all they did till that Point was discust signified nothing, and that whenever they pleased to put an end to it, they had an immediate opportunity."

But even if the commissioners had come to terms on the questions of the Scottish Trading Company and of the Church, there can be no doubt that the Scottish Estates would not have ratified the treaty; for, as the proceedings of the first Parliament of Queen Anne proved, Scotland was now so exasperated against England that nearly five years of turmoil and danger were to pass away before the statesmen of the two countries, brought face to face with something more than the possibility of civil war, at last succeeded in carrying the Union of 1707, in the terms of which, apart from the loss of the right of complete self-government through their own Parliament, the advantages lay, upon the whole, with the Scottish people.

THE END.

* * *

Index

Abbotsford Club Miscellany, Satire against Scotland in, 58.

Aberdeen, progress of, during the Commonwealth, 110;

cannot support a branch of the Bank of Scotland, 177.

Aberdeen, first Earl of, 139.

Albon, Jacques d', Marshal of France, 24.

Annandale, rabbling in, 163.

Anne, Queen, accession of, 183.

Aragon, 81.

Argyll, Lord Justice of Scotland, 37;

Earl of, a Lord of the Council, 40;

Marquis of, opposes Cromwell, 97;

endeavours to secure return of Scotsmen to Parliament, 1656, 105;

represents Aberdeenshire in Richard Cromwell's Parliament, 105;

Duke of, 178.

Argyllshire, representation of, in 1658, 105.

Arran, James, third Earl of, marriage to Elizabeth proposed, 27, 40, 41;

leaves France, 30;

Elizabeth declines to marry, 44;

a Lord of the Congregation, 40.

Assembly, The, a Comedy, 169.

Assembly, General, dissolved during the Commonwealth, 114.

Athole, Duke of, remains neutral at the Reformation, 40.

Aubespine, Claude de l', Secretary of State, 24.

Ayr, fort built at, 107.

Babington Conspiracy, 49.

Bacon, supports the Union, 60, 61, 62;

on the Union Commission, 64;

opposes assimilation of laws of England and Scotland, 70;

his description of the Union Commissioners of 1604, 69;

assists Sir Thomas Hamilton to adjust the Treaty, 71;

his speech for the Union, 78-81;

his argument for the post-nati, 86.

Baillie, Rev. Robert, deplores the Union, 99, 100;

account of Scotland during the Commonwealth, 119;

his intolerance, 117;

account of Lord Broghill, 107.

Baliol, reign of, 11.

Band Anent the Trew Religioun, 1585, 47.

Bank of Scotland, 176.

Bannockburn, 15.

Barbadoes, trade with Glasgow, 109.

Barebones' Parliament, representation of Scotland in, 101.

Basilikon Doron, 52, 59.

Berkeley, Bishop, 88.

Berwick, not to be molested by Scots, 24;

Sir Ralph Sadler at, 30;

Convention at, 36, 37;

Treaty of, 37;

goods from Scotland must pass through, 131.

Bettancourt, Monsieur de, 25.

Binning, Rev. Hugh, 113.

Blackstone, cited, 127.

Bothwell, Earl of, doubtful at Reformation, 40.

Boyd, Lord, a Lord of the Congregation, 40.

Boyle, Roger (Lord Broghill), President of the Scottish Council, 106, 107.

Bretaigne, Sir John de, Warden of Scotland, 13.

Bridgeman, Lord Keeper, 137.

Broghill, Lord, 106, 107.

Bruce, Robert, 15, 35.

Buchan, Earl of, at Parliament of Westminster, 12.

Buchanan, George, 60.

Buckingham, Duke of, 137.

Burnet, Bishop, account of Cromwell's soldiers at Aberdeen, 107;

of state of Scotland during the Commonwealth, 107, 120.

Bute, representation of, in Richard Cromwell's Parliament, 105.

Caithness, Earl of, is neutral at the Reformation, 40.

Calais, 36.

Calvin v. Smith (case of the post-nati), 86.

Cambray, Treaty of, 23, 24.

Cameronians, 153.

Carlisle, goods from Scotland must pass through, 131.

Carlyle, Thomas, cited, 121.

Carstares, Principal, 177, 178, 179.

Carthusians, Monastery of, at Perth, 26.

Cassillis, Earl of, in Cromwell's House of Lords, 121.

Cassillis, Lord, neutral at the Reformation, 40.

Castile, 81.

Cecil, encourages marriage of Elizabeth and Arran, 27;

in favour of sending troops to Scotland, 28, 29, 30;

persuades Elizabeth to send an army to Scotland, 35.

Charles I., Scottish policy of, 93;

engagement for the relief of, 112.

Charles II., signs the Covenants, 94, 95;

favourable to Union at first, 125.

Chatelherault, Duke of, 27, 30.

Chien, Sir Reynaud de, 13.

Christian Love, treatise on, by Rev. Hugh Binning, 113.

Clackmannan, representation of, in Richard Cromwell's Parliament, 105.

Clarendon, Earl of, opposes Lauderdale, 128;

in favour of Union, 123.

Clyde, during the Commonwealth, 109, 110.

Coke, Sir Edward, cited, 70;

in favour of Union, 81.

Collingham, Prior of, 40.

Confession of Faith, of 1560, 89, 90;

Westminster, 151, 152, 157.

Congregation, Lords of the, 25, 26.

Cork, Earl of, 106.

Country Party, rise of, in Scotland, 182.

Craig, Sir Thomas, 66.

Craigmillar, Castle burned, 17.

Cranbourne, Lord, 59.

Crichton, Lord, is neutral at the Reformation, 40.

Cromwell, Oliver, victorious at Dunbar and Worcester, 95, 96;

dissolves the Long Parliament, 101;

becomes Lord Protector, 102;

meeting of his first Parliament, 104;

his opinion of the Scots, 116, 121;

intends to found a College of Physicians for Scotland, 118;

his House of Lords, 121;

the Union under, 135, et seq.;

his forts in Scotland demolished after the Restoration, 124.

Cromwell, Richard, representatives of Scotland in his Parliament, 105.

Cumberland, duties on horses coming from Scotland, 130.

Cupar, Abbot of, at Parliament of Westminster, 12.

Dalkeith, delegates discuss Union at, during the Commonwealth, 98, 99, 100.

Dalrymple, Sir John (first Earl of Stair), 148.

Darien, 172, 173, 180, 181.

Darnley, 46.

Dartmouth, Lord, cited, 137.

Dauphin, marriage to Mary of Scotland, 21, 22;

proclaims himself and Mary, King and Queen of Scotland, 23;

gives up using Arms of England, 38.

David, King of Scotland, 14.

Debateable Ground, The, 19.

Defoe, Daniel, 120, 133, 184.

Drummond, Lord, is neutral at the Reformation, 40.

Dryburgh, Abbey destroyed, 17.

Dudley (Earl of Leicester), 43.

Dumbartonshire, representation of, in Richard Cromwell's Parliament, 105.

Dunbar, battle of, 95, 96, 112.

Dundas, of Dundas, 100.

Dundee, progress of, during the Commonwealth, 110;

storming of, 97;

no bank at, 177.

Dunfermline, Earl of, 65, 66.

Dunkeld, Bishop of, at Parliament of Westminster, 12.

Dutch, Navigation Act directed against, 127.

East India Company, 87, 183.

Edinburgh, burned by the English, 16, 17;

Treaty of, 38, 39;

taken by Cromwell, 96;

Union proclaimed at, 98, 103;

grant to University of, 118;

Monro, Principal of University of, 160.

Edward I., 10, 11, 12, 14, 35.

Edward VI., 17.

Edward, Prince, 10.

Edwards, Thomas, author of the Gangr?na, 117.

Ellesmere, Lord Chancellor, 64, 86.

Elizabeth, Queen, agrees to send troops to Scotland, 35;

marriage to Arran proposed, 40, 41, 44;

to Dudley, 44.

Elizabeth, Princess of Scotland, 55.

Elphinstone, James (Lord Balmerino), 66.

England, attempted Union to Scotland in the reign of Edward I., 11;

treatment of Scotsmen in, 14;

Scottish hatred to, 17;

Crown of, claimed by Mary and the Dauphin, 23;

James VI. of Scotland well received in, 57;

conduct of Scotsmen passing through, 75;

Bacon on the future greatness of, 81;

Reformation in, 87, 88;

revenue of, during the Commonwealth, 110;

Bills for uniting with Scotland in 1659, 118, 121;

Scottish Church question misunderstood in, 144;

alarm in, produced by writings of Scottish Episcopalians, 165, et seq.;

relations with Scotland in the reign of William III., 173, et seq.

Errol, Earl of, 40.

Evelyn, John, Diary cited, 159.

False Brother, The, 143.

Five Mile Act, 145.

Fleming, Lord, doubtful at the Reformation, 40.

Fletcher, of Saltoun, 99, 107, 177, 182.

Flodden, battle of, 15, 35.

Florence, 81.

France, relations with Scotland, 20, 21, 23, 28, 29;

trade with Glasgow, 109.

Francis II., death of, 44.

Fotheringay, 45.

Froude, Mr., cited, 23, 28, 41.

Fyvie, Lord, 65.

Gillespie, Patrick, 117, 118.

Glasgow, opposition to Union during the Commonwealth, 98, 100, 119;

fort built at, 107;

trade of, 109, 110, 177;

University of, 118.

Glencairn, fifth Earl of, a Lord of the Congregation, 40;

ninth Earl of, rising under in the Highlands, 97.

Gordon, Sir George, of Haddo, 139.

Grey, Lord, Warden of the East Marches, 35.

Guise, Duke of, 47.

Guise, Mary of, 20, et seq.

Gunpowder Plot, 75.

Gurdon, Sir Adam de, at the Parliament of Westminster, 12.

Haddington, Earl of, see Hamilton.

Halifax, Lord, 174.

Hamilton, Duke of, 177, 178, 180, 181, 182.

Hamilton, Sir Thomas (first Earl of Haddington), 56;

on Union Commission, 66, 71.

Hamilton Papers, 40.

Harleian Miscellany, 143.

Henry VII., 15.

Henry VIII., Scottish policy of, 17;

proposes marriage of Prince of Wales and Mary of Scotland, 15.

Henry, Prince (son of James VI. of Scotland), 52.

Henry, of France, naturalises Scotsmen in France, 22;

sends M. de Bettancourt to Edinburgh, 25;

death of, 28.

Henry, of Navarre, 47.

Heriot, George, 56, 96.

Hill Men, 153.

Holyrood, Mary of Scotland at, 46;

dismantled, 55;

turned into barracks, 96;

Abbot of, doubtful at the Reformation, 40.

Hume, Lord, neutral at the Reformation, 40.

Huntly, Earl of, neutral at the Reformation, 40.

Inchmartyn, Sir John de, at the Parliament of Westminster, 12.

Inverlochy, Castle of, repaired, 107.

Inverness, fort built at, 107.

Inverness-shire, representation of, in Richard Cromwell's Parliament, 105.

Ireland, trade with Glasgow, 109;

Lord Justice of Scotland to assist Lord Lieutenant of, 37.

James IV. of Scotland, 15.

James VI. of Scotland, asked to join the Holy League, 47;

agrees to send troops into England, 48;

conduct at death of his mother, 50, 51;

leaves Scotland, 53, et seq.;

how received in England, 57;

announces the Union of England and Scotland, 59;

summons a Parliament in Scotland to discuss the Union, 63;

recommends the Union to the English Parliament, 63, 64;

remonstrances with the English Parliament, 81, 82;

insists on his right to issue letters of denization, 73;

thanks the Union Commissioners, 74;

his Basilikon Doron, 52;

his opinions as to the Heritable Jurisdiction, 70, 71;

his dislike to the Presbyterian Church, 90, 91.

James II. of England, addressed by Scottish Bishops, 154.

Jersey, Lord, 137.

Jewel, letter to Peter Martyr, quoted, 41.

Johnston, Sir Archibald, of Warriston, 99, 121.

Kethe, Sir Robert de, at the Parliament of Westminster, 12.

Kirkpatrick, rabbling at, 163.

Kirkton, Rev. James, 119, 120.

Knox, John, comes to Scotland from Geneva, 26.

Lambert, 97.

Laud, Archbishop, 93.

Lauderdale, Duke of, against continuing the Union after the Restoration, 123, 124;

changes his views as to the Union, 138;

quarrels with Tweeddale, 140.

his advice as to the Church of Scotland not followed, 124, 125;

Lauriston, Sir Alexander Straton of, 74.

Law, Rev. Robert, his Memorialls, 120.

Leighton, Bishop, 117.

Leith, burned, 16, 17;

Mary of Guise and French troops in, 30, 31;

siege of, 38;

fort at, 107;

progress of, 110.

Leven, Lord, 178.

Lindsay, Master of, a Lord of the Congregation, 40.

Linlithgow, representation of, in Richard Cromwell's Parliament, 105.

Livingstone, Lord, remains neutral at the Reformation, 40.

Lockhart, Sir William, on the Scottish Council during the Commonwealth, 106;

in Cromwell's House of Lords, 121.

London, Scotsmen in, during reign of Elizabeth, 55, 56;

scarcity of wood in, 135;

Union Commission at, in 1670, 139;

in 1702, 183.

Longleat, MSS. at, 40.

Lonsdale, Viscount, 174.

Lorraine, Cardinal of, at the Treaty of Cambray, 24.

Mackintosh, Sir James, 88.

Mackenzie, Sir George, of Rosehaugh, 128, 139, 140, 158, 159.

Maid of Norway, 10.

Maitland, Sir John, 50.

Maitland, William, of Lethington, advocates the Union of England and Scotland, 31-34.

March, Patrick, Earl of, 12.

Marchmont, Earl of, 174.

Margaret, Princess, 15, 46.

Marshall, Earl, neutral at the Reformation, 40.

Martyr, Peter, letter to, from Jewel, quoted, 41.

Mary, of Guise (Queen Regent), assembles the Scottish Nobles in 1555, 20, 21;

asked by Henry of France to suppress the Reformation in Scotland, 25, 26;

takes shelter in Leith, 30;

her death, 38.

Mary, Queen of England, effects of her death, 22, 23.

Mary, Queen of Scots, betrothed to the Dauphin, 17;

sent to France, 19;

effects of her marriage on the relations of France and Scotland, 21;

assumes the title of Queen of England, 23;

to give up using this title, 38;

death of Francis II., 44;

returns to Scotland, 45;

her execution, 49.

Mary, Queen of England (wife of William III.), 149.

Masson, Professor, cited, 71.

Maxwell, Master of, a Lord of the Congregation, 40.

Melrose, Abbey, destroyed by the English, 17.

Melrose, Abbot, at the Parliament of Westminster, 12.

Melville, George, first Earl of, 148, 177, 178.

Middleton, John, first Earl of, 128.

Midlothian, representation of, in Richard Cromwell's Parliament, 105.

Monk, General, 97, 104.

Monro, Dr. Alexander, 160, 162.

Monteith, Earl of, a Lord of the Congregation, 40.

Monteith, Sir John, 12, 13.

Montmorency, Duke of, at the Treaty of Cambray, 24.

Montrose, John, Earl of, on Commission for Union, 65.

Montrose, William, Earl of, neutral at the Reformation, 40.

Morton, Earl of, neutral at the Reformation, 40.

Morvillier, Bishop of Orleans, 24.

Moubray, Sir John de, 12.

Navigation Act (English), 127-129, 132, 133, 170, 172.

Navigation Act (Scottish), 131.

Newcastle, 133.

Nisbet, Sir John, Lord Advocate, 140.

Norfolk, Lieutenant of the North of England, 36.

Norham, 24.

Northumberland, duty on horses entering, 130.

Norway, trade with Glasgow, 109.

Nova Scotia, 87.

Ochiltree, Lord, a Lord of the Congregation, 40.

Oxford, Sir George Mackenzie at, 159.

Parliament of England, Address of James I. to, 60;

meeting of, in 1604, 63;

in 1605, 75;

in 1606, 76;

debate on Scottish question, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82;

will not agree to the Union in 1607, 84;

representation of Scotland in, during the Commonwealth, 100, 101;

the Long Parliament dissolved, 101;

representation of Scotland in Barebones' Parliament, 101;

thirty members to serve for Scotland in, 102;

Protector's first Parliament, 104;

Scottish members in 1656, 105;

Richard Cromwell's Parliament, 105;

jurisdiction in Scotland forbidden except under authority of, 108;

Bills for Union brought into, in 1659, 118;

Lauderdale's fear of, 124;

commercial policy of English Parliament, 127;

passes a Navigation Act, 128;

Address of William III. to, 150;

state of feeling in, 151;

Address against Scottish Trading Company, 173;

Scotland attacked in Parliament, 175;

jealousy between Lords and Commons, 175, 176.

Parliament of Scotland, resolves to betroth Mary to the Dauphin, 17;

terms on which their marriage agreed to, 21;

deputation from, to be sent to France, 39;

disowns the authority of the Pope, 40;

in favour of the Union of the Crowns, 41;

meets at St. Andrews, in 1585, 47;

meeting of, in 1587, 49;

position of, after the Union of the Crowns, 55;

summoned to meet in April 1604, 63;

meets at Perth in July 1604, 65;

appoints Commission on Union, 65, 66;

resolves that Union not to interfere with independence of Scotland, 67;

meets in August 1607, 83;

agrees to articles of Union, 84;

acknowledges the royal supremacy over all persons and causes, 91;

protests against execution of Charles I., 94;

does not sit during the Commonwealth, 97;

meets again after the Restoration, 124;

passes a Navigation Act for Scotland, 131;

meets in Edinburgh in 1669, 138;

Address of William III. to, in 1689, 147;

appoints a Commission on Union, 149, 150;

passes Acts relating to the Church, 151, 156;

passes the Act for a Company Trading to Africa and the Indies, 171, 172, 173;

meets in October 1700, 179, 180, 181;

first Parliament of Queen Anne, 185.

Parliament, at Westminster, in 1305, 12.

Patronage, Law of, 152.

Perth, John Knox at, 26.

Perthshire, representation of, in Richard Cromwell's Parliament, 105.

Piggott, Sir Christopher, 77.

Pinkie, Battle of, 17, 35.

Pinkie House, Council at, in 1560, 38.

Pisa, 81.

Pitcairn, Archibald, M.D., 169.

Portland, Duke of, 133.

Presbyterian Eloquence, displayed, 166.

Presbyterian Inquisition, 160.

Primrose, Sir Archibald, 140.

Queensberry, James, second Duke of, 178, 179, 180.

Rawlinson MSS., 157.

Reformation, 40, 87, 88.

Riven (Ruthven), a Lord of the Congregation, 40.

Rosebery, first Earl of, 140.

Rosehaugh, Sir George Mackenzie of, 139.

Roslyn, burned by the English, 17.

Ross, Lord, neutral at the Reformation, 40.

Rothes, Andrew, fourth Earl of, a Lord of the Congregation, 40.

Rothes, John, seventh Earl of, 182.

Roxburghe, John, Duke of, 182.

Rutherford, Samuel, 117.

Sadler, Sir Ralph, 15, 16, 30.

Sage, Rev. John, 161.

St. Andrews, Parliament at, 47;

Bishop of, at the Parliament of Westminster, 12;

Prior of, a Lord of the Congregation, 40;

Bishop of, doubtful at the Reformation, 40.

St. Giles, Church of, 54, 165.

Scotch Presbyterian Eloquence, The, 166.

Scotland, invasion of, by Edward I., 10, 11;

representatives of, in Parliament at Westminster, 1305, 12, 13;

John de Bretaigne, Warden of, 13;

independence of, secured at Bannockburn, 15;

after Flodden and Solway Moss, 15, 16, 17;

last battle between Scotland and England, 17;

state of, in the sixteenth century, 20;

the French policy towards, 25, 26, 28;

Scottish policy of Cecil, 28, 29, 30;

Maitland of Lethington on the relations of England and Scotland, 31, et seq.;

English army enters, 36;

Crowns of France and Scotland separated, 44;

Mary returns to, 45;

league of 1585, between England and Scotland, 47;

James VI. leaves, 54, 55, 56, 57;

abuse of, by English writers, 57, 77, 116, 141, 142, 143, 175;

Union proposed in 1603, 63, et seq.;

state of, during the Commonwealth, 96-121;

establishment of Episcopacy in, after the Restoration, 125;

effect of the Navigation Act on, 127, et seq.;

policy of the Stuarts as to Union with, 137;

Crown of, offered to William and Mary, 149;

Union with, recommended by William, 150;

attacks upon the Church of, 162, et seq.;

attempts to improve the trade of, 170;

dangerous state of, in 1700, 176, 185.

Scottish Burgh Society, 110.

Scottish Company Trading to Africa and the Indies, 170, 183, 184.

Seaton, Sir John, 100.

Second Book of Discipline, 90.

Semple, Lord, 40.

Seton, Alexander (Lord Fyvie), 65.

Seton, Lord, 40.

Seymour, Sir Edward, 175.

Sharp, Archbishop, 144.

Sharpe, Charles Kirkpatrick, 120.

Shrewsbury, Lord, 174.

Society Men, 153.

Solway Moss, battle of, 15.

Somerset, Protector, in Scotland, 18.

Somerville, Lord, neutral at the Reformation, 40.

Sparta, 81.

Stair, John, first Earl of, 148.

Stobs, Elliot of, 100.

Straton, Sir Alexander, 74.

Stirling, Castle surrendered, 97.

Stirlingshire, representation of, in Richard Cromwell's Parliament, 105.

Sutherland, Earl of, a Lord of the Congregation, 40.

Swinton, of Swinton, 100, 106.

Tarbat, Lord (first Earl of Cromartie), 158.

Throgmorton, Sir Nicholas, 28.

Treaty, of Cambray, 23;

of Upsetlington, 24;

of Berwick, 36, 37;

of Edinburgh, 38;

of 1586, 47;

of Union in 1607, 71, et seq.;

Commercial Treaty of 1668, 132-136;

of Union in 1670, 139, 140;

of Union in 1702, 183.

Tucker, Thomas, report on the revenue of Scotland, 110.

Tudor, Princess Margaret, 46.

Tweed, English army crosses, in 1560, 38.

Tweeddale, John, Earl and first Marquis of, 136, 140, 145;

John, second Marquis, 182.

Tytler, Patrick Fraser, 17, 40, 49.

Union, of the Crowns, 54, et seq.;

of the Kingdoms, proposed by Edward I., 10, et seq.;

by Somerset, 18;

by Maitland of Lethington, 31, et seq.;

by James VI., 68, et seq.;

during the Commonwealth, 96, et seq.;

abolished at the Restoration, 123, 124;

proposed in 1670, 139;

at the Revolution, 147, et seq.;

in 1702, 183.

Upsetlington, Treaty of, 24.

Vane, Sir Henry (younger), 97, 113, 114.

Vaux, Sir John de, 13.

Vernon, Mr. Secretary, 174, 175, 176.

Virginia, colonised, 87.

Wallace, William, 12, 35.

Walsingham, 49, 50.

Warriston, Sir Archibald Johnston of, 99.

Westminster, Parliament at, in 1305, 12;

Union Commissioners at, in 1604-1607, 68, 69;

deputies sent to, from Scotland, 100;

Union Commissioners at, in 1702, 183, 184.

Westminster Confession of Faith, 151, 152, 157.

Whalley, Henry, 104.

Whigs, lenient spirit of, 157.

Whitehall, 143.

William III. of England, his account of the Stuart policy as to Union, 137;

letter to the Estates in 1689, 147;

urges settlement of government in Scotland, 149;

recommends the Union, 150, 151;

his Church policy in Scotland, 155, 156;

conduct as to Darien, 171-173;

proposes the Union in 1700, 175;

his death, 183.

Winter, Admiral, 35.

Worcester, battle of, 95, 96.

Wotton, Sir Edward, Ambassador at Holyrood, 47.

Wycherley, 169.

* * *

FOOTNOTES:

[1] "De Regnis Angli? et Scoti? conjunctis. Quia Regna Angli? et Scoti?, ratione Superioris Dominii, quod in eodem Regno optinemus benedicto altissimo, sunt conjuncta, Mandatum est Justiciariis de Banco, quod Brevia Regis, coram eis porrecta vel retornata, de data dierum et locorum, infra idem Regnum Scoti?, mentionem facientia, de c?tero admittant; exceptiones, si quas, de hujusmodi datis et locis, proponi contigerit coram eis, nullatenus allocantes, Teste Rege apud Berewicum super Twedam, 3 die Julii." (F?dera, ii. 533.)

[2] These were the Bishops of St. Andrews and Dunkeld, the Abbots of Cupar and Melrose, the Earls of Buchan and March, Sir John de Mowbray, Sir Robert de Kethe, Sir Adam de Gurdon, and Sir John de Inchmartyn.

[3] The name, so hated in Scotland, of "Mons. Joh. de Meneteth" appears as one of the Council appointed to assist John de Bretaigne.

[4] Ordonnance faite par Edouard Roi d'Angleterre sur le Gouvernement de la terre d'Escosse, Act. Parl. Scot. i. 119; Sir Francis Palgrave's Documents and Records illustrating the History of Scotland, 292, 295; Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland, ii. 457.

[5] Mr. Patrick Fraser Tytler very justly remarks how absurd was the idea "that a free country was to be compelled into a pacific matrimonial alliance, amid the groans of its dying citizens and the flames of its seaports" (History of Scotland, vi. 42). See also, on the Scottish policy of Henry VIII., the instructions given to the army in Scotland in April 1544 (vol. v. p. 473, and the Hamilton Papers, vol. ii. p. 325). They were to "burn Edinburgh town, and to rase and deface it when you have sacked it"; and all over the country "man, woman, and child" were to be put to the sword "without exception."

[6] Holinshed, iii. 998.

[7] "Terra variabilis communi utriusque gentis vocabulo dicta The Debateable Ground."

[8] F?dera, xv. 265.

[9] "Notwithstanding the ancient alliance of France and Scotland, and the long intercourse of good offices between the two nations, an aversion for the French took its rise, at this time, among the Scots; the effects whereof were deeply felt, and operated powerfully through the subsequent period" (Robertson, i. 110).

[10] The Queen of Scots was to "aggre and obleis hir self and hir successouris, that scho, hir Airis and Successouris, sall observe and keip the Fredomes, Liberteis, and Privelegeis of this Realme, and Lawis of the samyn, sicklike and in the samyn maner as hes bene keipit and observit in all Kingis Tymes of Scotland of before" (Keith, App. 14; Act. Parl. Scot. ii. 504).

[11] "Le servir, obeyr et honnorer, durant et constant ledit mariage, ensemble l'hoir issu et procréé d'iceluy mariage auquel adviendra le Royaume d'Escosse, tout ainsy comme nous et nos Predecesseurs aut loyauement servy et honnore les nobles progeniteurs et antecesseurs de la ditte Dame Reyne d'Escosse nostre Souveraine" (Keith, App. 20). On the occasion of the marriage, Henry of France issued letters of naturalisation conferring all the privileges of French citizenship on Scotsmen living in his dominions; and the Scottish Parliament returned the compliment by passing an Act which naturalised Frenchmen in Scotland. (Act. Parl. Scot. ii. 507, 515.)

[12] Address to the Council, in Mr. Froude's History of England, vol. vi. p. 111 (ed. 1870).

[13] The plenipotentiaries for Scotland at Cambray were the Cardinal of Lorraine; the Duke of Montmorency; Jacques d'Albon, Marshal of France; Morvillier, Bishop of Orleans; and Claude de l'Aubespine, Secretary of State.

[14] "A pleasant country village on the north side of the river Tweed, within the borders of Scotland, five miles west from Berwick" (Keith, 108).

[15] "This treaty was finished and drawn up at the Church of Our Lady of Upsalinton the 31st of May (1559), and duplicates thereof were delivered and exchanged in the Parish Church of Norham, just opposite, on the English side of the Tweed, that same day" (Ibid.).

[16] They told her, "That, by her tolerance, their religion had taken such a root, and the number of the Protestants so increased, that it was a vain hope to believe that they could be put from their religion, seeing they were resolved as soon to part with their lives as to recant" (Sir James Melvil's Memoirs, p. 25).

[17] His father, the second Earl of Arran, and first Duke of Chatelherault, was, it will be remembered, Regent of Scotland from the death of James the Fifth, in 1542, until 1554, when he was succeeded by Mary of Guise. He was a Lord of the Congregation.

[18] Mr. Froude's History of England, vol. vi. pp. 236, 237: "You," said an emissary of the Congregation at Paris to Sir Nicholas Throgmorton, "have a queen, and we our prince the Earl of Arran, marriageable both, and chief upholders of God's religion. This may be the means to unite England and Scotland together, and there is no foundation nor league durable nor available but in God's cause."

[19] "If the Queen shall be unwilling to this, as it is likely she will, in respect of the greedy and tyrannous Affliction of France; then is it apparent that Almighty God is pleased to transfer from her the Rule of the Kingdom for the weal of it; and in this time great Circumspection is to be used, to avoid the deceits and trumperies of the French. And then may the Realm of Scotland consider, being once made free, what means may be devised through God's goodness to accord the two Realms, to endure for time to come at the Pleasure of Almighty God, in whose Hands the Hearts of all Princes be" (Memorial of Certain Points meet for the Restoring of the Realm of Scotland to the Ancient Weale, written by my Lord Treasurer, with his own Hand, 5 August 1559, Cotton MSS., Keith, App. 23).

[20] A Short Discussion of the Weighty Matter of Scotland, August 1559. Cotton MSS., Keith, App. 24.

[21] "But now hes God's providence sa altered the case, zea, changed it to the plat contrary, that now hes the Frensche taken zour place, and we, off very jugement, becum disyrous to have zow in theyr rowme. Our eyes are opened, we espy how uncareful they have been of our weile at all tymes, how they made ws ever to serve theyr turne, drew ws in maist dangerous weys for theyr commodite, and, nevertheless, wad not styck, ofttymes, against the natowr of the ligue, to contrak peace, leaving ws in weyr. We see that their support, off late zeres, wes not grantit for any affection they bare to ws, for pytie they had of our estate, for recompense of the lyke friendship schawin to theym in tyme of theyr afflictiones, but for ambition, and insatiable cupidite to reygne, and to mak Scotland ane accessory to the Crown of France."

[22] "I wald ze should not esteme ws sa barayne of jugement, that we cannot forese our awne perril; nor sa foolische, that we will not study by all gude means to entertayne that thing may be our safetye; quhilk consistes all in the relaying of zour friendships."

[23] "Tak hede ze say not hereafter, 'Had I wist'; ane uncomely sentence to procede off a wyse man's mouth."

[24] "We seke nathing but that Scotland may remane, as of before, a fre realme, rewlit by hir hyenes and hir ministeres borne men of the sam; and that the succession of the Crowne may remane with the lawful blode."

[25] Letter of Maitland of Lethington, "from the original in his own hand" (Cotton MSS., Roberston, App. No. II.).

[26] Spotswood, 146. It is needless to say that though Elizabeth may have used these words, she was bent on recovering Calais.

[27] "A Convenient Ayd of Men of Warre, on Horse and Foot, to joyne with the power of the Scottishmen, with Artailzie Munition, and all others Instrumentis of Warre mete for the Purpose, as weall by Sea as by Land."

[28] Conventiones Scotorum contra Reginam Unionem Franci? et Scoti? designantem, et pro defensione contra Francos (F?dera, xv. 569). Maitland of Lethington, in the letter in favour of an alliance between England and Scotland, from which quotations have just been given, proposes that Scotland should help to maintain order in Ireland. "The realme of Ireland," he says, "being of natour a gode and fertill countrey, by reason of the continewalld unquietnes and lak of policy, ze knaw to be rather a burthen to zow then great advantage; and giff it were peaceable may be very commodious. For pacification quhayroff, it is not unknown to zow quhat service we ar abill to do."

[29] They numbered between seven and eight thousand men. The expedition seems to have cost about ￡230,000 (Calendar of State Papers, Foreign, 1560, Preface, p. ix.).

[30] Keith, 131.

[31] F?dera, xv. 593; Keith, 137.

[32] Act. Parl. Scot. ii. 534. The following memorandum, endorsed "the manner how the Scottis be divided, 1560," was recently found among the MSS. at Longleat, and is now printed in the Hamilton Papers, vol. ii. p. 748. "The names of all the noblemen temporall and spirituall of the congregacion of Scotlande:-The Duke of Chateaurialt; the Erle of Arren his sonne; the Lord James priour of St. Andros; the Erle of Arguile; the Erle of Glencarne; the Erle of Rothos; the Erle of Sutherland; the Erle of Mountithe; the Lorde Riven; the Lorde Boide; the Lorde Offoltrie; the Master of Lindsoye; the Master of Maxwell. The lordes and noblemen newters:-The Erle of Huntleye; the Erle of Catnes; the Erle of Athell; the Erle Marshall; the Erle of Morton and Angus; the Erle of Arrell; the Erle of Casiles; the Erle of Eglenton; the Erle of Mountroes; the Lord Erskin; the Lord Dromond; the Lord Hume; the Lorde Rose; the Lorde Krighton; the Lord Liveston; the Lord Somervall. Dowptfull to whether parte they will incline. The lordes of the Quene's partye:-The Erle of Bodwell; the Lorde Seton; the Lorde Fleminge; the Lord Semple; the Bishopp of St. Andros; the Priour of Collingham; the Abbot of Holly Roode Howse; with all the bisshoppes and spiritualtye of the realme. The Shires as they be dewided on the one parte and thother:-The Marshe, Tividale, Annerdale, Lowden, Sterlingeshire, Galawaye, Caricke, Guile, Cunningham, Cliddesdale; all these and the people therein are newters, onles a certaine of every shire wich kepe themselfes close. Fife, Angus, Arguile, Straterne, and the Mernes; most parte Protestantes. The northe land hath promised to take parte, but not yet assured; in whose handes standeth litell helpe, wich side so ever they fall into." In Mr. Fraser Tytler's History of Scotland, vol. ix. p. 425, a paper is printed entitled "The Present State of the Nobility in Scotland, 1st July 1592." It gives a list of the Scottish peers with a note of whether they were Protestant or Catholic, and is well worth comparing with the list in the Hamilton Papers. In the original, Mr. Tytler says, the names of the Catholics are marked in Burleigh's own handwriting.

[33] Mr. Froude quotes a letter from Jewel to Peter Martyr:-"It is of the greatest moment that England and Scotland be united; and I trust only those may not hinder it who wish well neither to them nor to us" (History of England, vol. vi. p. 406).

[34] Act. Parl. Scot. ii. 605.

[35] The Queene's Majestie's Answere, declared to Her Counsell, concerninge the Requests of the Lords of Scotlande (Keith, 156).

[36] This, however, does not altogether apply to the Darnley marriage. Darnley, as grandson of Margaret Tudor, was not only cousin to the Queen of Scots, but first prince of the blood in England; and Mary's great object in espousing him was to improve her chance of succeeding to the Crown of England, to which she was already heir-presumptive. But in Scotland the marriage of the queen to a Catholic could not be viewed with indifference; and the General Assembly of the Church proceeded to declare that the laws against papacy applied to the royal family as well as to the subjects: "That the Papisticall and blasphemous masse, with all Papistrie and idolatrie of Paip's jurisdictione, be universallie suppressed and abolished throughout the haill realme, not only in the subjects, but also in the Q. Majestie's awn persone" (The Booke of the Universall Kirk of Scotland, p. 28).

[37] "Naturallie jonit be blude and habitatioun, of ane relligioun and thairby alike subiect to the malice of the commoun enemy, be quhais Vnioun na les suretie may be expectit to baith thair esteattis then dangear be thair divisioun" (Band anent the Trew Religioun, 31st July 1585; Act. Parl. Scot. iii. 423).

[38] Tractatus F?deris et Arctioris Amititi?, 5th July 1586 (F?dera, xv. 803).

[39] Mr. Tytler's view is that one of the chief objects of Elizabeth and the English ministers in entering into the League was to make it easier to deal with the Queen of Scots. "Two months before," he says, "her indefatigable minister, Walsingham, had detected that famous conspiracy known by the name of 'Babington's Plot,' in which Mary was implicated, and for which she afterwards suffered. It had been resolved by Leicester, Burghley, and Walsingham, and probably by the queen herself, that this should be the last plot of the Scottish queen and the Roman Catholic faction; that the time had come when sufferance was criminal and weak; that the life of the unfortunate, but still active and formidable, captive was inconsistent with Elizabeth's safety and the liberty of the realm. Hence the importance attached to this League, which bound the two kingdoms together, in a treaty offensive and defensive, for the protection of the Protestant faith, and separated the young king from his mother" (History of Scotland, viii. 288).

[40] Calendar of Border Papers, i. 289, 300.

[41] This letter, which is very long, will be found in Spotswood, p. 359. "Because," the bishop says, "the Letter contained the very true reasons that in end moved his Majesty to forbear violence and take a more calm course, I thought meet to set it down word by word, as it standeth in the original."

[42] Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, vi. 553.

[43] Spotswood, 476.

[44] Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, vi. 602.

[45] Satire against Scotland, 1617; Abbotsford Miscellany, i. 297.

[46] F?dera, xvi. 506.

[47] A brief discourse of the Happy Union of the Kingdoms of England and Scotland, dedicated in private to His Majesty, 1603; Certain Articles or Considerations touching the Union, collected and dispersed for His Majesty's better service.

[48] A Preparation towards the Union of the Laws of England and Scotland.

[49] Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, vi. 596.

[50] Act. Parl. Scot. iv. 263, 11th July 1604.

[51] Act. Parl. Scot. iv. 264.

[52] Act in favour of the liberties of the Kirk, 11th July 1604, Act. Parl. Scot. iv. 264. Balmerino, in sending to Cecil an account of the proceedings of the Estates regarding the Union, expresses the hope that the Scottish people will prove equally tractable (Calendar of State Papers, Domestic, 1603-1610, p. 132).

[53] F?dera, xvi. 600.

[54] Proclamatio pro Unione Regnorum Angli? et Scoti?, 20th October 1604 (F?dera, xvi. 603).

[55] Calendar of State Papers, Domestic, 1603-1610, p. 103.

[56] "Amongst these commissioners there grew a question, whether there could be made an Union of the Kingdoms by raising a new Kingdome of Great Britaine, before there was an Union of the Lawes. Which question, by the King's commandment, was referred to all the Judges of England in Trinity Terme, Anno 2 Jac., who unanimously resolved (I being then Attorney General and present), that Anglia had lawes, and Scotia had lawes, but this new erected Kingdome of Britannia should have no law. And, therefore, where all the judiciall proceedings in England are secundum legem et consuetudinem Angli?, it could not be altered secundum legem et consuetudinem Britanni?, untill there was an Union of the lawes of both Kingdomes; which could not be done but by Authority of Parliament in either Kingdome" (Coke's Institutes, part iv. cap. 75). On one point connected with the legal system of Scotland, James displayed greater foresight than even the Whigs of 1707. "The greatest hinderance," he says in the Basilikon Doron, "to the execution of our lawes in this countrie, are these heritable Sheifdomes and Regalities, which being in the hands of the great men, doe wracke the whole countrey." And then he recommends his son to look forward to a time when he might be able to abolish them, and introduce the English system; "Preassing with time, to draw it to the lawdable custome of England; which ye may the easilier doe, being King of both, as I hope in God ye shall." The Heritable Jurisdictions, a curse to Scotland, were not abolished until after the second Jacobite Rebellion.

[57] Introduction to the Treasury Edition of the Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, edited by Professor Masson, vol. vii. p. xxxii.

[58] Sir Alexander Straton of Lauriston.

[59] Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, vii. 54, 464.

[60] Ibid. 130.

[61] Commons Journals, 13th February 1607.

[62] A speech used by Sir Francis Bacon, Knight, in the Honourable House of Commons, Quinto Jacobi, concerning the Article of the General Naturalization of the Scottish Nation.

[63] Act for the utter abolition of all memory of hostility, and the dependents thereof, between England and Scotland, 4 Jac. i. cap. i.

[64] "Thair be amang us not a few of the best sorte who ar als aliene from it as ony of the lower House, and hes moir just causis to be discontented with so easie obliterating of begane wrongis." (The Privy Council to the King, 3rd March 1607, Register, vii. 513.)

[65] Register of Privy Council, vii. 498.

[66] Act anent the Unioun of Scotland and England. Act. Parl. Scot. iv. 366.

[67] Calvin v. Smith, the case of the Post-nati, or of the Union of the Realm of Scotland with England; Trin. 6 James I. A.D. 1608, State Trials, ii. 559; The argument of Sir Francis Bacon, in the case of the Post-nati of Scotland, in the Exchequer Chamber, before the Lord Chancellor, and all the Judges of England, Nov. 1608.

[68] Thus the eleventh article of this Confession, which treats of the Ascension, contains these remarkable words: "The remembrance of quhilk day, and of the Judgement to be executed in the same, is not onelie to us ane brydle whereby our carnal lustes are refrained, bot alswa sik inestimable comfort, that nether may the threatning of wordly Princes, nether zit the feare of temporal death and present danger, move us to renounce and forsake that blessed societie, quhilk we the members have with our head and onelie Mediator Christ Jesus, whom we confesse and avow to be the Messias promised, the onelie head of his Kirk, our just Laugiver, our onelie hie Priest, Advocate and Mediator. In quhilk honoures and offices, gif Man or Angel presume to intrude themself, we utterlie detest and abhorre them, as blasphemous to our Soveraine and supreme Governour Christ Jesus." The twenty-fifth article is entitled, "Of the Civil Magistrate"; and these two articles, when read together, contain the germ of the Scottish idea of an Established Church. This Confession was ratified by the Estates in 1567, Act. Parl. Scot.

[69] "This power ecclesiasticall flowis immediatlie frome God, and the Mediator Chryst Jesus, and is spirituall, not having ane temporall heid on eirth, bot onlie Chryst, the onlie spirituall King and Gouernour of his Kirk;" "It is ane title falslie usurpit be Antichrist, to call himself heid of the Kirk, and aucht not to be attributit to angell or to mane, of what estait soeuir he be, saiffing to Chryst, the Heid and onelie Monarche in this Kirk;" "As the ministeris and vtheris of the ecclesiasticall estait, ar subiect to the magistrat ciuillie, swa aucht the persone of the magistrat be subiect to the Kirk spirituallie, and in ecclesiasticall gouernment. And the exercise of bayth thais jurisdictionis can not stande in ane persone ordinarlie" (Headis and Conclusionis of the Policie of the Kirk, cap. i.). This statement of principles, usually called the "Second Book of Discipline," was promulgated by the Church of Scotland in 1578.

[70] Act. Parl. Scot. VI. ii. 771.

[71] Letters and Journals, iii. 174.

[72] Calendar of State Papers, Domestic, 1651-52, p. 485.

[73] Calendar, 1653-54, p. 12.

[74] Calendar, 1653-54, p. 258.

[75] Order of Council, Whitehall, 12th April 1654.

[76] Order of Council, 27th June 1654.

[77] Baillie's Letters and Journals, iii. 289, 318, 357; Thurloe, State Papers, v. 366.

[78] Act. Parl. Scot. VII. ii. 784.

[79] Letters and Journals, iii. 315.

[80] Report by Thomas Tucker upon the revenue of Excise and Customs in Scotland, 1656, in the Scottish Burgh Society's Miscellany.

[81] Act of Classes for purging the Judicatories and other Places of Public Trust. Act. Parl. Scot. VI. ii. 143.

[82] Letters and Journals, iii. 225.

[83] Orme's Life of Owen, p. 128; Whitelocke, July 1650.

[84] Letter to the Council of State, 25th September 1650.

[85] Letters and Journals, iii. 291.

[86] Calendar of State Papers, Domestic, 1659-1660, p. 35; Act. Parl. Scot. VI. ii. 587.

[87] Letters and Journals, iii. 249, 288, 357, 360, 387.

[88] Kirkton's True and Secret History of the Church of Scotland (edited from the original MS. by Charles Kirkpatrick Sharpe, 1817), pp. 64, 65. In Law's Memorialls (edited from the MS. by Mr. Sharpe in 1818) there is a passage which, if it is to be relied on, shows that during this period the course of religion had been advanced by the policy of preventing the clergy interfering so constantly in politics. "It is not to be forgotten," Law says, "that, from the year 1652 to the year 1660, there was great good done by the preaching of the gospell in the West of Scotland, more than was observed to have been for twenty or thirty yeirs before; a great many being brought in to Christ Jesus by a saving work of conversion, which was occasioned through ministers preaching nothing all that tyme but the gospell, and had left off to preach up parliaments, armies, leagues, resolutions, and remonstrances, which was much in use before, from the year 1638 till that time 52, which occasioned a great number of hypocrytes in the Church, who, out of hope of preferment, honour, riches, and worldly credit, took on the form of godliness, but wanted the power of it."

[89] History of the Union, section ii. p. 10, first edition, published in 1709. Defoe's History of the Union was reprinted in 1712 and 1786, and again in 1787 "with an introduction, in which the consequences and probability of a like union with Ireland are considered."

[90] January 1658, Carlyle's Cromwell, Speech XVII.

[91] A Discourse upon the Union of England and Scotland, addressed to King Charles II., March 19th, in the year 1664.

[92] Account of his own Life, part ii. p. 50.

[93] Act for the encouraging and increasing of Shipping and Navigation, 12 Car. II. cap. 18.

[94] Memoirs of the Affairs of Scotland, p. 25.

[95] 15 Car. II. cap. 7.

[96] 14 Car. II. cap. 11.

[97] Scots Acts, 1661, cap. 44; 1663, cap. 13.

[98] 19 and 20 Car. II. cap. 5, Act for settling Freedom and Intercourse of Trade between England and Scotland.

[99] The grievances of Scotland in relation to their trade with England, sent up to the Council, 3 Feb. 1668. See also a paper given in by the Scots Commissioners for adjusting the differences of trade between the two kingdoms, Jan. 21, 1667 (1668), printed in Defoe, App. No. xiii., and in the "Report on the events and circumstances which produced the union of the kingdoms of England and Scotland" (App. No. xxxi.). This report, which was prepared for the private use of the Government, at the request of the Duke of Portland, in 1799, when the Union with Ireland was being discussed, contains most of the papers which passed between the Commissioners on Trade in 1668. The Calendar of State Papers, Domestic, 1667-1668, published in 1893, throws some light on these transactions. It appears that the coal merchants of Newcastle and the North of England had a grievance in the inequality of the export duties levied on coal in the two countries. English coal paid eight shillings, and Scottish coal only twenty pence. The result was said to be that the customs from coal had fallen in that part of the country, from ￡20,000 a year to ￡4000, and that English merchants were suffering from the importation into Scotland, in exchange for coal, of foreign goods which the Scots used to obtain from England. (Memorial of 24th Feb. 1668. Calendar, p. 247.)

[100] Burnet, i. 513. Lord Dartmouth, in a note on this passage, states that William the Third told Lord Jersey that it was a standing maxim in the Stuart family, "Whatever advances they pretended to make towards it," never to allow a union. Their reason, he said, was that it could not take place without admitting Scotsmen to both Houses of Parliament, who must depend for a living on the Crown. He further asserts that King William said he hoped it would never take place during his reign, for "he had not the good fortune to know what would satisfy a Scotsman."

[101] Defoe, p. 21; Mackenzie's Memoirs, p. 197.

[102] "A modern account of Scotland, being an exact description of the country, and a true character of the people and their manners. Written from thence by an English gentleman." Printed in the year 1670 (Harleian Miscellany, vi. 135). "Scotland characterized: In a letter written to a young gentleman, to dissuade him from an intended journey thither" (Harleian Miscellany, vii. 377). "The False Brother, or A New Map of Scotland, drawn by an English Pencil, London, 1651."

[103] Leven and Melville Papers (Bannatyne Club), 7th March 1689.

[104] Lords Journals, 21st March 1690.

[105] Act concerning Patronages, 19th July 1690.

[106] Address of the Scottish Bishops to James II., 3rd Nov. 1688.

[107] It would appear from a memorandum among the Rawlinson MSS. in the Bodleian Library that several English bishops, some of the Scottish peers, and some members of the Scottish Whig party, had held a private conference and agreed that the Jacobite clergy should be unmolested. The English bishops represented the case of the Scottish Episcopal clergy to William about the same time. But it was doubtless felt that any attempt to pass an Act of Toleration through the Scottish Parliament would fail. (Rawlinson MSS. c. 985.)

[108] A Memorial for his Highness the Prince of Orange, by two persons of quality. London, 1689.

[109] A Vindication of the Government in Scotland during the reign of King Charles II., by Sir George Mackenzie, late Lord Advocate there. London, 1691.

[110] Evelyn's Diary, 7th March 1690.

[111] Presbyterian Inquisition: as it was lately practised against the Professors of the College of Edinburgh, August and September 1690. London, 1691.

[112] An Historical Relation of the late Presbyterian General Assembly, London, 1691; An Account of the late Establishment of Presbyterian Government by the Parliament of Scotland, London, 1693.

[113] The Fundamental Charter of Presbytery, examined and disproved, London, 1695.

[114] An Account of the Present Persecution of the Church in Scotland, in several Letters, London, 1690; The Case of the Present Afflicted Clergy in Scotland, By a Lover of the Church and his Country, London, 1690.

[115] Case of the Afflicted Clergy, Second Collection of Papers, p. 60.

[116] The Scotch Presbyterian Eloquence; or The Foolishness of their Teaching discovered, London, 1692; An Answer to the Scotch Presbyterian Eloquence, 1693; Some remarks upon a late pamphlet entitled "Answer to the Scotch Presbyterian Eloquence," London, 1694. A second edition of The Scotch Presbyterian Eloquence was published in 1694, a third in 1719, and there have been other editions since.

[117] The Assembly, or Scotch Reformation; a Comedy. Done from the original manuscript, written in the year 1690, by Archibald Pitcairn, M.D. Edinburgh, 1817.

[118] Act for a Company Trading to Africa and the Indies, 26th June 1695.

[119] Marchmont to Seafield, 7th October 1699, Marchmont Papers, iii. 178.

[120] To Pringle, 23rd December 1699, Marchmont Papers, iii. 199.

[121] John, first Viscount Lonsdale.

[122] 11th January 1700, Vernon Letters, ii. 404.

[123] Vernon Letters, ii. 408.

[124] Lords Journals, 12th February 1700.

[125] Commons Journals, 5th March 1700.

[126] Somerville, p. 151; Chalmers' Caledonia, i. 868.

[127] Carstares State Papers, p. 579.

[128] See the Duke of Queensberry's letter to Mr. Carstares of 9th September, and other letters among the Carstares Papers during the summer and autumn of 1700.

[129] Private Instructions to the Duke of Queensberry, Hampton Court, 25th April 1700; Add. MSS., British Museum, 24, 064, f. 18. The Estates met in May, but were adjourned until October.

[130] A Sermon preached before his Grace James Duke of Queensberry, His Majesty's High Commissioner, and the Honourable Estates of Parliament, in the Parliament House, the 1st December 1700. Edinburgh, 1701.

* * *

Transcriber's Note:

Missing periods, closing quotation marks and closing parentheses have been supplied where obviously required. All other original errors and inconsistencies have been retained, except as follows (the first line is the original text, the second the passage as currently stands):

Page 30:

and at least Chatelherault

and at last Chatelherault

Page 188:

Castille, 81

Castile, 81

Page 190:

Gurdon, Sir Andrew de, at the Parliament

Gurdon, Sir Adam de, at the Parliament

Page 190:

Johnstone, Sir Archibald, of Warriston, 99, 121.

Johnston, Sir Archibald, of Warriston, 99, 121.

Page 191:

Macintosh, Sir James, 88.

Mackintosh, Sir James, 88.

Page 192:

summoned to meet in April 1604;

summoned to meet in April 1604, 63;

Page 192:

meets at Perth in July 1604;

meets at Perth in July 1604, 65;

Footnote 7:

vocabulo dicta The Debeateable Ground."

vocabulo dicta The Debateable Ground."