Chapter 7 RELIGIOUS NOTIONS OF NAPOLEON

In contrast with members of the oligarchy, who threw all moral restraints to the winds, Napoleon towers above them. Take any grounds-administrative, strategical, religious, domestic-he was preeminent above his contemporaries. On religious grounds alone, those thoughts of his which have been recorded not only disclose the insight of a man of affairs, but reveal the thinking mind of a deeply religious being.

His conversations with Gourgaud on religious subjects, some of which are quoted in Lord Rosebery's admirable book, "The Last Phase," are so contradictory that they cannot be taken as authentic beliefs. It greatly depended to whom he was talking as to the line he took.

It is evident that the Emperor took a delight in arguing with and contradicting the devout Catholic for sheer intellectual exercise. At one time he declares to his refractory companion, "If I had to choose a religion, I would worship the sun, because the sun gives to all things life and fertility." At another time he torments the Count, after tying him into a knot and exposing his superficial knowledge, by saying that "the Mohammedan religion is the finest of all." But when his mind seriously dwells on sacred things, he declares "that religion lends sanctity to everything." "The remission of sins is a beautiful idea." "It makes the Christian religion so attractive that it will never perish. No one can say 'I do not believe and I never shall believe.'"

Montholon is more to the writer's liking than Gourgaud, even though Gourgaud's authenticity is backed by Lord Rosebery, and we shall see later what he says about his Emperor's religious beliefs. It was he who endeavoured to mitigate his master's mental and physical sufferings, and it was he whom he desired should close his eyes in death when the nefarious assassination had been completed. It was he, too, who got himself locked up in the fortress of Ham for seven years by adhering steadfastly to the cause of the great exile's nephew. Gourgaud was loyal and devoted on a sort of sliding scale, which led him to do great injustice to the stricken hero. Montholon's devotion was consistent and abiding under all circumstances, while Gourgaud's fluctuated with his moods.

None of Napoleon's companions in exile were admitted to such close intimacy with the illustrious warrior-statesman as was Count Montholon, not even Bertrand or Marchand. It was he who had won confidence by the most amazing attachment that one human being could give to another, and it was natural that the big soul of Napoleon should respond to what amounted to fanatical fidelity. He was the beloved companion of the Emperor for six years, and during the last forty-two nights of his life he was with him in the death-chamber, and at his request he kept vigil and witnessed, his spirit pass away.

It was to him, when the shadow of death was hovering round the smitten rock, that Napoleon conveyed his most sacred thoughts, domestic, civil, and religious. He made him one of his executors, bequeathed to him a fortune, entrusted him with the custody of precious documents, and to his dying day the recipient of such flattering confidences never betrayed by word or act the faith that was reposed in him, nor did he ever falter in his devotion to the martyr's cause. It is from him we have handed down the famous constitution drawn up by Napoleon for his son, which is pregnant with democratic wisdom and flows with the genius of statesmanship. We get, too, a vivid knowledge of the religious side of Napoleon's versatile character. His talks and dictations on this controversial subject are unorthodox if you like, but nevertheless religious; copious in thought and trenchant in vocabulary, they disclose the magic of a well-stored inspired mind. He indulges in neither puerilities nor conventionalities. He is a vigorous student of the Bible and the Koran; he knows his subject, and speaks his reasonings without reservation, and in the end we see the vision of the omnipotent God fixed in an enduring belief.

In the first clause of his will he declares: "I die in the Apostolic Roman religion, in the bosom of which I was born more than fifty years since." If any other proof were needed that he believed in the divinity of Jesus Christ, this avowed declaration on the eve of the great transformation may be confirmed by the fact that the cardinal doctrine of the Roman religion centres in the divinity of Christ. Again, in the course of his public and private duties, you frequently come across passages in his letters and official documents such as "May God have you in His holy keeping." It may be said that this is a mere form or figure of speech but then unbelievers do not use such phrases.

We find in everyday life a lack of courage to do justice and be generous to one another. But surely, in the interest of political, historical, and personal rectitude, the dying man's message to the world should absolve him from having his lucid, succinct conversations jargoned into a tattered tedium. It is either a perversion of understanding or a misanthropic egoism that can twist Napoleon's discourses on religious topics into meaning that he ever was seriously thinking of giving preference to the worship of the sun, or contemplating becoming a follower of Mohammed, or that he ever showed real evidences of being an unbeliever in the God of his race.

He praised many of the virtues of the Mohammedan religion, such as honesty, cleanliness, temperance, and devoutness, and denounced with scathing sarcasm, not Christ, but professing Christians whose conduct towards himself was beneath the dignity of the pagan. But this in no way detracts from his admiration of the genuine follower of Christ. He says that "religious ideas have more influence than certain narrow-minded philosophers are willing to believe; they are capable of rendering great services to humanity." Again, he says that "the Christian religion is the religion of a civilised people; it is entirely spiritual, and the reward which Jesus Christ promises to the elect is that they shall see God face to face; and its whole tendency is to subdue the passions; it offers nothing to excite them."

There were frequently heated arguments on religion between Napoleon and members of his suite during the dreary hours at Longwood, and on one of these occasions he, Montholon, and Antommarchi are the debaters. To the former he suddenly flashed out: "I know men well, and I tell you that Jesus Christ was not a man"; then he curtly attacks the pretentious doctor by informing him that "aspiring to be an atheist does not make a man one."

Dr. Alexander Mair published in the Expositor, some twenty years ago, a critical study of the authenticity of the declarations imputed to Napoleon when at St. Helena on the subject of the Christian religion, from which I make the following extract:-

"One evening at St. Helena," says M. Beauterne, "the conversation was animated. The subject treated of was an exalted one; it was the divinity of Jesus Christ. Napoleon defended the truth of this doctrine with the arguments and eloquence of a man of genius, with something also of the native faith of the Corsican and the Italian. To the objections of one of the interlocutors, who seemed to see in the Saviour but a sage, an illustrious philosopher, a great man, the Emperor replied:-

"'I know men, and I tell you that Jesus Christ is not a man.

"'Superficial minds may see some resemblance between Christ and the founders of empires, the conquerors, and the gods of other religions. That resemblance does not exist.

"'I see in Lycurgus, Numa, Confucius, and Mahomet merely legislators; but nothing which reveals the Deity. On the contrary, I see numerous relations between them and myself. I make out resemblances, weaknesses, and common errors which assimilate them to myself and humanity. Their faculties are those which I possess. But it is different with Christ. Everything about Him astonishes me; His spirit surprises me, and His will confounds me. Between Him and anything of this world there is no possible comparison. He is really a Being apart.

"'The nearer I approach Him and the more clearly I examine Him, the more everything seems above me; everything continues great with a greatness that crushes me.

"'His religion is a secret belonging to Himself alone, and proceeds from an intelligence which assuredly is not the intelligence of man. There is in Him a profound originality which creates a series of sayings and maxims hitherto unknown.

"'Christ expects everything from His death. Is that the invention of a man? On the contrary, it is a strange course of procedure, a superhuman confidence, an inexplicable reality. In every other existence than that of Christ, what imperfections, what changes! I defy you to cite any existence, other than that of Christ, exempt from the least vacillation, free from all such blemishes and changes. From the first day to the last He is the same, always the same, majestic and simple, infinitely severe, and infinitely gentle.

"'How the horizon of His empire extends, and prolongs itself into infinitude! Christ reigns beyond life and beyond death. The past and the future are alike to Him; the kingdom of the truth has, and in effect can have, no other limit than the false. Jesus has taken possession of the human race; He has made of it a single nationality, the nationality of upright men, whom He calls to a perfect life.

"'The existence of Christ from beginning to end is a tissue entirely mysterious, I admit; but that mystery meets difficulties which are in all existences. Reject it, the world is an enigma; accept it, and we have an admirable solution of the history of man.

"'Christ speaks, and henceforth generations belong to Him by bonds more close, more intimate than those of blood, by a union more sacred, more imperious than any other union beside. He kindles the flame of a love which kills out the love of self and prevails over every other love. Without contradiction, the greatest miracle of Christ is the reign of love. All who believe in Him sincerely feel this love, wonderful, supernatural, supreme. It is a phenomenon inexplicable, impossible to reason and the power of man; a sacred fire given to the earth by this new Prometheus, of which Time, the great destroyer, can neither exhaust the force nor terminate the duration. That is what I wonder at most of all, for I often think about it; and it is that which absolutely proves to me the divinity of Christ!'

"Here the Emperor's voice assumed a peculiar accent of ironical melancholy and of profound sadness: 'Yes, our existence has shone with all the splendour of the crown and sovereignty; and yours, Montholon, Bertrand, reflected that splendour, as the dome of the Invalides, gilded by us, reflects the rays of the sun. But reverses have come; the gold is effaced little by little. The rain of misfortunes and outrages with which we are deluged every day carries away the last particles; we are only lead, gentlemen, and soon we shall be but dust. Such is the destiny of great men; such is the near destiny of the great Napoleon.

"'What an abyss between my profound misery and the eternal reign of Christ, proclaimed, worshipped, beloved, adored, living throughout the whole universe! Is that to die? Is it not rather to live?'"

A more beautiful panegyric on the divinity of Christ has never been pronounced. The thrilling and convincing conclusions evolved from the mind of a great reader, a great thinker-a man, in fact, who had studied and knew the human side of life, and could describe it with flawless accuracy-are a complete refutation of the opinions expressed either from prejudice or personal and political motives. Napoleon conversed about religion with other men in a critical way, not always with orthodox reverence, but certainly with the conviction that he had a thorough knowledge of every phase of the subject. Perhaps he derived pleasure from showing that he did not accept the popular doctrine unreservedly.

His unorthodox view of the Catholic religion is shown by the fact that in 1797 he endeavoured to get Pius VI. to suppress the Inquisition throughout Europe. The Pope, in his reply, addressing the General as his "very dear son," urges him to abandon the idea and assures him that the charges made against the Holy Office are false. He further says that the Inquisition is not tyrannical, and that sooner than remove the Holy Office he would part with a province. Napoleon for a time gave way, and it was not until 1808 that he issued a decree suppressing the institution in France and confiscating its property. This incident is another proof of Napoleon's humane attitude towards his people and his abhorrence of religious intolerance.

The basis for such an attitude towards an accepted institution of the Roman Catholic Church was Napoleon's belief that "Faith is beyond the reach of the law and the most sacred property of man, for which he has no right to account to any mortal if there is nothing in it contrary to social order."

Unquestionably he had pride in impressing his auditors with the vastness of his information, acquired by reading and study. He had, moreover, a kind of childlike vanity in making men feel that he was not only extraordinary, but greatly their superior, even when they got him to talk on their own subjects. This habit was especially pronounced at St. Helena.

But this in no way impairs the evidences of his spiritual character. One of his first acts when his authority was established in France was to face the most hostile declamation against the Concordat, but believing that no good government could be assured without religion, he carried his convictions through in spite of it being a reversion of one of the cardinal doctrines of the Revolution, and there is abundance of proof that when he was faced with the last great problem, he accepted it without a sign of superstitious dread, believing in the immortality of the soul which should reveal all things.

* * *

BIBLIOGRAPHY

LIST OF SOME OF THE BOOKS REFERRED TO OR CONSULTED BY THE AUTHOR

Correspondence of Napoleon.

Last Letters of Napoleon.

Letters and Despatches of the First Napoleon, by Bingham.

Napoleon's Miscellanies.

Napoleon's Own Memoirs.

Napoleon Anecdotes, Ireland.

Talks of Napoleon at St. Helena, by Count Gourgaud.

Napoleon's Correspondence with King Joseph.

Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, by H.F. Hall.

Letters from the Island of St. Helena.

History of Napoleon, by Lanfrey.

Life of Napoleon, by Sir Walter Scott.

Life of Napoleon, by J.H. Rose.

Napoleon, by Phyfe.

Private Life of Napoleon, by Levy.

Life of Napoleon, by Bourrienne.

Short Life of Napoleon, by J.R. Seeley.

Life of Napoleon the Third, by Blanchard.

Life of Napoleon, by W. Hazlitt.

History of Napoleon, edited by R.H. Horne.

Life of Napoleon, by MacFarlane.

History of Napoleon, by George Moir Bussey.

Life of Napoleon, by W.M. Sloane.

Napoleon, by J.T. Bailey.

Napoleon, by Dr. Max Lenz.

Baron de Meneval, Memoirs.

Memoirs of Count Miot de Melito.

Memoirs of General Count Rapp, written by himself.

Memoirs of the Duke of Rovigo.

Memoirs of Madame Junot, Duchess of Abrantès.

Secret Memoirs of Napoleon, by Charles Doris.

Mallet Du Pan, by B. Mallet.

Madame de Sta?l.

Recollections of Marshal MacDonald.

Memoirs of the Empress Josephine.

Memoirs of Queen Hortense.

Memoirs of the Court of St. Cloud.

Memoirs of the Empress Marie Louise, by De St. Amand.

Memoirs of Joseph.

Memoirs of Madame de Remusat.

Life of Nelson, by Southey.

Life of Wellington, by George Hooper.

Life of Sir Walter Scott, by Lockhart.

Dumourier Memoirs.

Life of Byron.

William Pitt, by Lord Rosebery.

William Pitt, by Charles Whibley.

Memoirs of the Court of the Empress Josephine, by Ducrest.

The Sailor King, by Fitzgerald Molloy.

Marmont Memoirs.

General Marbot Memoirs.

Marshal Berthier, by General Derrecagaix.

Constant, Memoirs of the Life of Napoleon.

Napoleon and Marie Louise, by Madame Durand.

The Women Napoleon Loved, by Tighe Hopkins.

The Marriages of the Bonapartes, by Bingham.

Napoleon at Home, by F. Masson.

Napoleon et les Femmes, by F. Masson.

Josephine, Imperatrice et Reine, by F. Masson.

Love of an Uncrowned Queen, by Wilkins.

The Love Affairs of Napoleon, by Joseph Turquan.

The Women Bonapartes, by Noel Williams.

Las Cases' Journal.

Napoleon at St. Helena and Sir Hudson Lowe, by Forsyth.

Napoleon's Captivity in Relation to Sir Hudson Lowe, by R.C. Seaton.

The Exile of St. Helena, by Philippe Gonnard.

Napoleon, Last Voyages, by J.H. Rose.

The Last Days of Napoleon, by Dr. F. Antommarchi.

Duke of Reichstadt, by De Wertheimer.

Napoleon, the First Phase, by Oscar Browning.

Napoleon, The Last Phase, by Lord Rosebery.

Talks of Napoleon at St. Helena, by Latimer.

The Surrender of Napoleon, by Rear-Admiral Sir Frederick Maitland.

Napoleon in Exile, by Barry O'Meara.

The Drama of St. Helena, by Paul Frembeaux.

History of a Crime, by Victor Hugo.

History of the Captivity of Napoleon, by Count Montholon.

Warden's Letters from St. Helena.

With Napoleon at St. Helena, by Dr. John Stokoe.

Napoleon's Last Voyages, by Sir Thomas Usher.

Napoleon and His Fellow Travellers, by Clement Shorter.

An Exposition of Some of the Transactions that have taken

place at St. Helena since the Appointment of Sir Hudson

Lowe as Governor of that Island, by B.E. O'Meara.

Facts Illustrative of the Treatment of Napoleon Bonaparte

in St. Helena, by Theodore Hook (?).

History of the Consulate and the Empire, by Thiers.

Napoleon's Expedition to Russia, by Count Philippe de Segur.

Napoleon in Russia, by Verestchagen.

Napoleon, King of Elba, by Paul Gruyer.

Cambridge Modern History, Volume IX., Sections by-

Georges Pariset.

T.A. Walker.

H.W. Wilson.

Anton Guilland.

H.A.L. Fisher.

L.G. Wickham-Legg.

E.M. Lloyd.

J. Holland Rose.

August Keim.

C.W. Oman.

Eugen Stschepkin.

Julius von Pflugk-Harttung.

A.W. Ward.

G.P. Gooch.

Napoleon and His Detractors, by Prince Napoleon.

Heinrich Heine's Essays.

France, by J.E.C. Bodley.

Talleyrand, by Lady Blennerhassett.

Napoleon's Marshals, by R.P. Dunn Pattison.

French Revolution, by Thomas Carlyle.

French Revolution, by Lord Acton.

Bonaparte and the Consulate, by Thibeaudeau.

Napoleonic Studies, by J. Holland Rose.

Biographical Sketches, by Harriet Martineau.

From Howard to Nelson, by Mahan.

The Life of Nelson, by Mahan.

A Mariner of England, 1780-1817, edited by Colonel Spencer

Childers.

Bonapartism, by H.A.L. Fisher.

Bernadotte's Correspondence with Napoleon.

* * *

LIST OF EVENTS AND DATES HAVING REFERENCE TO NAPOLEON BONAPARTE

1769. Aug. 15. Napoleon the First born.

1789. July 14. French Revolution breaks out with the

destruction of the Bastille.

1790. July 14. France declared a Limited Monarchy.

July 14. Louis XVI. swears to maintain the Constitution.

1791. June 21. The King, Queen, and Royal family arrested

at Varennes.

Sept. 15. Louis (a prisoner) signs the National Constitution.

1792. July 17. First coalition against France.

Nov. 19. French people declare their fraternity

with all nations who desire to be free

and offer help.

1796. Mar. 9. Bonaparte's marriage with Josephine.

Bonaparte's successful campaign in Italy.

1798. Expedition to Syria and Egypt.

1799. April. European coalition against France.

Nov. 10. Council of 500 deposed by Bonaparte; he

is declared First Consul.

1800. June 14. Bonaparte defeats the Austrians at Marengo.

Dec. 24. Bonaparte's life attempted by an infernal

machine.

Bank of France founded by Napoleon.

1802. Mar. 28. Peace of Amiens (with England, Spain,

and Holland) signed.

1802. May 19. Legion of Honour instituted by Napoleon.

Aug. 2. Napoleon made First Consul for life.

1803. April 14. Bank of France established.

May 22. Declaration of war against England.

1804. Feb. 15. Conspiracy of Moreau and Pichegru against

Napoleon.

Mar. 21. Duc d'Enghien executed.

May 18. Napoleon proclaimed Emperor of France.

Dec. 2. Napoleon crowned by the Pope.

1805. May 26. Napoleon crowned King of Italy.

Aug. Third coalition against France.

Dec. 2. Napoleon defeats the Allies at Austerlitz.

1806. Oct. 14. Napoleon defeats the Prussians at Jena.

1807. Feb. 8. Napoleon defeats the Russians at Eylau.

July 7. Peace of Tilsit signed.

Dec. 17. Napoleon issues his Milan Decree against

British commerce.

1808. Mar. 1. New Nobility of France created.

May 5. Abdication of Charles IV. of Spain and his

son in favour of Napoleon.

July Commencement of the Peninsular War.

1809. April Alliance of England and Austria against

France.

May Napoleon defeats the Austrians and enters

Vienna.

Oct. 14. Peace of Vienna signed.

Dec. 16. Divorce of the Emperor and the Empress

Josephine decreed by the Senate.

1810. April 1. Marriage of Napoleon to Marie Louise of

Austria.

July 9. Holland united to France.

1811. Mar. 20. Birth of the King of Rome (Napoleon II.).

1812. June 22. War with Russia declared.

Oct. The retreat from Moscow.

1813. Mar. Alliance of Austria, Russia, and Prussia

against France.

Oct. 7. British enter France.

1814. Mar. 31. Surrender of Paris to the Allies.

1814. April 5. Abdication of Napoleon negotiated.

May 3. Restoration of the Bourbon dynasty.

Louis XVIII. arrives at Paris.

May 4. Napoleon arrives at Elba.

May 29. Death of Josephine.

1815. Mar. 1. Napoleon escapes from Elba and lands

at Cannes.

Mar. 20. Napoleon arrives at Fontainebleau.

Mar. 22. Napoleon is joined by all the Army.

Mar. The Allies sign a treaty against him.

Mar. 29. Napoleon abolishes the slave trade.

June 12. Napoleon leaves Paris for the Army.

June 18. Battle of Waterloo.

June 20. Napoleon returns to Paris.

June 22. Abdicates in favour of his son.

July 3. He arrives at Rochefort, intending to

embark for America.

July 3. Louis XVIII. re-enters Paris.

July 15. Napoleon surrenders to Captain Maitland,

of the Bellerophon, at Rochefort.

Aug. 8. Is transferred at Torbay to the Northumberland,

and, with Admiral Sir George Cockburn, sails for St. Helena.

Oct. 15. Arrives at St. Helena, to remain for life.

Dec. 7. Execution of Marshal Ney.

1816. Jan. 12. Family of Bonaparte excluded for ever

from France by the Law of Amnesty.

1821. May 5. Death of Napoleon.

1836. Oct. 29. Attempted insurrection by Louis Napoleon

(afterwards Emperor).

1837. May 8. Amnesty proclaimed for political offences.

1838. "Idees Napoleoniennes" published by

Prince Louis Napoleon.

1840. May 12. The Chambers decree the removal of

Napoleon's remains from St. Helena.

Oct. 15. Exhumation of Napoleon's remains.

Nov. 30. Arrival of Belle Poule frigate at Cherbourg

with remains on board.

1840. Dec. 15. Remains deposited in the H?tel des Invalides.[33]

Aug. 6. Descent of Louis Napoleon, General Montholon,

and fifty followers at Vimeraux, near Boulogne.

Oct. 6. The Prince captured and sentenced to

imprisonment for life.

1841. Aug. 15. Bronze statue of Napoleon placed on the

column of the Grande Armée, Boulogne.

1846. May 25. Louis Napoleon escapes from Ham.

1847. Oct. 10. Jerome Bonaparte returns to France, after

an exile of thirty-two years.

1848. June 13. Election of Louis Napoleon to the National

Assembly.

Sept. 26. Louis Napoleon takes his seat in the

National Assembly.

1857. Longwood, the residence of Napoleon

Bonaparte at St. Helena, bought for

180,000 francs.

1860. June 24. Jerome Bonaparte (the Emperor's uncle)

dies, aged 76.

1861. Mar. 31. Napoleon's body finally placed in the crypt

of the H?tel des Invalides.

FOOTNOTES:

[33] The ceremony was witnessed by about 1,000,000 persons and 150,000 soldiers assisted at the obsequies. No relatives of the Emperor were present, as at this time the various members of the Bonaparte family were either proscribed and in exile or in prison.

* * *

INDEX

Abrantès, Duke and Duchess of, see Junot

Acton, Lord, 115

Aglietti, Dr., 157

Alexander, see Russia, Emperor of

Amherst, Lord, 48

Anne of Russia, Princess, 268

Antommarchi, Dr., 32, 75, 82, 85, 195, 293

Archambaud, 171

Arnott, Dr., 85

Augereau, General, 156, 176

Austria, Commissioner for, 45, 49

Austria, Emperor of, 49, 55, 113, 124, 133, 267, 274

Baranti, M., 217

Barras, "Citizen," 240, 241, 251

Bathurst, Lord, 34, 35, 45, 70, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 103, 181, 184

Beauharnais, Alexandre, 231, 232, 234, 235

Beauharnais, Eugene, 235, 240, 254, 283, 285

Beauharnais, Hortense, 116, 232, 235, 254, 262, 279, 280, 283, 285

Beauharnais, Marquis de, 231, 232

Beauterne, M., 293

Beauvais, Bishop of, 104

Bernadotte, Marshal, 175, 273

Berthier, General, 153, 176

Bertrand, Count, 15, 34, 51, 57, 139, 171, 172, 195, 290

Bertrand, Madame, 72

Bessières, General, 153

Bismarck, Prince von, 166

Blücher, Marshal, 189

Bombelles, M. de, 158

Bonaparte, Caroline, 246

Bonaparte, Joseph, 49, 115, 172, 244, 245, 262

Bonaparte, Leon, 263, 264

Bonaparte, Louis, 262

Bonaparte, Lucien, 254, 262

Bonaparte, Madame Mère, 146 et seq.

Bonaparte, Napoleon, 15, 19, 32, 35, 37, 40, 44, 48, 50, 58, 73, 75, 83, 84, 85, 105, 106, 108, 116, 117, 120, 121, 122, 124, 126, 127, 128, 139, 155, 160, 162, 172, 194, 201, 206, 207, 210, 213, 221, 240, 241, 243, 247, 250, 252, 253, 254, 257, 259, 261, 265, 267, 271, 277, 281, 284, 286, 288 et seq.;

on the Christian religion, 293 et seq.

Bonaparte, Pauline, 116, 249, 250

Borghesi, Countess Pauline, 83

Bourrienne, M., 113, 128, 129, 162, 177

Browning, Oscar, 117

Brutus, Marcus, 124

Bülow, von, 189

Burton, Dr., 85

Byron, Lord, 191, 199 et seq., 216

Cadoudal, 262

C?sar, Julius, 123

Camerata, Countess Napoleone, 145

Carlyle, Jane, 84

Carlyle, Thomas, 163

Carnot, 241, 244

Cases, Count Las, 34, 64, 65, 68, 70, 75, 171, 195

Castlereagh, Lord, 45, 80, 103, 181

Catherine of Westphalia, 153, 154

Charles, Hippolyte, 249 et seq.

Charles VII., 105

Charles X., 168

Cipriani, 54

Cockburn, Captain, 27, 34

Collot, 253

Colonna, Count, see Walewska, Alexander

Colonna, Signor Simeon, 82

Commissioners of the Powers, 45, 49

Compoint, Louise, 246

Conquereau, l'Abbé, 171

Constant, Benjamin, 123, 207, 213, 215, 216

Corvisat, Dr., 286

Coulon Brothers, 128

Cromwell, Oliver, 90

Davoust, Marshal, 176

Denuelle, Madame Eleanore, 263

Desaix, General, 153

Dietrichstein, Count, 137

Documents, see Official Documents

Dottot, M., 258

Duroc, Marshal, 126, 153

Editor of Edinburgh Review, 50

Eliot, George, 216

d'Enghien, Due, 51, 262

Fesch, Cardinal, 150

Flachats, MM., 261

Forsyth, William, 36, 76, 91, 99, 100, 101, 179, 192, 196

Fouché, M., 128, 129, 176, 206, 261, 263, 277, 284

Fox, Charles James, 92, 93

France, Commissioner for, 45, 49, 72

Francis, see Austria, Emperor of

Frederick of Prussia, 49, 162

Frederick the Great, 163

Freron, M., 250

George I., 162, 287

George IV., 33, 70, 94, 95, 117, 180, 201, 287

Gohier, M., 256

Gorrequer, Major, 99, 100

Gourgaud, General, 29, 53, 65, 75, 77, 78, 80, 81, 112, 139, 171, 179, 193, 194, 195, 207, 288, 289

Granville, Earl, 19

Grouchy, Marshal, 189, 191

Guizot, M., 17

Hanover, Elector of, 162

Henin, General, 190

Henry, Mr., 99, 190

Henry VIII., 287

Hill, General Lord, 189

Hoche, General, 240

Holland, Lady, 49, 57

Holland, Lord, 80, 89

Hooper, 61

Horeau, Dr., 286

Jersey, Lady, 201

Joan of Arc, 104, 106, 153

Joinville, Prince, 26, 171, 173

Josephine, 101, 118, 155, 210, 220, 231 et seq.

Jourdan, General, 176

Junot, Marshal, 127, 245, 246

Keith, Lord, 21, 65, 66, 120, 121, 122, 124

Kellerman, General, 242, 243

Kleber, General, 153

La Fayette, 156

Lallemand, 65

Las Cases, see Cases, Las

Leclerc, General, 249, 250

Lenz, Dr. Max, 193, 198, 209

Liverpool, Lord, 80, 103, 181

Livingstone, Dr., 85

Louis Philippe, 16, 21 et seq., 120, 168, 169, 171, 172

Louis XVI., 126, 270

Louis XVIII., 94, 168

Lowe, Sir Hudson, 27, 32, 34, 35, 38, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51, 57, 62, 63, 64, 65, 72, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 88, 99, 103, 178, 180, 182, 183, 184, 185, 188, 191, 194, 195, 196

Macaulay, Lord, 162

Macdonald, Marshal, 176

Maceroni, Colonel, 75

Manning, Mr., 57

Mair, Dr. Alexander, 293

Maitland, Captain, 63, 65, 66, 118

Marchand, M., 75, 156, 171, 290

Marie Antoinette, 270

Marie Caroline, Queen, 158

Marie Louise, 49, 85, 131, 137, 146, 151 et seq., 267, 270, 274, 276, 286

Marmont, General, 132, 134, 135, 156, 176, 247

Masséna, General, 153, 176

Masson, F., 118, 234, 235, 264

Mecklenburg, Prince of, 284

Melito, Miot de, 128

Meneval, 156, 159, 189, 190, 267, 278

Metternich, Count, 133, 136, 138, 143, 144, 276, 277

Miguel, Dom, 132

Montchenu, Marquis de, 45, 49, 72

Montholon, Count, 15, 34, 39, 40, 43, 50, 51, 65, 75, 82, 83, 88, 139, 172, 195, 289, 290, 293

Montholon, Countess, 58

Moreau, M., 262

Müller, 109, 110, 111

Murat, Marshal, 153, 245, 246, 271

Napoleon, Charles, Prince, 262

Napoleon I., see Bonaparte, Napoleon

Napoleon II., see Rome, King of

Napoleon III., 118, 142, 275, 276

Napoleon, Prince Louis, 132, 135, 146, 172, 265

Neipperg, Count,

49, 133, 137, 152, 156 et seq., 274

Ney, Marshal, 153

Noverraz, 171

Obenaus, Baron, 133, 137, 142

Official Documents, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21 et seq., 81, 82, 83, 95, 197

O'Meara, Dr. Barry E., 30, 43, 46, 49, 50, 64, 73, 77, 79, 81, 181, 188, 195, 241

Orange, Prince of, 162

Oudinot, Marshal, 176

Pagerie, Joseph Tascher de la, 232

Palmerston, Lord, 17, 20, 169

Peel, Sir Robert, 186

Permon, Madame, 127

Philipon, Jeanne Marie, 236, 237

Pichegru, 267

Pieron, 171

Pitt, William, 93

Pius VII., 148, 150

Plampin, Sir Robert, 195, 196

Poppleton, Captain, 61

Prokesch, Count, 136, 137, 142, 143

Prussia, Commissioner for, 45, 49

Prussia, King of, see Frederick

Radowich, Gunner, 57

Reade, Sir Thomas, 41, 42, 43, 50, 62, 63

Reggio, Duchess of, 279

Remusat, Charles de, 219

Remusat, Madame de, 129, 219 et seq., 284

Remusat, M. de, 220, 221

Remusat, Paul de, 219

Robespierre, 213, 235, 237

Rocca, M., 214 et seq.

Roderer, M., 114

Rome, King of, 49, 57 et seq., 131 et seq., 278

Rosebery, Lord, 193, 288, 289

Rovigo, Duke of, 65, 139

Ruskin, John, 196

Russia, Commissioner for, 45, 49

Russia, Emperor of, 49, 65, 124, 279, 280, 282

Saint-Denis, 171

Samson (M. de Paris), 237

Santini, 54, 55, 56, 75

Scott, Sir Walter, 28, 90, 91, 122, 182, 184

Seguier, M., 115

Serbelloni, Duke of, 247

Short, Dr., 85

Somerset, Lord Charles, 68, 69

Soult, Marshal, 176, 190

Sta?l, Madame de, 129, 204 et seq., 279

Stokoe, Dr. John, 195, 196

Strange, Sir Thomas, 42

Taine, M., 144

Talleyrand, M., 128, 129, 156, 161, 176, 206, 251, 261, 263

Teynham, Lord, 187

Thiers, M., 17

Vandamme, General, 190

Villemarest, 129

Volney, Senator, 116

Walewska, Alexander (Count Colonna), 269, 278

Walewska, Madame, 118, 267, 269, 278

Wellington, Duke of, 31, 103, 186, 187, 188, 189, 216

Wieland, 108, 111

Whitworth, Lord, 117

Wilhelmina of Prussia, 163

Williams, H. Noel, 148

Wolseley, Lord, 191

Wordsworth, William, 200