Chapter 9 CONCLUSION.

Forty-Six Years' Record-Internal Arrangements-Swimming Baths-"On Their Honour"-No More Sails-The Revenge as a Picture-The Isis and Aurora-Lieutenants' Adventure-Scotch Hospitality-Shooting Instruction-"Good Fishing"-A Creditable Record-The Cost of the Britannia-The Instructional Staff-An Excellent Arrangement-A Heavy Responsibility-Discharged Right Well-The New Scheme-Utilitarian Buildings-The Racer Again-Popularity of Practical Mechanics-No Half Measures.

HAVING followed the story of the Britannia from her cradle-but not to her grave, as interment would be premature at present-it only remains to add a few details and remarks on the general arrangements as now existing, and on the results of the work performed in the training of young officers during the period of forty-six years since the institution of the Illustrious under Captain Harris, together with a brief description of the new scheme which is now in operation, concurrently with the last days of the Britannia.

The arrangements and general condition of the two ships which constitute the establishment, as the result of many years of experience and successive improvements under various captains, are such as to impress most favourably anyone who has had experience in naval discipline and the adaptation of ships to such purposes. Whatever may be the views held by various officers and others as to the advisability of using a stationary ship in preference to a college-and they are many and diverse, as we have seen-there can be but one opinion as to the high state of perfection which has been attained in the Britannia, whether from a sanitary, a disciplinary, or an educational point of view.

The cadets' chests and hammocks are divided between the two ships-which are, of course, practically one, by virtue of the connecting bridge-the first and second terms being located on the lower deck of the Hindostan, the third and fourth on the main deck of the Britannia. At the fore end of each of these decks are large salt water baths, with fresh water shower-baths; every cadet, on turning out in the morning, has to go through the bath, and is also provided with hot water at his washing place for supplementary ablutions. Arrangements are also made by which about one hundred cadets get a hot fresh water bath each week. The hot and muddy followers of the beagles are not forgotten, a very acceptable warm bath being provided for them when they return on board.

The cadets' chests and clothes are under supervision by the lieutenant in charge of each term, who supplies the captain with a list of deficiencies once a month, and frequently inspects the chests and clothing, to see that they are kept in good order.

Naval uniform, etc., is very strictly prescribed nowadays, down to the most minute details-such as neckties, and toe-caps on boots-in great contrast to the laxity of former days; and the cadets are bound by these to the very letter.

The studies are divided between the two ships, and are as good as they could be made on board a ship; gangways are built at the sides, so as to utilise the full breadth of the ship, without the necessity of passing through one study for access to another. The lecture-room is on board the Britannia, fitted with rising tiers of seats, and all appliances for practical demonstration in physics, etc.

The messroom is on the lower deck of the Britannia; and a bulkhead separates this and the steward's pantries, etc., from the ship's company's quarters at the fore end.

The wardroom officers have an excellent messroom at the after end of the middle deck, with anteroom and billiard-room. It may sound odd to landsmen to hear of such a nicely adjusted article as a billiard-table on board ship; and, of course, in a sea-going ship or one moored in an exposed position it would be futile. In a close and quiet harbour such as Dartmouth, however, it is quite feasible, and any little alterations in the trim of the ship are compensated by means of a screw on each leg of the table and a spirit level.

The captain has his quarters on the main deck, above the officers.

The poop of the Hindostan is roofed in and fitted permanently as a chapel, the only adaptation necessary for Sunday being the covering of the skylights which light the studies below, and which otherwise interfere with the arrangement of the seats. This is a vast improvement on the old style of "rigging church" with messroom forms, etc., on the middle deck, which is all very well in a sea-going ship, where you cannot devote a portion of a deck to the purpose.

CAPTAIN C. H. CROSS.

The upper deck of the Britannia is covered in, and used as a place for recreation and skylarking in bad weather, also for such functions as prize day, etc.

There are two floating swimming baths attached to the ship: one is moored a little way off, and the other, in which the water can be heated when necessary, is secured under the bridge which connects the two ships. These are used for the purpose of instruction in swimming; every cadet is tested as to his capabilities in this respect on joining; should the weather be too cold at the time, he must produce a statement from his parents or guardian that he can swim. The test is to swim sixty yards without stopping; any boy who is unable to do this is placed under instruction, and his progress regularly reported until he can pass in swimming. No cadet is allowed to use the boats for recreation, or to present himself for final examination, unless he is able to swim.

The first paragraph of the regulations to be observed by cadets when away from the ship explains clearly enough the spirit in which the rules are imposed:-

"Cadets when on shore for recreation enjoy complete freedom from surveillance. This advantage can only be enjoyed with their co-operation, and it is obviously to their interest, in every way, to show that the confidence reposed in them is not misplaced. Certain rules and regulations are laid down for their guidance, and they are 'on their honour' to abide by them."

The rules are by no means too harsh or exacting, and the system is found to work perfectly.

The youth "Navilus," in his booklet, it will be recollected, records how he and his companion went on board the German man-of-war. This was a breach of rules, without first obtaining permission, but not a very terrible offence; indeed, it would have been almost too much to expect that they should, in response to such a cordial invitation, reply that they were not permitted to do so.

The course of studies and seamanship as at present pursued is contained in the Appendix, and needs but little notice here.

It will be observed that instructions as to working sails and masts, man?uvring a ship under sail, etc., are wiped out; all that is taught is the names of sails and how to "bend" fore and aft sails. All fitting of rigging is also abolished, and only such bends and hitches, knots and splices, retained as may be occasionally useful. It was quite time, no doubt, to take this step, seeing how much else there is to learn, and that none of these lads will ever see a sail set in their future ships; still, there is a certain feeling of regret about it. England attained her unrivalled place on the ocean by her sailors' smartness in the old style of seamanship; she will have to maintain it with the new appliances when the time comes.

Another source of regret-entirely sentimental, no doubt; but are not sailors proverbially sentimental?-is the final disappearance of the big ship under a cloud of canvas. Such a sight as the cadets were called from their studies to witness one day at Portland, when the Revenge, a very handsome two-decker, was beating into the roads; Captain Harris stood on the poop, a veritable sea-dog, and criticised every movement.

A big battleship or cruiser is a fine sight, the embodiment of power and dangerous energy; but she cannot hold a candle to the Revenge as a picture!

In 1902 great excitement was caused by the news that the Racer was doomed; and in due course her successor put in an appearance-a very different sort of craft.

The Isis is a second-class cruiser of 5,600 tons and 8,000 horse-power, though she is capable of developing a good deal more than this when it is found necessary to press her. She is reckoned as a 19- or 20-knot vessel, and, as will be seen from the illustration, is a very business-like looking craft, presenting quite an imposing appearance in the narrow waters of the Dart.

Her first cruise commenced on October 2nd, 1902, when she took the fourth term cadets to sea for a blue-water cruise; the first since the days of the Ariadne in the early 'seventies. It was during this trip that, while at Santa Cruz, in Teneriffe, some idiotic Canary Islanders attacked Captain Mundy, and injured him rather seriously.

The Isis, however, did not provide sufficient accommodation for the cadets who were ripe for sea training, so another vessel was attached to the Britannia-the Aurora, an older vessel, and, though of the same tonnage and lower speed, rated as a first-class cruiser; she has a considerable amount of protective armour.

These two vessels are kept going, and in the summer number of the magazine for 1903 there is quite a long yarn about their doings, with scores of the cricket matches played by the cadets at various ports.

When the cadets joined for their cruise on May 7th, 1903, at Plymouth, it is recorded that all turned up punctually except one boy, whose parents had sent him to Portsmouth by mistake; and, as he came from Wales, he had rather a roundabout journey to Plymouth!

They visited the Scilly Isles, where Mr. Smith-Dorrien, who owns large property there, extended liberal hospitality to them. Here a somewhat awkward mishap attended two of the lieutenants. They went out in a skiff, when the weather became somewhat rough-as everyone knows it can at the Scillies-and their small craft capsized, out of sight of the ship. However, they managed to swim on shore, and were well looked after by a fisherman's family until a ship's boat brought them on board, luckily none the worse.

From the Scillies they went to Milford Haven, thence to the Isle of Man, and on to Oban. They were to have gone on to the "Land of the Midnight Sun," but one of the lads had to be landed for an operation for appendicitis, so their stay at Oban was prolonged, and the Norway trip abandoned.

Two of the ship's boats took part in a sailing race, and the gig of the Isis, steered by the first lieutenant, succeeded in carrying off the prize, being, indeed, 18 minutes ahead of her time allowance; which must have astonished the members of the local yacht club who admitted them to the competition; for it is, curiously enough, a sort of axiom among yachtsmen, that naval officers cannot sail a boat.

From Oban they went to Invergordon, Tobermory, and Stornoway. But the weather-god of the Hebrides is an unrestful sort of person, and treated them to a little of the bluster which he always has up his sleeve, even in the summer months; and before they arrived at Milford Haven, on July 5th, a good many of the cadets had had a good opportunity of getting their "sea-legs."

All naval officers who have visited Scotland in their cruises carry away pleasing recollections of much kindness and hospitality, and the experience of the officers and cadets on board the Isis formed no exception to the rule.

The Aurora, meanwhile, sailing on the same day, visited Guernsey, Yarmouth (Isle of Wight), Weymouth, Torquay, Falmouth, the Scilly Isles, Kingstown, Bangor, Lamlash Bay (in the Isle of Arran), thence to the Isle of Man, and finally to Milford Haven, where they found their "opposite number," the Isis, and compared notes as to their respective cruises.

It is quite obvious, from the tone of the letters from the two ships, that these cruises, teeming as they do with opportunities of acquiring valuable knowledge and experience, are also a source of much pleasure and enjoyment to the lads.

It is recorded in the magazine that the captain has started a shooting class among the cadets of the senior term; giving preference to those who have not had an opportunity at home of using a fowling piece. Clay pigeons are provided, and the cadets are instructed in all the precautions which should be used when out shooting, so as to minimise the risk of accident. This is an excellent idea, and the boys ought to be very grateful to Captain Cross for originating it. Every shooting season has its tale of accidents, many of them arising from an utter disregard of precautions and lack of common sense; opportunities often occur of shooting on foreign stations, and the experience gained with the clay pigeons at Dartmouth will come in handy afterwards, no doubt. The practice of dragging a loaded gun through a hedge is responsible for many deaths, the culprit being usually also the victim; and the extraordinary things that people who are supposed to be experts in the use of fire-arms will do sometimes are almost incredible. Let us hope that these young gentlemen, being forewarned, will learn the value of caution and common sense in the use of both sporting and service weapons; not forgetting the revolver, which, in the hands of careless or incompetent persons, is the most dangerous weapon of all.

The King's Birthday "whole" was curtailed to a "half" in 1903, owing to the presence of scarlet fever in Dartmouth; but, as it was held on June 26th, the day was long, and was well filled up. Three cricket matches, a picnic of about 140 up the river, and a sea-fishing party of forty or fifty comprised the entertainments, which were all eminently successful. The fishermen were piloted by Mr. James, of Dartmouth, to an ideal fishing ground, where they hauled up many big fish, including huge conger eels-which often give exciting sport by their antics when landed, getting mixed up with all the tackle in the boat, and going for the fishermen open-mouthed when they endeavour to disentangle them-rock-cod, and other marine monsters; they also had a parallel experience with that of the apostolic fisherman of old, for, though they were not using nets, one of their best lines broke from the weight of fish upon it.

The spot selected by this acute Dartmouth gentleman presents a strong contrast to some places which are marked "good fishing" on the Admiralty charts, where, indeed, the words hold good in an ironical sense, for you may fish all day there; but, whether your fishing be good, bad, or indifferent, there is no "catching"!

Before proceeding to describe the arrangements which are to supersede the old Britannia course, it may be interesting to give a few figures showing the numbers who have passed through the ship. These are not available earlier than January 1st, 1862.

Since that date the number of cadets actually entered, up to the close of 1902, is 5,009; the number who have presented themselves for final examination out of the ship, from December, 1862, to August, 1903, is 4,741; and out of these there have been 151 failures-3·1 per cent.

This is not a large percentage over so long a period; but taking the last ten years separately there is a very marked improvement, 1,770 cadets examined giving only 27 failures, or 1? per cent.; and the last five examinations-up to August, 1903-have brought no failures.

There is no record easily available as to the numbers withdrawn, or discharged, for misconduct, earlier than midsummer, 1879; since then, up to August, 1903, 79 have been withdrawn, and eleven discharged for misconduct, or 2·9 per cent. in all; and these numbers include six who were discharged at the time of the bullying investigation, during Captain Digby's command.

During the last ten years, however, only 1·6 per cent. have left before completing their course, there being only one case of dismissal for misconduct.

Since 1884, 66 cadets have entered the Service from the two training-ships of the Mercantile Marine Service Association, the Conway in the Mersey, and the Worcester in the Thames. These lads, after two years in the training ships, provided they fulfil certain conditions as to age, etc., are admitted for examination with the cadets in the Britannia.

Some details as to the cost of the Britannia will be found in the Appendix; the figures are high, and do not include the cost of the sea-going training ships now in commission, which is not small.

MR. J. H. SPANTON.

If the gross amount named in the estimates be taken, without deducting the parents' contributions, the rate per head per annum in 1882-3 would be ￡258, and in 1901-2 ￡187. Whether this is excessive in respect of what is obtained for it, or how it compares with the cost per head at the most expensive public schools, it is not precisely within the scope of this volume to inquire; but probably a ship school of the high type of the Britannia is a very expensive affair, and, after all, when the amount of the Navy estimates, year by year, is taken into consideration, forty or fifty thousand pounds does not seem an extravagant sum to pay for the training of executive officers: it will come a good deal heavier in the future, however.

The course of study will be found in the Appendix; but something should be said about the masters and their work.

The instructional staff consists of the chief naval instructor, eight naval instructors, two French masters, two drawing masters, one English master, and one natural science master.

Of these, Mr. J. H. Spanton, the senior drawing master, has been 36 years in the ship; Mr. P. Brunel, the senior French master, 28 years; Mr. Hamilton Williams, the English master, 27 years; and Mr. Tims, the chief naval instructor, is in his twentieth year. In the past, there have been several naval instructors who have remained for over 20 years-to wit, Mr. A. C. Johnson, 24 years; the Rev. J. C. P. Aldous, 23 years; Mr. W. W. Lane, 22 years; Mr. G. B. Mason, 22 years.

Mr. Aldous, it will be recollected, was appointed, in 1875, as chief naval instructor, though he had never been connected with the Service in any capacity; during his long tenure of office he retained the goodwill of all his colleagues, and entirely justified his selection by the Admiralty for this important post.

Mr. Johnson was-and is-an enthusiast in the science of navigation, and has published several books on the subject, one of which-on finding the position of the ship at sea, by observations, in cloudy weather-has run into over five-and-twenty editions. He also edited a text-book on trigonometry for the use of the cadets.

MR. G. B. MASON.

The cadets are divided into two watches, and those who join each term are divided into two classes, half of each class being in either watch. Thus, if 64 cadets join in one term, they would be known as first and second class starboard and first and second class port; and as one watch is always "out of study"-i.e. at seamanship or other work-the class actually present with the naval instructor would number sixteen. A cadet captain has charge of this sixteen, and has to see that they enter and leave the study quietly, and pay due attention to whatever work they may be about, in the absence of the instructor.

There is also an excellent arrangement by which the boys of each class have to inform their captain every evening how they have employed their leisure time; and this has to be accounted for under numerous headings on a regular form provided for the purpose, and covering a week, Sunday excepted. Thus, so many will be swimming, or photographing, walking, playing cricket, tennis, racquets, fives, etc.; or out in sailing boats or blue gigs, and so on; 23 headings in all, including "punishment," the total number in the last column showing that all the class have been accounted for each day; and this form is presented to the captain on Sunday.

OFFICERS' QUARTERS.

Photo: Cassell & Co., Ltd.

The cadet captains are by this means made to feel that they have certain responsibilities, while it constitutes a decided check on aimless loafing, which is a bad thing for all boys.

It is now time to take leave of the Britannia. Her story has been followed pretty closely for 46 years, from the day on which Captain Harris received his first batch of cadets on board the Illustrious; and it is hoped that the life on board and the various vicissitudes of the ship under successive administrations have been described with sufficient accuracy to give a true picture of this institution-an institution which has had a bearing and influence upon the efficiency of the Navy during all these years, the importance of which can scarcely be overrated.

Sir William Martin stated nothing but the truth when he wrote to Captain Harris, in 1861: "There is no man in England whose opportunity of doing good to our country, for ages to come, is greater than yours." And if it was true in regard to Captain Harris, it must be held to be equally applicable to his successors in command, and, in a lesser degree, to the large number of officers and masters who have assisted them.

How have they discharged this heavy responsibility?

CADETS' DORMITORY.

Photo: Cassell & Co., Ltd.

It is impossible to pass a verdict otherwise than favourable on the whole, keeping in mind, of course, the fact that those immediately responsible for the conduct of the establishment were always under orders, with regard to general principles, from the Admiralty.

Mistakes may have been made at headquarters, errors in discipline, teaching, and so on, may have crept in on board from time to time. To err is human, and a great administrative department such as the British Admiralty must, of necessity, deal largely in compromises. You cannot find, on this earth, any corporation, institution, or structure which combines the highest degree of excellence in all the attributes which go to make up its composition; and in the conduct of the Britannia there must always have been conflicting elements difficult to reconcile.

Taking it all round, however, the general conclusion must be that the Britannia has done right well, and that those who have been responsible for her management have done their best in the interests of the Service.

That no pains have been spared in perfecting equipment, organisation, discipline, recreation, must be patent to all who have taken the trouble to read these pages-otherwise they have certainly been written in vain-and if any further proof be needed, a visit to Dartmouth will dispel all doubts.

The visit must not be delayed too long, however; the last days of the Britannia are approaching, and in a year or two the familiar twin hulls, with the connecting bridge, and the flotilla of steam and sailing boats clustered about them, will have disappeared. The last batch of cadets under the old regulations will be entered in November, 1905; and it is probable that, if space permit, they will be housed in the College now rising on the hill, while the ship may be kept on for a time as an overflow, or as a store for marine appliances, etc.

The old gives place to the new; but for many years to come there will remain hundreds of officers who will look back with pleasure on their life at Dartmouth, and who will ungrudgingly acknowledge the many valuable lessons they learned in the "good old Brit."

A few concluding words are necessary in order to describe the new system which is to take the place of the Britannia.

Years ago, when the Naval Academy was first instituted, the question of the necessity, or at least the advisability, of some previous training for boys, before sending them to sea, was mooted. In those days it was partial, a large number continuing to join their ships straight from school; then the scheme was dropped for twenty years, until Captain Harris came to the front, and previous training was made compulsory.

There were many dissentient voices at that time, and for years subsequently there were not wanting those who maintained that more efficient officers would ultimately be obtained upon what we have alluded to as the "pitchfork" system.

Time, with its abnormally rapid changes of the last century, has, however, solved the problem-as it eventually solves all questions-and he would be a bold man, and a somewhat foolish one withal, who would venture nowadays to advocate a policy of no previous training.

The new regulations are of a revolutionary character, and-without going into the merits of the question with regard to the amalgamation, during probation, of the executive officers, Engineers, and Marine officers, which has raised some discussion-the principal points are as follow:-

The average age of entry is between 12 and 13.

All candidates are admitted, as before, by the nomination of the Admiralty.

All are liable, at the expiration of their training, to be placed on the strength as sub-lieutenants, Engineer sub-lieutenants, or subalterns of Marines, as may be required; but the wishes of each officer will be consulted as far as is compatible with the needs of the Service.

In giving nominations, preference will be given, other things being equal, to those applicants whose parents or guardians declare for them that they are prepared to enter any of the three branches.

In the first circular issued, a competitive examination of a stiff character was provided for; by a subsequent amendment, however, this has been replaced by a qualifying examination, not of a very formidable nature. So it is to be hoped that the anomaly of bestowing a number of nominations, two-thirds of which cannot possibly come to anything, is to be finally relegated to the past.

Examinations will be held three times each year, preceded by a medical examination, the subjects being as follow:-

Part I.

1. English (including writing from dictation, simple composition, and reproduction of the gist of a short passage twice read aloud to the candidates).

2. History and geography:

(a) History (simple questions in English history and growth of the British Empire).

(b) Geography (simple questions with special reference to the British Empire).

3. French or German (importance will be attached to the oral examination).

4. Arithmetic and algebra:

(a) Arithmetic (elementary, including vulgar and decimal fractions).

(b) Algebra (to simple equations with easy problems).

5. Geometry (to include the subject matter of the first book of Euclid, or its equivalent in experimental geometry and mensuration).

The use of instruments and of algebraical methods will be allowed.

Part II.

(One only to be taken.)

6. Latin (easy passages for translation from Latin into English, and from English into Latin, and simple grammatical questions).

7. A second modern language (of which, if not French or German, notice must be previously given), or an advanced examination in the language selected under Part I.

8. Experimental science (easy questions with the object of testing practical knowledge and powers of observation).

On passing this examination candidates will be sent to the training establishments for four years.

Instruction will comprise an extension of the present Britannia course, and a thorough elementary instruction in physics, marine engineering, etc., including the use of tools and machines. Instruction will also be carried out in small vessels attached to the establishment.

Examinations will be held during the second and fourth year of training. Cadets who fail to pass will be withdrawn. Parents or guardians are required to sign a declaration on the admission of a cadet to the training establishment to the effect that he shall be immediately withdrawn on the receipt of an official intimation of his being considered unfit for the Navy.

After leaving the training establishment cadets will go to sea, and will then be instructed in seamanship, navigation, pilotage, gunnery, mechanics, and engineering by the specialised officers of the ship.

After three years, each midshipman who has passed the qualifying examinations will become an acting sub-lieutenant.

Acting sub-lieutenants go to Greenwich Royal Naval College and to Portsmouth for final instruction in the subjects they studied while midshipmen at sea.

On conclusion of their examination in these subjects, having reached the age of 19 or 20, sub-lieutenants will be distributed between the executive and engineer branches of the Navy and the Royal Marines. No sub-lieutenant will be required to join any branch for which he did not enter as a boy when applying for a nomination.

Such are, briefly, the regulations under which-simultaneously with those who, between 14? and 15? years of age, are going in for the last of the old system-cadets are now being entered.

The training establishments alluded to consist of the colleges at Dartmouth and Osborne, with such steam vessels as may be necessary for instruction afloat.

The Dartmouth College is, however, very far from being completed, but our illustration gives a truthful picture of its future appearance.

It is reproduced from an original drawing, kindly lent by Mr. Aston Webb, R.A., the architect.

The Dartmouth College has some pretensions, as has been seen, to artistic merit in appearance, and will, in fact, be a very handsome and effective building on its commanding site.

Those who look for anything of this nature at Osborne will, however, be grievously disappointed. The College in the Isle of Wight is utilitarian to the last degree; so much so as to render any criticism of the buildings from an artistic point of view quite out of the question.

There is a reason for this, however; and the reason is that it had to be prepared for the reception of the first batch of cadets under the new scheme in July, 1903; and at the beginning of that year it had literally no existence.

Having decided upon the adoption of this scheme, and deeming it imperative that it should be brought into operation as speedily as possible, the Admiralty had no option but to "rush" the College into existence; and the King having sanctioned its erection at Osborne, it was rushed accordingly. Sir John Fisher, who had this arrangement in hand, and very much at heart, is perhaps better qualified for getting the maximum amount of work done in the minimum time than any officer in the Service.

THE OLD STABLE YARD, OSBORNE.

The stables at Osborne House formed the nucleus of the new building; and in close proximity to these-which were promptly adopted for various purposes-there were run up a series of bungalow erections-dormitories, officers' quarters, and so on-constructed of timber and a kind of hard plaster known as "uralite."

THE NEW COLLEGE, DARTMOUTH.

From the Design by Aston Webb, R.A.

The illustrations give a correct idea of their general appearance; and though, as has been observed, they are utilitarian rather than ornamental, they are very well fitted in every way, and quite up to date. There are twenty-five beds in a dormitory, and room for a few more if necessary; each cadet's chest stands at the foot of his bed, and a wash-stand beside it; there is a plunge bath, with three ordinary ones, at the end of the dormitory, and a capital lavatory besides, for use in the daytime.

The officers' quarters are very comfortable and well furnished, and the cabins are of sufficiently liberal dimensions to be dignified by the name of rooms.

The whole establishment is lit by electric light, the current being brought from Newport at a high voltage, and transformed at East Cowes, so as to be delivered at 240 volts.

The playing fields are very large in extent-much larger than those at Dartmouth-and though they are now somewhat in the rough, they will in time be excellent, the subsoil being gravel and the drainage consequently very good.

The officers of the Osborne College are to be found in the "Navy List" under our old friend the Racer, formerly attached as a rigged cruising vessel to the Britannia, but now denuded of her yards and sails, and used as an instructional ship for the College.

Captain R. E. Wemyss is in command at Osborne, and his staff comprises a commander, four lieutenants, two engineer lieutenants, and an engineer sub-lieutenant, a captain Royal Marine Artillery, chaplain, staff surgeon, surgeon, staff paymaster, and assistant paymaster, besides some warrant officers and petty officers for instructional and disciplinary purposes.

There are also eight masters for studies, who do not, however, at present reside in the College, but have a comfortable sitting-room appropriated to them.

More dormitories, etc., are in course of construction, in anticipation of a considerable increase of numbers in the near future.

This does not, however, include the whole establishment, for down by the river-side, about three-quarters of a mile distant, there is an excellent workshop, with all necessary machines of the latest description, run by electric motors. This was also run up in record time, but is built of brick, and in every respect most workmanlike and suitable for its purpose.

There are-in October, 1903-about eighty cadets, whose course is in full swing, and who appear to be thoroughly happy and comfortable, and keen about work and play alike.

The workshop appears to possess a tremendous attraction for them; and, judging by the eagerness with which they race for their places and tackle the tools, practical mechanics is not going to be a difficulty in the new scheme.

A substantial pier is being constructed on the river, and various improvements are being rapidly carried out.

How the course is to be apportioned between the two Colleges is not precisely settled at present; but it is almost certain that the cadets will commence at one-probably Osborne-and, after two years or so, be transferred to the other to complete their course.

Such is briefly the educational arrangement for our future naval officers; the scheme excited a good deal of adverse comment when it was announced, and only experience, of course, can demonstrate its merits and defects. It has been inaugurated with a great deal of energy, and certainly appears to promise well, at any rate in the probationary stage. With later developments, which some people predict will bring a certain degree of failure, we are not concerned just now. It is obvious, however, that some radical change was necessary, and half measures are seldom successful; so it is as well, perhaps, that the authorities have "taken the bull by the horns," and had the courage of their convictions.

APPENDIX I.

RULES AND ORDERS FOR THE NAVAL ACADEMY

(issued from the Admiralty, November 1st, 1773).

Article I.

Sons of noblemen and gentlemen only are eligible for admission, not under twelve or over fifteen; except fifteen sons of commissioned officers of H.M. Fleet, who are to be educated at the public expense, and (by Order in Council of October 8th, 1773) may be admitted from eleven to fourteen years of age.

Article II.

Every scholar is to pass a preliminary examination, to show that he is qualified to enter upon the plan of education adopted at the Academy.

Article III.

The master, ushers, and scholars are to be appointed by the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, who may dismiss them at any time.

Article IV.

The Commissioner of the Dockyard for the time being is to be governor of the Academy.

Article V.

The master is to reside in quarters provided in the building.

Article VI.

Teachers are also to reside in the building, provided there is room, and are to furnish their quarters at their own expense.

Article VII.

The scholars are to have separate chambers, and to board with the master, who is to receive ￡25 per head per annum, and no more; to keep a decent table, find washing, fire, candles, towels, table and bed linen, and necessary utensils.

Article VIII.

The master is to keep a register of the scholars, showing the day of their first appearance, times absent, and day of discharge.

Article IX.

The master is to treat all scholars alike, and to see that the teachers do likewise, except in the matter of such encouragement as may be due to those who distinguish themselves by diligence.

Article X.

No scholar is to keep a servant, but is to content himself with the attendance provided.

Article XI.

Every scholar is to be provided yearly, at his own expense, with a new suit of blue clothes against his Majesty's birthday, conformable to a pattern lodged with the master, except sons of sea officers, who are to be allowed ￡5 to provide the said suit.

Article XII.

The master is to see that the scholars are neat and decent in dress, and that they pay due respect to the officers of the yard when they meet.

Article XIII.

The scholars are to be instructed in writing, arithmetic, drawing, navigation, gunnery, fortification, and other useful parts of mathematics; also in French, dancing, fencing, and the exercise of the firelock. The master is to settle a plan for a regular course of studies, subject to the approval of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty.

Article XIV.

The hours are to be the same as those of the shipwrights, except half an hour for breakfast and one and a half hour for dinner; no intermission or holiday being allowed except such as are observed in the Dockyard, and Saturday afternoon.

Article XV.

The scholars are constantly to go to church on Sundays and other days of public worship.

Article XVI.

A complete set of arms and accoutrements is to be provided for each scholar at his Majesty's expense, to be kept by the fencing master until issued.

Article XVII.

After one year scholars are to be taught fencing and the use of the firelock.

Article XVIII.

The fencing master is to see that the arms, etc., are kept in good order.

Article XIX.

If any of the scholars shall lose or spoil their arms or accoutrements, the master is to provide others for them at their parents' expense, and to give them due correction.

Article XX.

Scholars when at drill are to wear their blue clothes, unless dispensed by the Governor.

Article XXI.

The Commissioner is to visit and inspect the studies and behaviour of the scholars and methods of instruction, and report to the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty.

Article XXII.

No scholar is to be allowed out of the Dockyard without the Commissioner's leave, after obtaining written permission from the master to apply for it. A second offence against this rule is to be reported to the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty.

Article XXIII.

During the first year punishments shall consist of the rod, task, or confinement, at the discretion of the master. More serious faults to be punished by expulsion by the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty.

Article XXIV.

After one year punishments shall consist of task or confinement by the master, confinement under sentry's charge by the governor, loss of time for passing, or expulsion.

Article XXV.

A scholar who has been expelled shall never be admitted into the Royal Navy.

Article XXVI.

The Commissioner, upon application of parents or guardians, may give leave either at Christmas or Whitsuntide for three weeks. Any scholar who absents himself at other times, even by leave, or breaks his leave, shall lose the time. Absence without leave shall be punished by expulsion or otherwise by the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty.

Article XXVII.

After one year scholars shall be excused from school two afternoons in each week, and the Commissioner shall direct one of the masters attendant to carry them one afternoon into the rigging house, storehouses, and sail lofts, and to take them afloat, etc.

Article XXVIII.

On another afternoon the master shipwright is to instruct them in ship construction, etc.

Article XXIX.

The Commissioner may order a vessel of small size to be placed near, and make the scholars rig and unrig her; and two guns are to be placed on board, with powder and shot and all accessories, with an experienced gunner from a ship-in-ordinary to instruct them.

Article XXX.

No scholar is to remain less than two, or more than three, years, except the sons of sea officers, who must remain three, and may remain five, years, unless they have finished their plan sooner and their parents desire them to go to sea. But they are not in any case to remain beyond the age of seventeen. In the first week of March each year an account of the qualification of each scholar is to be sent in, with a view to sending him to sea if qualified.

Article XXXI.

On a scholar being discharged to sea the master is to give a certificate of the time spent in the Academy, deducting times of absence (except three weeks each year), and time forfeited as punishment.

Article XXXII.

A scholar on leaving is to leave his arms with the fencing master.

Article XXXIII.

On scholars leaving, vacancies are to be filled and numbers kept up in each class.

Article XXXIV.

Scholars on joining his Majesty's ships shall be kept to the duties of seamen, but with the privilege of walking the quarter-deck, and shall be allotted a proper place to lie in, but no cabins; and shall be rated on the ship's books as "Volunteers by Order," and receive able seaman's pay.

Article XXXV.

The captain shall make Volunteers keep journals, and draw the appearance of headlands, coasts, bays, and such like; and the master, boatswain, and schoolmaster shall instruct them.

Article XXXVI.

After two years at sea the captain shall rate them midshipman ordinary-or midshipman, if qualified.

Article XXXVII.

Scholars shall have liberty while at Portsmouth to visit the Academy and be instructed there, and in the yard, gratis.

Article XXXVIII.

On returning from a foreign voyage they shall bring their journals to the master of the Academy for his inspection, and he will also examine them and represent to the Secretary to the Admiralty how he finds they have improved.

Article XXXIX.

The captain shall give a certificate on their leaving the ship as to sobriety, obedience, diligence, and skill; and also of the time they have served as Volunteer or midshipman.

Article XL.

When a Volunteer by Order is paid off, upon bringing his certificate of good behaviour to the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty they may, if he desires it, give orders for him to have free use of the Academy.

Article XLI.

Volunteers educated in the Academy, and sent from thence by order of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty to serve in his Majesty's ships, shall be qualified, in point of time, for lieutenants after so many years' service at sea as, together with the time specified in the certificate given them upon leaving the Academy (not exceeding three years for the sons of sea officers before mentioned) shall complete the term of six years, provided they have served two years thereof as mates, midshipmen, or midshipmen ordinary in his Majesty's ships, and are not under twenty years of age, but shall pass the usual examination of their abilities before they can be preferred.

APPENDIX II.

ADMIRALTY CIRCULAR of February 23rd, 1857 (in so far as it relates to Naval Cadets).

I. A naval cadet must, on nomination, be not less than thirteen or more than fifteen years of age.

II. He must undergo the examination at the Royal Naval College within three months of the date of nomination.

III. He must produce a certificate of birth, or a declaration of the date of birth, made before a magistrate.

IV. He must be in good health, free from impediment of speech, defect of vision, rupture, etc.

V. The subjects in which a cadet is required to pass are as follows:-

Between thirteen and fourteen years of age:

(1) To write from dictation legibly and correctly.

(2) To read, parse, and translate an easy passage from some Latin or French author (the use of a dictionary is allowed).

(3) To have a satisfactory knowledge of the leading facts of Scripture and English history.

(4) Modern geography, including the principal countries, capitals, mountains, and rivers, etc.; and to be able to point out a place on the map if the latitude and longitude are given.

(5) Arithmetic, including the four first rules, proportion, and a fair knowledge of vulgar and decimal fractions.

(6) Algebra, including fractions.

Above the age of fourteen, in addition to the above:

(1) The use of the globes, correct definition of latitude, longitude azimuth, amplitude, and other circles.

(2) Vulgar and decimal fractions.

(3) Algebra, simple equations.

(4) The first book of Euclid.

(5) Plane trigonometry and its application to the solution of easy problems.

A knowledge of drawing is recommended.

VI. A cadet on passing will be appointed to a training ship at Portsmouth or Devonport for at least three months.

VII. Quarterly examinations will be held on board the training ship, and any cadet who considers that he is competent may present himself for examination in sheet No. 1 and seamanship. If found qualified, he will be sent to a sea-going ship.

VIII. Any cadet who fails to pass his examination within the periods stated below will be rejected:-

14 years 6 months on joining The second quarterly examination.

14 years and under 6 months The third quarterly examination.

Under 14 years The fourth quarterly examination.

Any cadet of indifferent conduct will be reported by the captain to the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, who may dismiss him summarily.

IX. No cadet will be allowed to count more than three months in the training ship towards sea-time.

Books, etc. Required on Entry.

Sextant, box of mathematical instruments, spyglass, French grammar and dictionary (including sea terms), a book on navigation, Euclid's Elements, geography, book on the use of mathematical and nautical instruments, book on the steam engine, Colenso's Arithmetic and Algebra, Jeans' Trigonometry.

The examination on leaving the training ship is to include all the subjects of the examination on entry except Latin, and the following in addition:-

Arithmetic: involution, extraction of square root.

Algebra: simple equations.

The elements of geometry.

Plane trigonometry, including the solution of practical and useful problems.

Spherical trigonometry: solution of triangles, and application to nautical astronomy.

Navigation: day's work-meridian altitude, longitude by chronometer, to be able to explain and use the sextant, azimuth compass, artificial horizon, and theodolite.

French: any selection from the first fifty lessons in Ollendorf, and to read, parse, and translate a passage.

A certificate must be obtained from the captain and the master of proficiency in rigging, seamanship, etc.; also one of conduct and attention from the naval instructor.

APPENDIX III.

ADMIRALTY CIRCULAR, August 3rd, 1869.

The Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty having decided-

I. To increase the time during which naval cadets will be under training;

II. To introduce the system of limited competition for naval cadetships;

III. Still further to reduce the number of naval cadets entered annually;

have been pleased to make the following regulations:-

(1) These regulations will take effect after the examination in August, 1869.

(2) Two examinations for naval cadetships will be held annually, under the direction of the Admiralty Director of Education-viz. on the third Wednesday in June and the last Wednesday in November; but the appointments as cadets of the successful candidates will date from July 15th and January 15th.

(3) The first examination under these regulations will take place in November, 1869.

(4) No candidate will be eligible for examination whose age will not be within the prescribed limits on January 15th following; nor for examination in June whose age will not be within the prescribed limits on July 15th following.

(5) The limits of age for examination in November, 1869, will be not less than 12 or more than 14; for June, 1870, 12 to 13?; and subsequently 12 to 13.

(6) The number to be entered at each examination is 37, and twice that number will be nominated.

(7) Every candidate will be required to pass a medical examination.

(8) Every candidate must produce a certificate of birth, or declaration before a magistrate; also of good conduct from his former school, or from his tutor or clergyman.

(9) Every candidate will be required-

Marks.

(a) To read a passage from a modern English author with intelligence 100

(b) To write English correctly from dictation 100

(c) To read, translate, and parse a passage from some French author 100

(d) To be acquainted with the first four rules in arithmetic, and vulgar and decimal fractions 150

(e) To have a fair knowledge of Scripture history 100

No candidate will be allowed to compete unless he obtain four-tenths of the maximum marks in each subject, or 250 marks in the aggregate.

(10) Candidates so qualified will be examined in the following subjects, as they may select:-

Marks.

(f) Arithmetic: miscellaneous examples 100

(g) Algebra: first four rules, and fractions 100

(h) Euclid, to Book I., proposition xxii. 100

(i) Translate English into French 100

(k) Latin: to translate a passage from C?sar or Virgil, and a passage of English into Latin 100

(l) English history: James I. to the present day 100

(m) Outlines of modern geography 100

(n) Any living language except French 100

(o) Elementary drawing 100

No marks amounting to less than one-sixth in voluntary subjects will be counted towards the total.

(11) Candidates obtaining the necessary number of marks for passing, but who are not successful, will be allowed a second trial without a fresh nomination.

(12) Candidates who are rejected for the first time in August, 1869, will be allowed a second trial, but they must compete with the others on the same terms, and will be allowed no further trial.

(13) Candidates who fail to appear at the next examination after nomination must obtain a fresh nomination, unless they are certified as unfit to appear by a doctor, in which case non-appearance will be considered equivalent to one failure, and they will be allowed a second trial.

(14) Every flag officer (except an admiral superintendent of a dockyard) will, on hoisting his flag, be allowed three nominations for competition; commodores of the first class, two nominations; captains appointed to a ship of any class (except captains of stationary ships, captain superintendents of dockyards or victualling yards, and the captain of the Royal yacht), one nomination; but no officer will be allowed to exercise this right a second time within three years. And no captain appointed to a ship during her commission will be allowed a nomination if the right has been exercised within one year by the previous captain.

(15) Seven nominations will be allowed annually to the Colonies.

(16) Cadets will be required to pay ￡70 per annum while in the Britannia, and ￡50 for the twelve months in the sea-going training ship; but a number, not exceeding twelve, of sons of Royal Naval or Royal Marine officers, or of civil officers under the Board of Admiralty, may be selected by the Admiralty for a payment of ￡40 per annum.

(17) Successful cadets will be appointed to the Britannia.

(18) The date of entry of those who pass in June is to reckon from July 15th following, and of those who pass in November from January 15th following.

(19) The period of training will be, as now, four terms, but there will be two terms in each year instead of three-viz. from February to July, and from August to December.

(20) An examination will be held at the end of each term, and an intermediate one at Easter for cadets in their first year.

(21) Cadets who join in August, and pass an unsatisfactory examination in December, will be warned that they will be discharged at Easter if they do not improve. Cadets entered in January who pass unsatisfactorily at Easter will be similarly warned for July. Any cadet who passes badly at a subsequent examination will be discharged.

(22) Notice will be given of the minimum number of marks which must be obtained at each examination.

(23) At the fourth term examination cadets will be classified according to their merits in seamanship, study, and conduct, and will be allowed time for their service in the Britannia as follows:-

Study. Seamanship. Conduct.

First class 6 months 3 months 3 months.

Second class 3 months None 3 months.

Third class None None 3 months.

(24) The examination and rating of cadets as midshipmen in the sea-going training ship is to be regulated according to the time noted on their certificates:-

12 months' time Become midshipmen at once.

9 months' time Serve 3 months.

6 months' time Serve 6 months.

No time Serve 12 months.

(25) After passing their examination in the Britannia, cadets will be appointed to a sea-going training ship for one year.

(26) Any cadet or midshipman who may during the three years' probation have become subject to any physical defect likely to render him unfit for service will be discharged.

(27) After six months in the sea-going training ship an examination will be held, and again after twelve months. Any midshipman or cadet failing at either will be discharged.

APPENDIX IV.

(From "BRITANNIA" REGULATIONS, 1876.)

Regulations Respecting Cadets While Under Training.

(1) The naval cadets who join the Britannia are allowed four terms (two in each year) to complete their course of study, at the expiration of which they go up for final examination.

(2) The terms are from about February 1st to July 15th, and from about August 31st to December 20th; and the vacations will be six weeks at midsummer, five weeks at Christmas, and two weeks at Easter, the dates of commencement of vacation depending upon the completion of the examinations by the President, Royal Naval College, Greenwich.

(3) The friends of the cadets must be prepared to receive them during all the vacations.

(4) The following payment will be required from the parents or guardians of each cadet while in the Britannia:-Before the commencement of each term, ￡35, except in the case of those received at the reduced rate of ￡40 a year, whose half-yearly payments will be ￡20 only.

(5) The payments are to be made according to instructions which will be given in the half-yearly claim that will be made by the Accountant-General upon the parents or guardians of the cadets.

(6) Great inconvenience having been experienced from these payments not having been punctually made, cadets, although received until their friends are communicated with, will not be considered as entered for tuition until the amounts due have been received.

(7) All travelling expenses for cadets will be advanced by the paymaster of the Britannia, who will charge the same to the cadet's personal account at the end of each term.

(8) The cadets have a weekly allowance, and all expenses attending their amusements are paid for by the ship. It is, therefore, requested that their friends do not give them any money except on joining or on their return from the vacations, and then the amount must not exceed ten shillings. It is particularly requested that this regulation be adhered to. Such money as may be required by a cadet for any special circumstances will be advanced by the paymaster under the authority of the captain of the Britannia.

(9) It is particularly requested that the cadets bring their linen clean and clothes and boots in good order when they join the ship, and also when they return from leave, and that the outfit as required be complete.

(10) Cadets are not permitted to open an account with tradesmen. Parents and guardians are, therefore, requested to pay no bills that may be sent to them.

(11) Should there have been any infectious disease in the house where the cadets have been staying during their holidays, notice of the circumstance is to be given to the commanding officer of H.M.S. Britannia; and they are not to join until they have received a communication from him to that effect.

(12) All letters relative to the cadets should be addressed as follows:-"The Commanding Officer, H.M.S. Britannia, Dartmouth."

(13) Should cadets bring valuable gold watches or chains with them to the training ship, they will be taken from them and placed in security until they return to their homes. Silver watches will be allowed to be used.

(14) Parents or guardians of cadets must in all cases of permanent change of residence communicate the same to the captain of the training ship without delay.

Routine for Cadets (Summer).

5.25 a.m. Turn out cadets for No. 2 punishment, etc.

5.30 a.m. Punishment No. 2 fall in.

6.30 a.m. Bugle call. Cadets turn out. Baths. Wednesday and Saturday, bathe from shore if weather permits.

6.35 a.m. Dismiss No. 2 punishment cadets.

7.5 a.m. Warning bugle.

7.15 a.m. Muster and drill.

7.50 a.m. Bugle dismiss drills.

8.0 a.m. Prayers. Breakfast.

8.40 a.m. Bugle for cadet defaulters. Defaulters seen.

8.50 a.m. Muster. Studies as ordered.

10.20 a.m. Warn studies. Captains' reports. Defaulters seen.

11.55 a.m. Studies dismissed. Bugle wash hands, etc.

12.10 p.m. Dinner.

1.40 p.m. Muster. Studies as ordered.

4.5 p.m. Dismiss studies. Messroom muster (except Wednesdays, Saturdays, and Sundays).

4.20 p.m. Cadets land. Defaulters drill. Bathe if weather permits.

6.45 p.m. Return on board.

7.0 p.m. Warning bugle.

7.10 p.m. Muster and dismiss.

7.15 p.m. Tea.

8.0 p.m. Evening study.

9.0 p.m. Dismiss evening studies.

9.15 p.m. Prayers.

9.45 p.m. Cadets turn in. Officer of the day goes round.

Saturdays, at noon, muster for payment.

Routine for Cadets (Winter).

5.25 a.m. Turn out cadets for No. 2 punishment, etc.

5.30 a.m. Punishment No. 2 fall in.

6.30 a.m. Bugle call. Cadets turn out. Baths.

6.35 a.m. Dismiss No. 2 punishment cadets.

7.5 a.m. Warning bugle.

7.15 a.m. Muster and drill.

7.50 a.m. Bugle dismiss drills.

8.0 a.m. Prayers. Breakfast.

8.40 a.m. Bugle for cadet defaulters. Defaulters seen. Warning bugle.

8.50 a.m. Muster. Studies as ordered.

10.20 a.m. Interval of ten minutes. Captains' reports.

12.0 a.m. Studies dismissed. Bugle wash hands, etc.

12.15 p.m. Dinner.

Cadets land. Defaulters muster and drill.

2.45 p.m. Return on board. Shift clothing and boots.

3.5 p.m. Messroom muster.

3.15 p.m. Warning bugle.

3.20 p.m. Muster. Studies as ordered.

4.50 p.m. Interval of ten minutes.

6.0 p.m. Dismiss studies.

6.30 p.m. Tea.

7.40 p.m. Evening study.

8.45 p.m. Study ceases.

9.0 p.m. Prayers.

9.30 p.m. Cadets turn in. Officer of the day goes round.

Wednesdays and Saturdays, return on board 5 p.m.

APPENDIX V.

H.M.S. "BRITANNIA." COURSE OF STUDIES.

SUBJECTS. First Term. Second Term.

ALGEBRA Chaps. 1-26, omitting § 133, 141-153, 161, 162, 175, 322, and Chaps. 18, 22, and 23. Recapitulation.

Hamblin Smith. (New Edition.) Chaps. 27-32, omitting Chap. 30 and § 410-412.

EUCLID Books I.-III. revised, VI. 1-13, 33 a. Recapitulation.

Todhunter. Book IV. 1-5; XI. 4, 19, 20, 21.

TRIGONOMETRY Chaps. 1-8, omitting Circular Measure. Recapitulation.

Goodwin. 10, 11, only 2 A. Chaps. 11, 14, 16, 18, 19.

Plane Theoretical, Part I. Exercises in Logs. and in solution of Triangles. Omit § 74, 100-103.

Proofs of Methods used in solution of Triangles, with their adaptation to Logarithmic Computation, with Examples.

Spherical Theoretical, Part II. Chaps. 1, 2 to § 28 inclusive.

NAVIGATION Plane Sailing, Traverse Sailing, Definitions, and Examples. Parallel, Mid. Latitude, and Mercator's Sailings.

Correcting Courses.

All necessary Definitions.

Windward and Current Sailing.

NAUTICAL ASTRONOMY Lat. by Mer. Altitude.

INSTRUMENTS Sextant.-Parts and Adjustments, Principles of construction of Sextant, Vernier, and Artificial Horizon. Reading, taking Angles and Index Error.

Compass.-Thomson, Parts of, and use. Taking bearings by.

CHARTS Admiralty Charts and Plans.-Use of. Plotting positions by latitude and longitude, and by cross bearings.

Mercator's Chart.-Drawing. Plotting positions on. Course and Distance made good. Set and drift of Current. Shape a Course.

Practical use of Chart and Compass when away in Racer.

STEAM AND STEAM MACHINERY Measurements. Recapitulation.

Metals. Combustion.

Riveted Joints. Evaporation.

Screw Fastenings. Valves and Cocks.

Friction. Heat.

Mechanics.

FRENCH Practical Instruction. Practical Instruction.

Grammar: Substantive, Adjective, Pronoun, regular and irregular Verbs. Recapitulation.

Elementary Syntax.

Interrogative and Negative Sentences. Past Participle, etc.

Conversation. Conversation.

DRAWING Simple Models, and copies.

DRAWING, MECHANICAL Simple Solids. Orthographic Projection, Simple Solids, Plans, Elevations, and Sections.

Plans and Elevations.

SUBJECTS. Third Term. Fourth Term.

ALGEBRA

Hamblin Smith. (New Edition.)

EUCLID

Todhunter.

TRIGONOMETRY Revision. Revision.

Goodwin. Circular Measure.

Plane Theoretical, Part I. Chap. 12 (0°-360°).

Problems.

Spherical Theoretical, Part II. Chap. 3, omitting § 40, 41, 47, with Examples. Solution of Spherical Triangles as applied to Astronomical Problems.

Chap. 5, § 57, 58.

Chap. 6, § 64.

NAVIGATION Dead Reckoning. Practical Navigation Paper, Explanations of all necessary Rules and Definitions.

Great Circle Sailing. Log Line.

Conversion of Arc into Time.

Necessary Proofs, Definitions, and Corrections.

NAUTICAL ASTRONOMY Longitude by Sun Chron.

Problems in Hour Angle Triangle. Astronomical Problems.

INSTRUMENTS Sextant.-Parts and Adjustments, Principles of construction of Sextant, Vernier, and Artificial Horizon. Reading, taking Angles and Index Error.

Compass.-Thomson, Parts of, and use. Taking bearings by.

CHARTS Admiralty Charts and Plans.-Use of. Plotting positions by latitude and longitude, and by cross bearings.

Mercator's Chart.-Drawing. Plotting positions on. Course and Distance made good. Set and drift of Current. Shape a Course.

Practical use of Chart and Compass when away in Racer.

STEAM AND STEAM MACHINERY Recapitulation. Recapitulation.

Pump (lift, force, and centrifugal). Shafts, Bearings, etc.

Hydraulic Jack. Condenser.

Boiler Mountings. Expansive Working.

Cylinder and Piston. I.H.P. Screw Propeller.

Slide Valve, Eccentric and Link Motion.

Hydrostatics.

Conversion of Motion.

FRENCH Practical Instruction. Practical Instruction.

Recapitulation. Recapitulation.

Syntax of Subjunctive. Dictations, Translations, Naval Terms.

Dictations, Translations, Naval Terms.

Conversation. Conversation.

DRAWING Topographical Sketching. Topographical Sketching from Outside Nature.

Oblique Perspective.

DRAWING, MECHANICAL Plans, Elevations, and Sections of parts of Machinery. Rough Figured Sketches from Parts of Machinery and Fair Drawings from them.

SEAMANSHIP COURSE. H.M.S. "BRITANNIA." 1901.

FIRST TERM. SECOND TERM.

Subject. Amount Required. Amount Required. Marks.

Construction. A Knowledge of the Different Rigs of all British Sailing Ships and Boats, and general appearance. Names of all parts of a Modern Battleship. Keels, Frames, Plating, Planking, Armour and Protection. Subdivision and Double Bottom. 35

Description of "Men of War."

Bends and Hitches. Knots and Splices. Stropping Blocks. General Knowledge as taught. As taught. Long, Short, and Eye. 25

Tackles. -- --

Rigging and Spars. To know the names and parts of all Spars, Masts, and Yards of Modern Ships. As in First Term, and to name all Running Rigging. 15

To point out and name all Standing Rigging.

Practical. Going aloft over Mast Head, and laying in and out on Yards. As in First Term.

Sails. -- Names of Sails. 5

Compass. To box in Points. To box in ? Points. 15

Signals. To describe Pendants and Numeral Flags. To describe Alphabetical Flags, Numerals with Meanings, Pendants with Meanings. 30

Foreign Ensigns.

Make and take in Semaphore.

Semaphore with Signs. 15

Morse with Flags. 15

Rule of the Road. -- --

Anchors and Cables. -- --

Log and Lead. -- Hand Log and Lead, and Sir W. Thompson's Sounding Machine. 15

Boats. Pulling and Steering. Handling a Boat under Oars, and making and shortening Sail. 30

General knowledge under Oars.

THIRD TERM. FOURTH TERM.

Subject. Amount Required. Amount Required. Marks.

Construction. Ventilation, Pumping and Flooding, etc. Buoyancy and some Definitions. As in previous Terms and all Definitions. 90

Bends and Hitches. Knots and Splices. Stropping Blocks. As in previous Terms. As in previous Terms. 50

Tackles. Description and use of Principal Ones. As in previous Terms and Knowledge of Power. 15

Rigging and Spars. As in previous Terms, with the use, etc. As in previous Terms, with Knowledge of Derricks Modern Ships, working by hand and steam. Hoisting Boats in and out. 30

Practical. Rigging Sheers and Derricks for lifting Weights. As in previous Terms. 25

Sails. As in previous Terms. As in previous Terms, and bending Fore and Aft Sails. 15

Compass. Good general Knowledge. A Thorough Knowledge. 40

Signals. To describe Alphabetical Flags and Meanings. Special Flags and Meanings. Semaphore Flags. International code. Flashing Lamp. Helm and Speed Signals. As in previous Terms, with application of Boat's Signal Book. 200

Night Signalling.

Fog Signals.

Rule of the Road. A Knowledge of Lights carried by Vessels and Boats under way and at anchor. As in previous Terms, and the General Knowledge of the Principles of the Rule of the Road. 65

Anchors and Cables. General Knowledge of parts of Anchors, Cables, Shackles, Swivel and Deck Stopper. Number supplied. Also to bring Ship to an Anchor, and Weigh and Cat. As in the previous Term. 60

The Principles of Mooring and the Meaning of Foul Hawse.

Log and Lead. As in previous Term. Hand and Patents. As in previous Terms. Marking of Deep Sea Line. 30

Boats. Management of Boat under Oars, Sail, and Steam. As in previous Terms. Principal Duties of Midshipman of Boat under Oars, Sail, and Steam. 80

Hoisting and Lowering Boats.

APPENDIX VI.

THE COST OF THE "BRITANNIA."

Parliamentary Papers called for in 1882 show the cost from September, 1863-when the ship was brought to Dartmouth-to January 1st, 1882, as follows:-

￡

(1) The breaking up value of Britannia and Hindostan 19,925

(2) Cost of fitting new ship (Prince of Wales) and Hindostan, and subsequent alterations 27,842

(3) Cost of moving ship, and moorings 2,890

(4) Repairs since first fitted, all changes, etc. (including all tenders, boats, etc.) 30,545

(5) Sick quarters, lodgings, recreation grounds, and all shore expenses 20,204

(6) Pay and provisions for officers, cadets, ship's company, travelling expenses, etc. 597,995

￡699,401

Contributions from parents 120,832

￡578,569

In order to arrive at amount actually expended for maintenance, deduct amounts 1, 2, and 3 45,657

￡532,912

Expense per annum for 18? years, ￡29,200.

This is at the rate of something like ￡240 per head per annum; but so much was done in making the recreation grounds, improving the ships, etc., that it is scarcely a fair statement of maintenance.

The estimates for 1882-3:-

￡

Gross 33,643

Parents' contributions 8,400

￡25,243

Provision is made for 130 cadets. Cost per head per annum, ￡194.

The estimates for 1901-1902:-

￡

Gross 49,570

Parents' contributions 18,500

￡31,070

Provision is made for 265 cadets. Cost per head per annum, ￡117.

INDEX.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Y

Academy, The Royal Naval:

Letters from Admiralty to Navy Board, 6, 7;

delay and alterations in building, 8;

course of study, 8;

instructional staff, 9;

governor, 9;

expenses for furniture, 10;

uniform introduced, 10;

expenses of scholars, 10;

new regulations, 10;

reports of head master and governor, 11;

final certificate, 11;

Captain Broke's work book, 12;

prejudice against scholars, 14

Admiralty committees:

Of 1874, 94;

drastic changes, 94;

competition detrimental, 94;

good physique of cadets, 96;

a college on shore recommended, 96;

an academic view, 96;

Captain Foley's improvements, 97;

cadets as witnesses, 97;

the captain as schoolmaster, 98;

Admiral Ryder's evidence, 98;

Dr. Woolley's evidence, 99;

report presented, 100;

test examination, 100;

Latin v. French, 100;

of 1885, 137;

points for consideration, 138;

heads of report, 138;

suggestions, 138;

recommendations, 141;

result nil, 141

Admiralty nominations, 3;

King's letter the forerunner of, 3;

abolition of suggested, 138

Age regulation, absence of, 3;

changes in, 18, 25, 33, 80, 91, 120, 167

Aldous, Rev. J. C. P., 93, 239

Alfred, Prince, 49

Ambulance lessons, 136

Ariadne, sea-going training ship, supersedes Bristol, 88;

boat disaster, 91;

paid off, 93

Arrow schooner, 161

Assault at arms, 197, 220

Aurora, sea-going training ship, commissioned, 234;

her cruise, 235

Bass, Mr. M. T., M.P., 75

Bathing, 152

Beagles, institution of, 103;

prosperity of, 132;

prizes for whips, 197;

editor's advice on, 212;

presentation of new hounds, 220;

start a fox, 220

Bedford, Captain F. G. D., 141, 142

Billiards, 231

Black Hole, The, 25, 29

Bounds a source of trouble, 87

Bowden-Smith, Captain N., 137, 142

Bowles, Mr. T. G., M.P., 147

Boxing, 219, 220

Breakfast, A good, 151

Britannia:

Her story commences, 39;

selected to supersede Illustrious, 50;

former ships of the name, 51;

cadets turned over to her, 52;

in the 'sixties, 53-81;

early arrangements on board, 53;

voyage to Portland, 60;

voyage to Dartmouth, 71;

the fifth of the name, 80;

in the 'seventies, 82-117;

in the 'eighties, 118-143;

in the 'nineties, 144-187;

unaccountable jealousy of, 181;

games, 190-229;

latest arrangements on board, 230;

cost of, 238;

conclusion and summing up, 240

Bristol, sea-going training ship, 78

Broke, Captain Philip B. V.:

His work book, 12;

Shannon and Chesapeake, 12, 14;

Inman's hints to, 22

Brunel, Mr. P., 238

Bullying, at Royal Naval College, 30;

in Captain Randolph's time, 75;

in 1877, 104;

held to be a most serious offence, 112;

in Captain Digby's time, 144;

the Times on, 144;

correspondence on, 145-149;

views of "Navilus" on, 163

Cadet captains, 54, 109, 111, 145, 239

Cadet corporals, 44;

a ribald rhyme about, 45;

rousing cadets, 55;

abolished, 164

Cadet Cox, Fatal accident to, 62

Captain's servants, 2

Chapel on board, 155, 232

"Cheeky new fellows," 56

Chief gunner's mates, 164, 167

Chief of the staff, 164

Childers, Mr., 106

Children entered as officers, 3, 4

College on shore, discussed in 1870, 87;

recommended by committee of 1874, 94;

committee on site for, 103

College, The new, at Dartmouth, 182;

laying the foundation-stone, 183;

at Osborne, 245;

the Royal Naval, 8;

Order in Council establishing, 16;

Professor Inman appointed, 19;

date of opening, 22;

a master's untimely optimism, 22;

close quarters, 23;

course of study, 23;

the "college sheet," 25;

opened to commissioned officers, 26;

the end approaches, 26;

closed, 27;

a new phase of existence, 31

College volunteers, 32, 33

Competition introduced on entry, 79;

abolished, 100;

reintroduced, 119;

modified, 120;

finally abolished, 243

Corbett, Captain J., 77

Corfield, Professor, 179

Corporal punishment, at the Royal Naval College, 25, 29;

introduced on Britannia, 70;

questions on in House of Commons, 75;

abolished, 76;

humanitarian fads on, 77;

mentioned in regulations, 115;

referred to in the Times, 146

Corry, Mr. W., 75

Cricket, no early records, 188;

proficiency of officers in, 191;

presumptuous youngsters, 192;

improvement in form, 211;

a dry season, 212;

Lord Harris's maxims, 213;

great scores by third XI., 214, 216, 227;

Sir Bedivel the Bold, 215;

description of a match day, 222;

good play by Engineer lieutenants, 226;

Lieutenant De Burgh, 226, 228;

a curious misunderstanding, 227;

keep your ground clock right, 228;

a successful season, 228;

Dr. Bobardt, 226, 228;

splendid playing fields, 228.

Matches:

officers v. cadets, 192;

Britannia v. Mr. Denison's XI., 193;

Engineer students, 192, 196;

Exeter Grammar School, 212;

King Edward's School, 227;

Mannamead School, 214, 216;

M.C.C., 206;

Montpelier School, 212, 226;

Newton Blues, 213;

Newton College, 193;

Paignton School, 212, 213;

Plymouth C.C., 195;

Plymouth Garrison, 193, 195;

Royal Marines, 195, 196, 202, 213;

Royal Naval College, 193;

Stratford-on-Avon, 222;

Teignbridge, 202, 205, 210, 224;

Torquay, 195, 210;

Totnes School, 216

Dacres, Admiral Sir S. C., 40

Dancing, 9, 17, 153, 173

Dapper, tender to Britannia, 88, 131

Dartmouth, arrival of Britannia, 71;

bluejackets as navvies, 72;

selected as best site for a college in 1876, 103

Digby, Captain N. S. F., 142, 144, 146, 148, 149

Dinner, a satisfactory, 152;

result of misbehaviour at, 152

Discipline, 25, 44

Dobson, Mr. N. C., 181

Drawing, how taught in early days, 62

Drill, extra, 152

Dundonald, Earl of, 3

Easy, Mr. Midshipman, 5, 174

Edye, Admiral W. H., 69

Electric light, 137

Entry of officers, old methods, 2;

at the Academy, 11;

at the College, 23;

changes in regulations for, 25, 33, 41, 56, 79, 91, 100, 119, 167;

complete revolution in, 243

Erskine, Admiral Sir J. E., 40

Examinations, 11, 23, 33, 42, 56, 79, 85, 95, 96, 97, 100, 105, 119, 138, 168, 237, 244

Failures, very few, 168;

percentage of, 237

Fatherly advice, 210

Fencing, 8, 13, 17, 220

Fighting by authority, 88

Fishing, 236

Fitzhardinge, Lord, 37

Foley, Captain the Hon. F. A. C., 95

Food, Cadets', 175

Football,

Association matches:

Britannia v. Mannamead School, 211, 216;

Montpelier School, 216;

Paignton School, 211;

Plymouth College, 216;

Plymouth F.C., 211;

Torbay, 211;

Totnes School, 211.

Rugby matches:

Port Watch v. Starboard, 194;

Oxford v. Cambridge, 194;

Odd class v. Even, 194;

Britannia v. Hindostan, 194;

Britannia v. Blundell's School, 210;

Royal Naval Engineers' College, 210;

Exeter Grammar School, 210;

editorial remarks, 219

"Fours," Doing, 153

Fox, Mrs., 162

Franklin, Sir John, 24

French, how taught in early days, 63;

discounted in circular of 1875, 102

Games, advantages of Dartmouth for, 59, 190;

proficiency in a recommendation for appointment, 191

German training ship visits Dartmouth, 155;

photographing her, 158;

an unauthorised visit to, 159

Goose dinners, 88

Goschen, The Right Hon. G. J., 173

Grace, Mr. W. G., 206

Half-holiday, a successful, 236

Hamilton, Sir Edward, 4

Hammock, A slip on, 160

Hampers from home, 112

Harris, Captain Robert, his birth and early career, 35;

promotion to lieutenant, commander, and captain, 36;

appointed to Illustrious, 37;

eulogy in Fraser's Magazine, 37, 42;

his views of preliminary training, 38;

he enters his son, 39;

his views are adopted, 39;

various testimony to his success, 40;

the excellence of his rule, 41;

he suffers for his efficiency, 41

Harris, Vice-Admiral Sir Robert H., K.C.B., 39

Hastings, Admiral Sir Thomas, 36-40

Health regulations, 116

Hindostan arrives, 72

Hockey matches, 220

Hood, Captain The Hon. H. L. A., 143

House of Commons, questions in, 75;

discussion on competition in, 105

Huddart, Cadet, 219

Hunt breakfast, 110

Hunt, Mr. Ward, 106

Illustrious, selected as novices' training ship, 37;

Cadet Harris joins, 39;

the first batch of cadets join, 43;

the staff, 43;

early days, 43, 44;

appropriated for cadets only, 49;

superseded by Britannia, 52

Inadequate legislation, Results of, 4

Influenza, epidemic of, 176;

curious views respecting, 179

Inman, Professor James, appointed to Royal Naval College, 19;

his love of fair play, 19;

his early life, 20;

president of the School of Naval Architecture, 21;

his navigation and nautical tables, 21;

his plan of study, 23;

his system of recording progress, 24;

his retirement and pension, 27

Inskip, Rev. R. M., 42;

his interest in the cadets, 47;

his sea yarns, 47;

he leaves the ship, 82;

his diagram of progress, 83;

analysis and vindication of Britannia education, 84, 85, 86

Instructional staff, 238

Irving, Lieutenant John, 24

Isis, sea-going training ship, commissioned, 234;

her cruise, 235

"Jim," the ship's terrier, 108, 110

Johnson, Mr. A. C., 94, 239

Jubilee of 1897, 170, 171

Keppel, Admiral Sir H., 19, 27, 28

Key, Admiral Sir Cooper, 106

King, The, lays the foundation-stone of the new College, 182

King's birthday, The, 189, 236

King's letter boys, 3

"King of Otaheité, The," 64

Knapp, Mr. Kempster M., 43;

"Knapp's circles," 49;

sudden retribution for fidgeting, 49;

succeeds as chief instructor, and retires, 93

Late in dressing, 150

Lieutenants, not much to do in 1870, 87;

new duties, 163;

"Sea-Daddies," 164

Lightning, Ship struck by, 170

Lloyd, Cadet J. E., case of, 104

Loring, Captain J. W., 28

"Magazine, The Britannia," editorial introduction, 125;

editor ex officio, 127;

a time-honoured subterfuge, 128;

a doubtful pseudonym, 129;

popular advertisements, 130;

warning from a cadet, 135;

also from "Old Meddler," 136;

editorial comments on regattas, 198

Main, Professor T. J., 32

Mainwaring, Lieutenant G., 107, 109

"Man overboard!" 157

Marryat, Captain F., 5;

his spectacles, 174

Martin, Admiral Sir W. F., 36, 40, 241

Mason, Mr. G. B., 239

Mends, Admiral Sir W. R., 28

"Middle watch relief," 131

Mildmay, Frank, 5

Misconduct, Percentage of discharges for, 237

Morning amenities, 150

Morning drum, The, 54

Moore, Captain A. W., 163, 164

Mundy, Admiral Sir G. Rodney, his letters:

Keeping a "mess," 29;

the "black hole," 29;

a "blow out," 29;

and its results, 30

Nares, Lieutenant Geo. S., appointed, 43;

his seamanship book, 43;

his life-saving kite, 44;

a pleasing reminiscence, 69;

a lesson on foolhardiness, 69;

leaves Britannia, 69

Naval cadet, title introduced, 33;

certificates to be signed by captain of Excellent, 33;

to be entered on the books of the flagship, 34

Naval education, a dead letter, 4;

controversy on in the Times, 120;

letter of "Veritas" in the Times, 124

Navigation, rough-and-ready, 5;

"rule of thumb," 123

"Navilus," his book, 149, 233

Navy Board, The, 6, 7

Nelson, Lord, 1, 4

New arrival, Treatment of a, 132

"Nibs," a game of, 151

Officer of the day, 111, 151, 164

Osborne, Royal Naval College at, 245

Pasley, Admiral Sir T. S., 29

"Paying footing," 46

Penalty for being late, 151

"Pitchfork" system, The, 6;

its death knell sounded, 8;

revived, 31;

abolished, 35

Playing fields at Haslar, 45;

at Dartmouth, 238

Pocket money, 161

Portland, selected as station, 58;

its many drawbacks, 59, 188;

Britannia arrives there, 61;

leaves, 71

Powell, Captain R. A., 69

Punishments (see Corporal), second and third class, 115;

the cane as a substitute, 115;

cockpit mess, 55, 115;

"fours," 115;

admonished by the captain, 116;

commander's, 116

Queen's medal, The, 173

Racer, the cruising tender, 159, 169, 234, 249

Randolph, Captain Geo. G., appointed, 74;

his reputation for severity, 74;

a futile complaint, 75;

stern measures, 75;

superseded, 77

Reefing topsails, 156

Regatta, Cadets', 196;

events in, 197;

a festive occasion, 197;

editor's bitter comments on, 198;

a new event introduced, 217

Regulations of 1876, 111

Richards, Admiral G. H., 147, 148

Royal cadets, 106

Rushworth seal, The, 197, 207, 210

Ryder, Admiral A. P., 96

Sailing cutters, 77, 78

Sailing matches, 196

Sails, Instruction in, abolished, 233

Salmon, Admiral Sir Nowell, 145

Scanty accommodation, 23

Sea-going training ships, a dead letter, 58;

properly established, 78;

abolished, 93;

reintroduced, 234

Sealark, brig, 45, 58

Seamanship, in the old days, 5;

at the Academy, 9;

at the College, 24;

on the Illustrious, 45;

"an obsolete art," 124;

arrangement of classes for, 239

Selborne, Earl of, 2

Sextant, Reading, under difficulties, 158

Shaw Lefevre, Mr., M.P., 105

Shooting, Instruction in, 236

"Simple, Peter," 5, 177

Sling the monkey, 46

Smart, Admiral Sir R., 40

Smoking, 159, 160

Spanton, Mr. J. H., 238

Sports, 196;

events in, 201;

excited timekeeper, 201;

why Williams didn't win, 201;

seventeen years' record of, 218

Stoke Fleming, A walk to, 161

Studies, Arrangement of, 54

Study, Arrangement of classes for, 239

Sulivan, Admiral Sir B. J., Life and letters of:

Joins the College, 30;

bullying studious boys, 30;

joins the Thetis, 31;

the captain hates collegians, 31;

but is converted, 31

Sulphur room, 116

Sunday afternoon on shore, A, 162

Surveillance, Freedom from, 233

Symonds, Sir William, 4

Syren, schooner, 143, 161

Tennis tournament, 197

Thomas, Lieutenant Evan, 192, 196

"Three-decker," A, 53

Tims, Mr. E. M., 195, 205, 238

"Tinned air," 187

Trafalgar, H.M.S., 60, 92

Training, Preliminary, partially introduced, 8;

abolished, 27;

made compulsory, 39

"Two-decker," A, 53

Underwood, C., his average in 1886, 202

Victoria, H.M.S., model of, 175

Volunteers of the first and second class, 32-33;

"per order," 3, 11

Wallis, Sir Provo W. P., 4

Warrant officers, 167

Warry, Captain A. W., his reminiscences, 86, 87, 88

Wave, The steam tender, appears on the scene, 130;

a prophetic utterance, 131;

her trip to Plymouth, 133;

a day's cruise in, 154

Webb, Mr. Aston, 185

Wells, Captain R., 142

Wemyss, Captain R. E., 249

Western Morning News, 146, 148

Weymouth, 59, 62

Whole holiday, A, 161

Williams, Mr. Hamilton, 238

Wood, Sir Charles, 40, 42

Worcester, training ship, 238

"Ye Mariners of England," 186

Youthful aspirant, A, 1

Printed by Cassell & Company, Limited, La Belle Sauvage, London, E.C.

New and Revised Edition, price 12/6 net.

"THE SHOP."

The Story of the Royal Military Academy.

BY

CAPTAIN F. G. GUGGISBERG, R.E.

With 8 Coloured Plates and numerous Illustrations.

CONTENTS.

Early Days (1741-1763).

The Period 1764-1806.

The Period 1806-1854.

A Period of Transition (1855-1864).

The "Shop," 1865-1870.

The "Shop" in the 'Seventies.

The "Shop" in the 'Eighties.

The "Shop" in the 'Nineties.

The G. C. of the Present Day.

Games at the "Shop."

THE SPECTATOR says:-

"A book which is both instructive and entertaining.... The story is relieved by various amusing anecdotes, and, more seriously, by notices of some distinguished foreigners who have made use of the Academy, the Prince Imperial being, perhaps, the best known.... Excellent illustrations."

THE DAILY CHRONICLE says:-

"The writer of a military school history runs the risk of having to fill many pages with technical details of changes of organisation and regulations which have little interest for the average reader. Captain Guggisberg has avoided this pitfall. While the story of the gradual development of the college is duly set forth in his book, he gives greater prominence throughout to the social and human side of the life of 'The Shop.'... It is written in a bright and interesting style throughout, and the author's descriptions are helped by a series of illustrations, many of them in colours, which help us to realise the changes that more than a century has seen at Woolwich."

VANITY FAIR says:-

"For such a book as this there are thousands of readers scattered over the world to welcome the record of the place where they first underwent the discipline of their profession. The author has spared no trouble to make his book interesting from all points of view.... Safe to prophesy success to this venture."

THE ACADEMY says:-

"Those who wish to know how it ('The Shop') prospered in the 18th century, during the great war with France, and through the 19th century to our own day, must be referred to Captain Guggisberg's fascinating pages, where they will find everything set out in full.... Valuable appendices deal with the officers, staff, and sport at 'The Shop'; and in the roll of honour will be found some notable names. Many of the illustrations are in colour.... The majority are from photographs very well reproduced."

THE ATHEN?UM says:-

"Captain Guggisberg traces the history with considerable minuteness.... Illustrations specially good and well chosen; indeed, author and publishers may both be congratulated."

THE UNITED SERVICE GAZETTE says:-

"This admirable history of the Royal Military Academy will be very welcome.... Even the reader who has not the honour of belonging to either of the ordnance corps will find the book most interesting reading.... Finally, the illustrations alone would render the book very valuable."

THE MORNING POST says:-

"The illustrations generally are excellent, the history has been compiled with judgment, and the book will be found attractive even outside the famous corps whose nursery it depicts."

NAVY AND ARMY says:-

"A most entertaining and instructive account.... He tells the later story of the Academy in much detail and in a very interesting manner.... Illustrated by excellent photographs.... The coloured illustrations are very good, and the whole book is attractively got up."

THE DAILY NEWS says:-

"A very readable history.... The Asmodeus who takes us behind the scenes of the Academy is an interesting guide, and by the time we have read his pages, which, by the way, are very well illustrated, we have got an excellent idea of the life of the Woolwich cadet."

From "Proceedings of the R.A. Institution":-

"The story of 'The Shop' has been admirably told in the smart little volume ... told clearly and succinctly. All important events are mentioned, yet none are over accentuated; and the book from start to finish is most readable and interesting.... Admirably got up. Paper, printing, illustrations, and binding are all as good as possible."

CASSELL & COMPANY, Limited, London; Paris, New York & Melbourne.

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Transcriber's Note

Variant spellings are preserved as printed, e.g. premisses, crochety, Teneriffe.

Minor punctuation errors have been repaired. Hyphenation usage has been made consistent.

Spelling of proper names has been made consistent where there was a prevalence of one form over another, as follows:

Page xi-Corbet amended to Corbett-Captain John Corbett ...

Page 77-CORBET amended to CORBETT-CAPTAIN JOHN CORBETT.

Page 77-Corbet amended to Corbett-... by Captain John Corbett, after having held the appointment ...

Page 222-Bobart amended to Bobardt-Dr. Bobardt, b Arlington ...

Page 271-J. C. J. amended to J. C. P.-Aldous, Rev. J. C. P., 93, 239

Printer errors have been corrected as follows:

Page viii-Succesful amended to Successful-... A Successful Experiment ...

Page 110-pioner amended to pioneer-"Jim," the pioneer of the pack, ...

The table of seventeen years' athletics, originally on page 218, has been moved so that it is not in the middle of a paragraph. The original large table has been divided into smaller tables for better display on smaller devices.

The frontispiece illustration has been moved to follow the title page. Other illustrations have been moved where necessary so that they are not in the middle of a paragraph.

Alphabetic links have been added to the beginning of the Index, for the convenience of the reader.