Chapter 7 No.7

LA BESNARDIèRE, J. B. Gouey de (1765-1843). Privy Councillor who lived for a long time in Touraine after his retirement in 1819.

LABORDE, Comte Léon de (1807-1869). Arch?ologist and traveller, and for a short time diplomatist. In 1840 he was appointed a deputy, and was director of the Museum of Antiquities in the Louvre from 1845 to 1848. He received a seat in the Senate in 1868.

LABOUCHERE, Henry* (1798-1869). Member of the English Parliament.

LA BRICHE, Comtesse de. Her salon became famous at Paris as she gathered distinguished men and famous writers about her. She possessed the chateau of Marais near Paris, where she often gave dramatic performances. Her daughter had married M. Molé.

LA BRUYERE, Jean de* (1645-1696). Author of the Characters.

LACAVE LAPLAGNE, Jean Pierre Joseph (1795-1849). He was a pupil of the Polytechnic School; he took part in the last campaigns of the Empire and resigned when the Bourbons were restored. He then devoted himself to the study of law, was called to the Bar at Toulouse and entered the magistracy. He was deputy for the department of Gers, and several times held the portfolio of finance. King Louis-Philippe entrusted to him the administration of the property of the Duc d'Aumale.

LACORDAIRE, Henri (1802-1861). Famous French preacher, a Dominican of the Order of the Preaching Friars. He entered the French Academy in 1860 in place of M. de Tocqueville.

LADVOCAT, M. King's attorney under the monarchy of 1830. As he was the bearer of nominations, Fieschi had applied to him upon his arrival at Paris to secure a post; after his attempted assassination Fieschi, who had taken a false name, was recognised by M. Ladvocat.

LAFARGE, Mme. The mother of M. Lafarge. She was not able to avoid all suspicion in the course of the famous trial. She had broken the seals of her daughter-in-law's will to learn her dispositions.

LAFARGE, M. A widower at the age of twenty-eight, Pouch Lafarge, who owned an iron works at Glandier (Corrèze); he was an incompetent man of business, always reduced to extremities. He married Marie Capelle who gained a gloomy notoriety by poisoning him.

LAFARGE, Mme. (1816-1852). Marie Capelle, an orphan, married M. Lafarge in 1839. As the result of the famous trial, she was condemned to perpetual imprisonment.

LA FAYETTE, the Marquis de* (1767-1834). A deputy to the States General in 1789, he played a part in the revolutionary events of his time.

LAFFITTE, Jacques (1767-1844). A French financier who played an important part in the July revolution, and was a Minister under King Louis-Philippe.

LAMARTINE, Alphonse de (1790-1869). French poet and politician. He entered the Academy in 1830, and the Chamber of Deputies in 1834, and acquired a wide popularity which faded soon after 1848.

LAMB, Frederick* (1782-1852). English diplomatist. Brother of Lord Melbourne and heir to his title.

LAMBRUSCHINI, Cardinal (1776-1854). He was Bishop of Sabine, Archbishop of Genoa, and papal nuncio at Paris under Charles X. He received his Cardinal's hat in 1831. Pope Gregory XVI. appointed him Minister of Foreign Affairs, then Secretary of Briefs, and Prefect of the Congregation of Studies. After the events of 1848 he followed Pius IX. to Gaeta.

LANSDOWNE, Lady.* Died in 1865; she had married the Marquis of Lansdowne in 1819.

LARCHER, Mlle. Henriette* (1782-1860). Governess of Mlle. Pauline de Périgord.

LA REDORTE, the Comte Mathieu de* (1804-1886). French diplomatist.

LA REDORTE, the Comtesse de. Died in 1885. Née Louise Suchet, daughter of the Marshal d'Albuféra.

LA ROCHEFOUCAULD, the Comte Sosthène de. Duc de Doudeauville (1785-1864). Aide-de-camp to the Comte d'Artois under the Restoration. He was always an ardent Legitimist, and also had paid much attention to literature.

LA ROCHEFOUCAULD, Marie de. Died in 1840. She was the daughter of the Duc de Sosthène de la Rochefoucauld Doudeauville and granddaughter of the Duchesse Mathieu de Montmorency.

LA ROVèRE, the Marquise de (1817-1840). Elizabeth of Stackelberg. A Russian by birth, she became a Catholic upon her marriage with the Marquis de la Rovère and died soon after her marriage. Her tomb of white marble is in the Campo Santo of Turin.

LAS CASES, the Comte Emanuel de (1800-1854). He had followed his father to St. Helena. The Revolution of 1830 afterwards found a warm supporter in him. When he was elected deputy he joined the ranks of the Liberal party and entered the Senate after the coup d'état of December 2, 1852.

LAVAL, the Prince Adrien de* (1768-1837). Peer of France and diplomatist.

LAVAL, the Vicomtesse de (1745-1838). Mlle. Tavernier de Boullongue had married in 1765 the Vicomte de Laval and was the mother of the Duc Mathieu de Montmorency, who was Minister of Foreign Affairs. She was a great friend of M. de Talleyrand.

LAZAREFF, Madame de (1813-1881). She was born Princess Antoinette de Biron Courlande.*

LéAUTAUD, the Comtesse de. Alexandrine Clémentine de Nicola? daughter of the Marquis and Marquise Scipion de Nicola?, née Lameth. Her name appeared in the Lafarge trial with reference to a theft of diamonds of which Madame Lafarge was accused, and which she asserted had been handed to her by Madame de Léautaud.

LEBRUN, Pierre Antoine (1785-1873). Man of letters and member of the French Academy from 1828. From 1830 to 1848 he was a director of the Royal printing house; in 1839 he was made a Peer of France, called to the Senate in 1853 and became grand officer of the Legion of Honour.

LE HON, Count (1792-1868). Belgian statesman and Minister at Paris for many years.

LEON, the Prince Charles Louis Jocelyn de (1819-1893). He assumed the title of Duc de Rohan on the death of his father in 1869. He had married Mlle. de Boissy in 1843.

LERCHENFELD, Count Maximilian of (1779-1843). A Bavarian statesman who helped to draw up the Bavarian Constitution. In 1825 he became Finance Minister and resigned his post to become Ambassador to the Germanic Diet. He had married the Baroness Anne of Grosschlag.

LESTOCQ, Frau von (1788-1849). Widow of General Lestocq, Governor of Breslau, who died in 1818. She was the chief lady at the Court of Princess William of Prussia, by birth Princess of Hesse Homburg, and sister-in-law to King Frederick William III.

LEUCHTENBERG, Prince Augustus Charles of* (1807-1835). For a short time he was the husband of Do?a Maria, Queen of Portugal.

LEVESON, George (1815-1891). He was secretary to his father, Lord Granville, English Ambassador at Paris, and then secretary to the Foreign Minister. In 1846, on his father's death, he inherited his title and entered the House of Lords. He held Government offices at different times, and eventually retired in 1886 with Mr. Gladstone.

LEZAY MARNéSIA, the Comte de* (1772-1857). Prefect and Peer of France under the Bourbons, and Senator under the Empire in 1852.

LIAUTARD, the Abbé (1774-1842). He studied at the College of Sainte Barbe at Paris and was then called to the colours by the decree of August 23, 1793. He was one of the most brilliant pupils of the Polytechnic School, but renouncing the world, he entered the seminary of Saint Sulpice, and was ordained priest in 1804. Afterwards he founded the college which was to become the College of Stanislas and then became the chief priest of Fontainebleau after refusing the bishopric of Limoges.

LICHTENSTEIN, the Princess of (1776-1848). By birth she was the Landgr?fin Josephine of Fürstenberg, and had married in 1792 Prince Johann Josef of Lichtenstein.

LIEBERMANN, the Baron Augustus of (1791-1841). Prussian diplomatist at Madrid in 1836 and at St. Petersburg in 1840.

LIEVEN, the Prince de* (1770-1839). Russian diplomatist, and for twenty-two years Ambassador at London.

LIEVEN, the Princesse de* (1784-1857). Née Dorothée de Benkendorff.

LIEGNITZ, the Princess of (1800-1873). The Countess of Harrach contracted a morganatic marriage in 1824 with King Frederick William III. of Prussia, who gave her the title of Princess of Liegnitz.

LINANGE, Prince Charles of (1804-1856). Son of the Duchess of Kent by her first marriage. He married the Countess of Klebelsberg.

LINDENAU, Baron Bernard Augustus of (1780-1854). Learned German astronomer and politician. He held several diplomatic posts and became Home Secretary in Saxony. In 1830 he worked energetically to form a Constitution for this country. He founded an astronomical museum at Dresden.

LINGARD, John (1769-1851). An English historian and a Catholic Priest who had been educated at Douai with the Jesuits.

LISFRANC DE SAINT MARTIN, Jacques (1790-1847). Famous French surgeon who made a great reputation under the Second Restoration.

LOBAU, the Comte de (1770-1838). As a volunteer he took an active part in the campaigns of the Republic and of the Empire. After Leipzig, when he was involved in the capitulation of Gouvion Saint-Cyr, he was sent to Hungary as a prisoner where he remained until the Restoration. During the Hundred Days he commanded the first military division and the sixth army corps at Waterloo, where he was captured by the English. From 1815 to 1818 he was exiled and then lived in retirement until 1823, when he entered the Chamber of Deputies. He was made Peer of France and Marshal in 1831, and successfully opposed the outbreaks which took place at Paris in 1831 and 1834.

LOBAU, wife of the foregoing. She was the daughter of Madame d'Arberg and sister-in-law of General Klein.

L?WENHIELM, Count Gustavus Charles Frederick of (1771-1856). Swedish diplomatist; Extraordinary Minister to the Congress of Vienna in 1815 and Swedish Minister in Austria in 1816. He held a corresponding post at Paris where he resided for thirty-eight years. He had a large fortune which he used very nobly.

L?WENHIELM, the Countess of (1783-1859). Fr?ulein von Sch?nburch-Wechselburg married as her first husband, in 1806, Count Gustavus of Düben, then the Swedish chargé d'Affaires at Vienna. In 1812 she was left a widow, and in 1826 married the Count of L?wenhielm, who had previously been the husband of a Baroness of Gur.

L?WE-WEIMAR, the Baron Fran?ois Adolphe de (1801-1854). He belonged to a family of German Jews, but was converted to Christianity and came to Paris, where he made a name for himself in literature. M. Thiers entrusted him with a diplomatic mission in Russia. He was appointed Consul-General to Bagdad, where he distinguished himself in 1847 by his devotion during a cholera epidemic. Afterwards he was Consul-General at Caracas.

LOGERE, M. de. Attaché to the French legation at Berlin.

LOTTUM, Count Charles Henry of (1767-1841). Infantry General and Minister of State in Prussia under Frederick William III., and afterwards Minister of the Exchequer. He married Fr?ulein Frederica of Lamprecht.

LOUIS-PHILIPPE I.* (1773-1849). King of the French from 1830-1848.

LOUVEL, Louis Pierre (1783-1820). A working saddler whose political fanaticism led him, on February 13, 1820, as people were leaving the opera, to assassinate the Duc de Berry, son of Charles X., nephew of Louis XVIII., with the object of bringing the dynasty of the Bourbons to an end. He was condemned by the Court of Peers and executed.

LOW COUNTRIES, Queen of the (1774-1837). Wilhelmina, daughter of King William II. of Prussia, and wife of King William I. of the Low Countries.

LOW COUNTRIES, Princess Frederica of the* (1808-1870). By birth Princess Louise of Prussia and daughter of Frederick William III.

LUCCA, the Duchess of (1803-1879). She was a daughter of the King of Sardinia and twin sister of the Empress Caroline of Austria, wife of the Emperor Ferdinand II.

LUTTEROTH, Alexander of (1806-1882). Born at Leipzig, he served in the French diplomatic service during his youth. He married a Countess Batthyàny.

LYNDHURST, Lord (1772-1864). An English politician of the Tory party. In three Cabinets he held the Great Seal, and occupied in succession the highest political posts in his country. His second wife was a Jewess, Mrs. Norton, for which reason he vigorously supported the Bill for the admission of Jews into Parliament.

M

MACDONALD, Marshal Alexander (1765-1840). Born of an Irish family, he saw service in all the campaigns of the Republic and the Empire. In 1804 he was dismissed for defending Moreau and did not return to the service until 1809, when his distinguished conduct at Wagram gained him the title of the Duke of Tarentum. After the abdication of Napoleon I. he was appointed peer of France and Grand Chancellor of the Legion of Honour, a post which he held until 1831.

MACDONALD, General Alexandre de (1824-1881). Duke of Tarentum. Only son of Marshal Macdonald and of Mlle. de Bourgoing, cousin of King Charles X. and of Madame la Dauphine. On the accession of Napoleon III. he became Chamberlain of the Emperor and Knight of the Legion of Honour. He was a Deputy in 1852, Senator in 1869, and retired into private life in 1870.

MAGON-LABALLUE DE BOISGARIN, Mlle. (1765-1834). She was born of a noble family who had become boat-builders, and married in 1779 the Comte de Villefranche, of the house of Carignan. After his death she lived very quietly at Paris.

MAHMUD II. (1785-1839). Sultan of the Ottoman Turks. He ascended the throne in 1808. His wars were the ruin of his empire, but his domestic administration was marked by great reforms; he introduced Western sciences and institutions, drilled his troops in European style, and guaranteed religious toleration by a firman of 1839.

MAILLé, the Duc de (1770-1837). Charles Fran?ois Armand de la Tour-Landry, Duc de Maillé, was before the Revolution first Gentleman of the Chamber of Monsieur; he became an émigré with the Prince and held aloof from politics until the fall of the Empire. He took a large share in the Royalist movement of 1814, and resumed his former duties under King Louis XVIII., who made him a Peer of France. He refused to take the oath to the July monarchy,

MAINTENON, the Marquise de* (1635-1719). Morganatic wife of King Louis XIV. and a famous educationist.

MAISON, the Marshal* (1771-1840). Peer of France and French diplomatist, and member of several Cabinets.

MAISON, wife of the foregoing, Marie Madeleine Fran?oise Weygold, was born in Prussia in 1776 and in 1796 married Marshal Maison, at that time Major.

MALESHERBES, Chrétien Guillaume Lamoignon de (1721-1794). Son of Chancellor Lamoignon, he was a Minister with Turgot under Louis XVI.; he defended the King before the Convention, and died himself upon the scaffold. He was a member of the French Academy.

MALTZAN, Count Mortimer of (1783-1843), First gentleman at the Prussian Court. Chamberlain and major and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of Vienna. He married a Countess of Golz.

MANNAY, the Abbé Charles (1745-1824). He studied at St. Sulpice, where he distinguished himself. After his ordination as priest he became chief vicar and then canon of the cathedral of Rheims. When the Revolution broke out he retired to England and Scotland, and in 1802 was appointed Bishop of Trèves. He resigned in 1814 and returned to France, where, in 1817, he was appointed Bishop of Auxerre, and in 1820 of Rennes. He was a great friend of the Prince de Talleyrand.

MARBEUF, the Marquise de (1765-1839). She married in 1784 the Comte, afterwards the Marquis de Marbeuf, gentleman of the chamber of the Comte de Provence and Field Marshal, afterwards Governor of Corsica. She was left a widow in 1786, and retired to the convent of the Sacré C?ur, where she took the veil.

MARBOIS, the Marquis de Barbé* (1745-1837). French diplomatist and politician, for a long time president of the financial court.

MARCHAND, Louis Joseph Narcisse (1791-1876). First Groom of the Chamber of the Emperor Napoleon I., whom he followed to St Helena. To him the Emperor dictated his "Summary of the Wars of Julius C?sar," which Marchant published in 1836. On his deathbed Napoleon gave him the title of Comte, and then entrusted him with his will. On his return to France Marchand married, in 1823, the daughter of General Brayer, and settled at Strasburg. In 1840 he was associated with the Prince de Joinville to bring back the remains of the Emperor from St. Helena, and was made Knight and afterwards Officer of the Legion of Honour.

MARCHESI, Luigi (1755-1829). A famous Italian singer whose method became supreme in the musical art. His first appearance was at Rome in 1774. Every capital in Europe attempted to secure his presence, but in the theatre of his native town, Milan, he ended a career which had brought him both honour and riches.

MARESCALCHI, the Comtesse de, died in 1846. She was the daughter of the Marquis de Pange and of Mlle. de Caraman.

MAREUIL, the Comte Joseph Durand de* (1769-1855). French diplomatist.

MARIA II., OR DO?A MARIA DA GLORIA* (1819-1853). Queen of Portugal.

MARIE AMéLIE, the Queen* (1782-1866). Wife of Louis-Philippe, King of the French.

MARIA CHRISTINA, the Queen (1806-1878.) Daughter of Francis I., King of the Two Sicilies, she was the third wife of Ferdinand VII., King of Spain. In 1833 she became a widow and Queen-Regent, and in 1834 married Ferdinand Mu?oz, officer in the Life Guards, who was made Duke of Rinanzares. After she had been obliged to leave the country and hand over the regency to Espartero, Duke of the Victoire, Queen Christina returned to Spain in 1843, and then governed in the name of her daughter, Isabella II. She was again exiled in 1854, withdrew to Paris, and lived there until her death.

MARIE DE MEDICIS* (1573-1642). Wife of the King of France, Henry IV., and Regent during the minority of her son, Louis XIII.

MARIE D'ORLéANS, the Princess* (1813-1839). Daughter of King Louis-Philippe and wife of Prince Alexander of Würtemberg.

MARIE LOUISE, Archduchess (1791-1847). By her marriage with Napoleon I. she became Empress, and after her husband fell she secured the duchies of Parma, Placentia, and Guastella. After the Emperor's death she married the Count of Neipperg, by whom she had three children. Her third husband was the Count de Bombelles.

MARIA THERESA, the Empress* (1717-1780). Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary; wife of Francis of Lorraine.

MARLBOROUGH, the Duchess of (1660-1744). Sarah Jennings married, about 1680, the famous English general, John Churchill, afterwards Duke of Marlborough. The Duchess of Marlborough was the favourite of Queen Anne, over whom she exerted great influence.

MAROCHETTI, Baron Charles (1805-1867). Born at Turin. His father adopted the French nationality when he was ten years of age; he studied at the Lycée Napoleon at Paris. He studied sculpture in the studio of Bosio, pupil of Canova, and then spent eight years at Rome. He left a son, who resumed his Italian nationality, entered the diplomatic career, and was Ambassador at St. Petersburg.

MARS, Mlle. Famous actress at the Comédie Fran?aise.

MARTIN DU NORD, Nicolas Ferdinand Marie Louis Joseph* (1790-1847). Magistrate and French politician.

MARTINEZ DE LA ROSA, Fran?ois* (1789-1862). Spanish man of letters and politician.

MASSA, the Duchesse de.* Born in 1792. Daughter of Marshal Macdonald.

MASSIMO, Princess Christine. Died of cholera in 1837. Daughter of Prince Xavier of Saxony and of Countess Claire of Spinucci.

MATHIEU, M. A French painter who gave lessons in drawing to the daughters of the Grand Duchess Stephanie of Baden.

MATUSIEWICZ, Count Andrew Joseph* (1790-1842). Polish diplomatist in the Russian service.

MAUSSION, the Baron Alfred de. At first, like his brother Adolphe, he entered the army and became an officer. He was a very intimate friend of the Montmorency family, being a distant relation, and was also well known to the Dosne family. He became the friend of M. Thiers, who appointed him consul at Rostock.

MECKLENBURG-SCHWERIN, the Grand Duchess of (1771-1871). Augusta, Princess of Hesse-Homburg, third wife of the Hereditary Grand Duke Frederick of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, whom she married in 1818, and who died before his father in 1819. The Grand Duchess was also the step-mother of the Duchesse d'Orléans.

MECKLENBURG-SCHWERIN, the Princess Helena (1814-1858). She married, in 1837, the Duc d'Orléans, by whom she had two children, the Comte de Paris and the Duc de Chartres. She became a widow in 1842. She was the daughter of the second marriage of the Hereditary Grand Duke Frederick of Mecklenburg, who died in 1819, with a Princess of Saxe-Weimar.

MECKLENBURG-STRELITZ, the Grand Duke of (1779-1860). He succeeded his father, the Grand Duke Charles, in 1816, and married, in 1817, a Princess of Hesse Cassel. He was brother to Queen Louise of Prussia.

MEDEM, Count Paul* (1800-1854). A Russian diplomatist, cousin of the Duchess de Dino.

MEDICIS, Lorenzo de, known as the Magnificent (1448-1492). A patron of arts and letters, he honoured with his friendship and his kindness Pico della Mirandola, Angelo Poliziano, and Michael Angelo, by whom his mausoleum at Florence was designed.

MEHEMET ALI (1769-1849). Viceroy of Egypt. He began life as a merchant, became a soldier and fought against the French in 1799. In 1806 he was able to drive out the Governor of Egypt and proclaim himself Viceroy. As the Mameluks would not cease their revolts, he had them massacred throughout Egypt on March 1, 1811. In his two wars against the Porte, in 1832 and 1839, his lieutenant was his son Ibrahim, whose victory of Nezib laid the Sultan at his mercy. A European coalition in which France declined to take part, deprived him of the fruits of this victory, but for himself and his descendants he secured the Governorship of Egypt under the sovereignty of the Porte. He introduced great reforms into his country.

MELBOURNE, William Lamb, Lord* (1779-1848). English politician, brother of Lady Palmerston.

MéRODE, the Comte Werner de (1816-1905). He married in 1843 his cousin Mlle. Thérèse de Mérode.

METTERNICH, Prince* (1773-1859). Austrian diplomatist and statesman.

METTERNICH, Princess Melanie of (1805-1854). Third wife of Prince Metternich and daughter of Count Francis of Zichy-Ferraris.

MEUNIER. In 1836 was found guilty of complicity with Lavau, who had attempted to assassinate Louis-Philippe. He was a saddler and a benefactor of Lavau.

MICHAEL ANGELO BUONAROTTI (1475-1564). Famous Italian painter, sculptor and architect. The most learned and profound of draughtsmen, he became architect of the Basilica of St. Peter at Rome after the death of Bramante, and built the sublime cupola which is its chief glory.

MIRAFLORES, the Marquis de* (1792-1867). Spanish diplomatist and man of letters.

MOIRA, Lord (1808-1843). Eldest son of the first Marquis of Hastings. He was Chamberlain in 1830 to King William IV. of England.

MOLé, the Comte Mathieu* (1788-1855). French politician of an old parliamentary family.

MOLé, the Comtesse.* Died in 1845. Née Mlle. de la Briche.

MOLITOR, Marshal, Comte (1770-1849). He served throughout the wars of the Revolution and the Empire; was exiled at the Second Restoration and recalled in 1818 to his duties as Inspector-General. He commanded the second Army Corps during the Spanish War in 1823 and was then made Marshal and Peer of France. Under the July government, he was governor of the Invalides and Grand Chancellor of the Legion of Honour.

MOLLIEN, the Comtesse* (1785-1878). Lady-in-Waiting to Queen Marie Amélie.

MONTALEMBERT, the Comte Charles de (1810-1870). French publicist and politician. One of the most brilliant defenders of Liberal Catholicism.

MONTALIVET, the Comte de (1801-1880). A pupil of the Polytechnic School, he afterwards sat in the Chamber of Peers among the Liberals. Louis-Philippe appointed him Minister of the Interior in 1830 and afterwards Minister of Education and Public Worship. As the supervisor of the civil list he founded the museum of Versailles, increased the museum of the Louvre, and restored the palaces of Fontainebleau, Saint-Cloud, Trianon and Pau. He entered the Academy of Fine Arts in 1840. The events of 1848 sent him back to private life.

MONTBRETON, Madame de. Clémence Marie de Nicola?, daughter of the Marquis and Marquise Scipion de Nicola?, whose name appears in the Lafarge trial.

MONTEBELLO, Napoléon Auguste Lannes de (1801-1874). Son of the famous marshal. Diplomatist and French Minister; he was made a Peer of France at the age of fourteen by King Louis XVIII. He supported the July monarchy and afterwards the Empire.

MONTENON, M. de. A young man of La Creuse who was a constant visitor at the Castle of Valen?ay.

MONTESQUIOU, the Comtesse Anatole de, born in 1794. Elodie, daughter of the Comte Henri de Montesquiou-Fezensac de Bacquencourt, married her cousin-german in 1809, who was aide-de-camp to Napoleon I. and afterwards Peer of France. She was the first lady at the Court of the Duchesse d'Orléans.

MONTESSUY, the Comte de. A French diplomatist who acted as French Minister at Hanover in 1849, at Parma in 1855, at Darmstadt and at Frankfort from 1855 to 1858. He married a daughter of Prince Paul of Würtemberg by a morganatic marriage.

MONTFORT, Mlle. de (1820-1904). The Princess Mathilde, daughter of Jerome, King of Westphalia, and of Catherine, Princess of Würtemberg. She married in 1841 the Comte Anatole Demidoff, Prince de San Donato.

MONTMORENCY, the Duchesse de* (1774-1846). Née Mlle. de Matignon. She was the mother of Baron Raoul de Montmorency, of the Princesse de Beauffremont Courtenay, and of the Duchesse de Valen?ay.

MONTMORENCY, Raoul, Baron de* (1790-1862). He took the title of Duc on his father's death in 1846.

MONTMORENCY, the Duchesse Mathieu de. Died in 1858. Hortense de Chevreuse-Luynes had married Mathieu de Montmorency-Laval. Her only daughter was the first wife of the Duc Sosthène de la Rochefoucauld-Doudeauville.

MONTPENSIER, the Duchesse de* (1627-1693). Known under the name of la Grande Mademoiselle; she was the daughter of Duc Gaston d'Orléans.

MONTROND, the Comte Casimir de.* Friend of M. de Talleyrand and sometimes entrusted with unimportant diplomatic missions.

MORTEMART, Arthur de. Only son of the Duc de Mortemart who died from injuries received by a fall from his horse in October 1840.

MOTTEVILLE, Mme. de (1621-1689). Fran?oise Bertaut married in 1639 Nicolas Langlois, Seigneur de Motteville, who died in 1641. On the death of Louis XIII. in 1643, Anne of Austria called Mme. de Motteville to her Court, and admitted her to her intimacy. Mme. de Motteville left very interesting memoirs behind her.

MOUNIER, Baron Claude Philippe Edouard (1784-1843). Auditor to the Council of State under the Empire, then Governor of Saxe-Weimar and afterwards of Lower Silesia. In 1809 he received the title of Baron, and in 1813 the post of Overseer of the Crown Buildings. Louis XVIII. confirmed him in this position and made him a Peer in 1819. He retained his seat in the Chamber of Peers and showed much talent in many discussions.

MU?OZ, Fernando (1810-1873). Of lowly parentage, he entered the Spanish Army at an early age and became a Life Guard. Queen Christina fell violently in love with him and contracted a morganatic marriage with him three months after the death of Ferdinand VII. Mu?oz showed no ambition and only consented to become Duke of Rianzares, noble of Spain and knight of the Golden Fleece.

MUNSTER, Lord (1794-1842). George Fitz-Clarence, natural son of King William IV. and Mrs. Jordan. He entered the army at a very early age and became Major-General, member of the Privy Council, aide-de-camp to Queen Victoria and received the title of Lord Munster.

MURAT, Mme. (1782-1839). Caroline Bonaparte, sister of Napoleon I. She married General Murat in 1800. In 1806 she was Grand Duchess of Berg and Queen of Naples in 1808. She became a widow in 1815 and then retired to Austria and afterwards to Florence where she died.

N

NAPIER, Sir Charles (1786-1860). A Naval Captain in 1810, he went through the Portugal Campaign. In 1815 he was placed on the retired list, but in 1829 he entered the service of Dom Pedro of Portugal with successful results. On his return to England he was elected member of the House of Commons in 1834, appointed Commodore in 1839, Rear-Admiral in 1846, and Vice-Admiral in 1853. In 1840 he supported the Turkish Fleet during the Syrian Expedition; but in 1853 he was less fortunate and failed before Cronstadt.

NAPLES, the King of (1811-1859). Ferdinand II.,* son of King Francis I. and of Isabella of Spain.

NAPLES, the Queen of (1812-1836). Maria Christina, daughter of the King of Sardinia, Victor Emanuel I. She married King Ferdinand II. in 1832.

NAPLES, Prince Charles Ferdinand of (1811-1862). Brother of the Count of Syracuse and morganatic husband of Miss Penelope Smith, by whom he had two children. His son bore the title of Count Mascali.

NAPLES, Prince Leopold of (1813-1860). (See Syracuse, Count of.)

NEALE, the Countess Pauline (1779-1869). Of an Irish family which had been settled in Prussia for several generations. The Countess Neale was lady of honour to Princess Louise of Prussia and married Prince Antoine Radziwill in 1795.

NEIGRE, the Baron (1774-1847). He enlisted as a volunteer in 1790, and had a brilliant career in the wars of the First Empire. In 1813 he was general of division; afterwards he supported the Bourbons, took part in the siege of Antwerp and held a seat in the Chamber of Peers until his death.

NEIPPERG, Count Alfred of (1807-1865). Austrian Chamberlain and Major-General in the army of Würtemberg. He married as his second wife in 1840 Princess Maria of Würtemberg.

NEMOURS, the Duchesse de (1625-1701). Marie d'Orléans, wife of Henry II., Duc de Savoie-Nemours, her cousin. In 1690 she obtained the Principality of Neuchatel. She has left graceful and lively memoirs of her life.

NEMOURS, the Duc de* (1814-1896). Second son of King Louis-Philippe.

NESSELRODE, Count* (1780-1862). Russian diplomatist and afterwards Imperial Chancellor of Russia.

NESSELRODE, Countess, died in 1849. She was the daughter of Count Gourieff, who was Russian Financial Minister.

NEUMANN, Baron. Austrian diplomatist who married the daughter of the Duke of Beaufort, in England.

NEY, the wife of the Marshal. Duchesse d'Elchingen, Princesse de la Moskowa. Née Aglaé Louise de Lascans, she had married Marshal Ney in 1802. Her mother had held a court post under Queen Marie Antoinette which had brought her daughter into connection with the Dauphine during their youth.

NICOLA?, the Marquise Scipion de, née Lameth. She was the mother of Madame de Léautaud and Madame de Montbreton, who were implicated in the charge of diamond-stealing which arose in the Lafarge trial.

NICOLE, Pierre (1625-1695). Moralist, theologian and controversialist, one of the most remarkable writers of Port Royal where he lectured upon literature. With Arnaud and Pascal he wrote against the Jesuits and was involved in the prosecutions directed against the Jansenists. He was obliged to leave France in 1679 and could only return through the intervention of Mgr. du Harlay, Archbishop of Paris.

NINA LASSAVE. Daughter of Laurence Petit for whom Fieschi had conceived an ardent passion in his prison at Embrun. Nina, who was fifteen years of age, had been left to Fieschi by Laurence.

NOAILLES, the Duc Paul de* (1802-1885). At the age of twenty he succeeded to the peerage on the death of his great-uncle, the Duc Jean de Noailles.

NOAILLES, the Vicountesse de* (1792-1851). Daughter of the Duc de Poix, she married her cousin the Vicomte Alfred de Noailles.

NOAILLES, the Comte Maurice de. Born in 1808, he married in 1842 his cousin Mlle. Pauline de Noailles, daughter of the Duc de Noailles.

NORTON, Mrs., born in 1808. Caroline Elizabeth Sarah Norton was the granddaughter of Sheridan. Her intimacy with Lord Melbourne was notorious and her husband began a suit against her for divorce in 1836, which caused much stir. The jury acquitted Lord Melbourne, notwithstanding the strong presumption against him. Mrs. Norton was separated from her husband and acquired a certain notoriety in English literature by her novels and newspaper articles.

O

O'CONNELL, Daniel* (1775-1847). Patriot and Irish agitator.

O'CONNELL, Maurice. Died in 1853. Eldest son of Daniel O'Connell, whose policy he continued in the House of Commons.

OFFALIA, the Comte d' (1777-1843). Spanish statesman. At first he was secretary to the embassy in Washington in 1800; in 1823 he became Minister of Justice; Ambassador at Paris in 1828; Minister of the Interior in 1832; head of the Cabinet and Foreign Minister in 1837.

OLLIVIER, l'Abbé Nicolas Théodore. Born in 1798. Priest of Saint-Roch at Paris, he was appointed Bishop of Evreux in 1841.

OMPTEDA, the Baroness* (1767-1843). Née the Countess of Schlippenbach.

ORANGE, Prince William of* (1793-1849). He ascended the throne of Holland in 1840.

ORANGE, Princess of.* By birth Anne Paulowna, daughter of the Emperor Paul of Russia.

ORIE, Dr. Doctor of Bourgueil in Touraine. He died suddenly on the road between Benais and Bourgueil. On the spot where he expired a column has been raised with this inscription: "On this spot died Dr. Orie, July 14, 1846."

ORLEANS, the Duc d'* (1741-1793). Louis Philippe Joseph, called Philippe Egalité. He died on the scaffold of the Revolution.

ORLEANS, the Duc d'* (1810-1842). Ferdinand, eldest son of King Louis-Philippe and Crown Prince.

ORLOFF, Count (1781-1861). Alexis Fedorowitch, took part in all the wars against Napoleon I. and entered the Russian diplomatic service in 1828.

P

PAHLEN, Count.* Born in 1775. A Russian diplomatist and Ambassador at Paris.

PALATINE, the Princess (1616-1684). Anne of Gonzague married Edward, Count Palatine, son of the Palatine Elector, Frederic V. and settled at Paris, where she was the ornament of the Court of Anne of Austria through her beauty and her wit. After a life of pleasure and political intrigue she suffered an overthrow by the influence of Mazarin and spent her last days in retirement. On her death Bossuet delivered a funeral oration upon her, one of the most remarkable that he composed.

PALFFY the Princess. Born in 1774. Daughter of the Count of Hohenfeld and wife of Prince Joseph Palffy. She died in 1827.

PALMELLA, the Duchess of. A descendant of Vasco di Gama, she had married Dom Pedro de Souza Holstein, Duke of Palmella, a Portuguese statesman.

PALMERSTON, Lord* (1784-1865). English politician; for a long time Foreign Minister.

PALMYRE, Madame.* A clever Parisian dressmaker.

PARIS, the Comte de (1838-1894). Eldest son of the Duc d'Orléans and Princess Helena of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. After the death of the Comte de Chambord he became the head of the French house.

PASCAL, Blaise (1623-1662). One of the greatest and most noble geniuses of the seventeenth century; a mathematician, physicist and philosopher. A quarrel between the Jansenists and the Jesuits gave him the opportunity of showing himself the most powerful writer in Port Royal.

PASQUIER, Duc Etienne* (1767-1862). Politician and Peer of France. Appointed Chancellor in 1837.

PASSY, Hippolyte Philibert* (1793-1880). French politician, deputy and member of the Institute.

PEAN. One of the footmen of the Prince de Talleyrand.

PEEL, Sir Robert* (1788-1850). English statesman and member of several Cabinets.

PEMBROKE, Lady Catherine. Only daughter of Count Woronzoff, married in 1808, George Augustus, Lord Pembroke, who died in 1827.

PENELOPE SMITH, Miss (1815-1882). Morganatic wife of Prince Charles of Naples, Count of Capua. Victor Emanuel recognised her possession of this title.

PEPIN* (1780-1836). Grocer and accomplice of Fieschi, with whom he was executed.

PéRIGORD, the Comte Paul de (1811-1880). Paul Adalbert René de Talleyrand-Périgord, husband of Mlle. Amicide de Saint-Aignan, who died in 1854.

PéRIGORD, Mlle. Pauline de* (1820-1890). Daughter of the Duchesse de Dino. She married the Marquis Henri de Castellane in 1839.

PéRIGORD, Boson de (1832). Eldest son of the Duc de Valen?ay by his first wife, Mlle. de Montmorency. He afterwards bore the title of Duc de Talleyrand and de Sagan.

PERPONCHER, the Comte Henri de (1771-1856). Infantry General in Holland. He became Minister of the Low Countries at the Court of Frederick William III.

PERPONCHER, the Comtesse de. Died in 1861. Adéla?de, Countess of Reede, married in 1816, Comte Henri de Perponcher.

PERREGEAUX, the Comte de (1785-1841). After acting as auditor to the Council of State, he occupied certain administrative posts under the Empire. At the Restoration he was set aside, but King Louis-Philippe made him a Peer of France in 1831.

PETETOT, the Abbé Louis Pierre (1801-1887). General Superior of the Order of the Oratoire, he was first priest of Saint Louis d'Antin and of Saint Roch, and administered the affairs of the Order for more than twenty years, resigning in 1884.

PEYRONNET, the Comte de (1778-1854). An émigré during the Revolution and the Empire, he was elected deputy under the Restoration and joined the ultra party; as Minister of Justice under M. de Villèle, he supported every retrograde measure. In 1829 he became Minister of the Interior under the Polignac Ministry and helped to draw up the ordinances which provoked the July Revolution. He was arrested and tried by the Court of Peers and condemned to perpetual imprisonment. He spent six years at the Fort of Ham, was then pardoned, after which he lived in complete retirement at his estate of Montferrand near Bordeaux.

PIATOLI, the Abbé Scipion (1750-1809). Born at Florence, he took orders. Princess Lubomirska, née Czartoryska, who was travelling in Italy, appointed him tutor to her nephew, Prince Henry Lubomirski. The Abbé came with her to Poland in 1787, and Count Ignatius Potocki, who was struck with his capacity, secured him the post of Secretary to King Stanislas Augustus. The Abbé Piatoli persuaded the King to join the Polish patriotic party himself and drew up the Constitution of May 3, 1791, after taking the chief share in discussion upon it. After the second partition of Poland he left the country and became tutor to the household of Princess Dorothea of Courlande. Afterwards, through the good offices of Prince Adam Czartoryski, he obtained a post in the service of Russia. Very learned, with a powerful imagination and lofty ideas, he was strongly imbued with the principles of Voltaire.

PIUS VII., Pope (1740-1823). Barbé Chiaramonti, a Benedictine monk, and Bishop of Tivoli, received the purple with the bishopric of Imola in 1795, and was elected Pope in 1800. He reorganised his papal states, signed a Concordat with Napoleon, and came to Paris to crown him as Emperor in 1804. Seven years afterwards, having refused to drive out the enemies of France, he saw his states invaded and his provinces were united to the French Empire. As he had excommunicated the French Emperor he was forced to undergo a rigorous confinement at Fontainebleau. The Congress of Vienna restored his possessions in 1814, and he returned to them. He was so generous as to grant a refuge in Rome to several members of the family of the deposed Emperor.

PIMODAN, the Marquis de. Born in 1789. Camille de Rarécourt de la Vallée Marquis de Pimodan, cavalry captain and honorary gentleman of the Chamber to King Charles X., and knight of the Legion of Honour. He married Mlle. de Frénilly in 1819.

PISCATORY, Théobald-Emile (1799-1870). He went to Greece under the Restoration to support the cause of independence. In 1832 he was elected deputy and afterwards voted with the Conservative majority. From 1844 to 1846 he was Plenipotentiary Minister in Greece and cleverly counteracted English influence. In 1846 he was made Peer of France and in 1847 Spanish Ambassador. He abandoned political life after the coup d'état of 1851.

PLAISANCE, the Duchesse de (1786-1854). Marie Anne Sophie, daughter of the Marquis of Barbé Marbois, married Lebrun, Duc de Plaisance. Witty and somewhat foreign in manner, she left France at an early age for Greece, where she died.

PLESSEN, Herr von. Died in 1837. In 1832 he was Minister of the Privy Council of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg, and negotiated the marriage of Princess Helena with the Duc d'Orléans.

POLIGNAC, Prince Jules de* (1780-1847). A Minister of Charles X. He signed the July Ordinances and was condemned by the Court of Peers, but released after the amnesty of 1837.

POLIGNAC, the Princesse de (1792-1864). Charlotte Parkyns, daughter of Lord Radcliffe, married as her first husband the Marquis de Choiseul and as her second, in 1821, Prince Jules de Polignac.

POMPONNE, the Marquis of (1618-1699). Simon Arnauld, Marquis de Pomponne, son of Arnauld d'Andilly; King's Councillor in 1644, he fell into disgrace with Fouquet, and was relegated to Verdun in 1662. Three years later he returned to favour, and was sent to Stockholm as Ambassador; afterwards the King appointed him Minister of Foreign Affairs, and under his administration the glorious peace of Nimwegen was signed. He again fell into disfavour and did not return to office until after the death of Louvois.

PONSONBY, Lord* (1770-1855). English Ambassador at Constantinople from 1822 to 1827.

PONTOIS, Comte Charles Edouard de (1792-1871). A French diplomatist under Louis-Philippe; he was Plenipotentiary Minister of France in Brazil and then in the United States; afterwards he was French Ambassador at Constantinople. In 1846 he entered the Chamber of Peers.

POTEMKIN, Ivan Alexiewitch (1778-1849). A Russian diplomatist and privy councillor. He was appointed Ambassador at Rome in 1840 and died at Naples.

POZZO DI BORGO, Count (1764-1842). A Corsican by birth, he was a diplomatist in the service of Russia, and well known as Ambassador at Paris.

PRASLIN, Marquis Charles Hughes Théobald de (1805-1847). He took the title of Duc on his father's death; became Knight of Honour to the Duchess d'Orléans in 1837; was a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1839 to 1842, and was raised to the Peerage in 1845. In 1824 he married the daughter of Marshal Sébastiani. Both came to a tragic end in 1847, as M. de Praslin killed his wife in a fit of madness and then committed suicide.

PREISSAC, Comte Fran?ois Jean de (1778-1852). Prefect of the Gironde and Peer of France in 1832. He married Mlle. de Francfort, daughter of a retired Colonel of a Royal Cavalry Regiment.

PRIMATE OF FRANKFORT, Prince Charles of Dalberg (1744-1817). He took orders and became Privy Councillor in 1772 of the Elector of Mayence, then Governor of Erfurth and coadjutor to the Archbishop of Mayence, whom he succeeded in 1802. In 1806 he became Prince Primate of the Confederation of the Rhine, Sovereign Prince of Ratisbon and Grand Duke of Fulda. Charles of Dalberg solemnised at Frankfort in April 1810 the marriage of the Princess of Courlande with the Comte Edmond de Périgord, afterwards Duc de Dino, and after his father's death Duc de Talleyrand.

PRUSSIA, Prince Frederick of (1794-1863). Only son of Prince Ludwig of Prussia and of Princess Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, sister of Queen Louise.

PRUSSIA, Princess Frederick of (1799-1882). Daughter of the Duke of Anhalt Bernbourg, she had married Prince Frederick in 1817.

PRUSSIA, Princess William of (1785-1846). Amelie Marianne, daughter of the Landgrave Ludwig of Hesse-Homburg, married, in 1804, Prince William of Prussia, brother of Frederick William III.

PRUSSIA, Prince William of (1797-1888). Second son of King Frederick William III. As his elder brother had no children, he assumed the title of Prince of Prussia in 1840, when Frederick William IV. came to the throne. He succeeded the latter as King in 1861, and in 1870 became the first Emperor of Germany of the House of Hohenzollern.

PRUSSIA, Princess William of (1816-1890). Princess Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach married, in 1829, Prince William, son of Frederick William III. She afterwards became the Empress Augusta.

PRUSSIA, Prince Charles of (1801-1883). Third son of King Frederick William III. and of Queen Louise.

PRUSSIA, Princess Charles of (1808-1877). Marie, daughter of the Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar, married Prince Charles of Prussia in 1827.

PRUSSIA, Prince Albert of (1809-1872). Fourth son of King Frederick William IV., he married, in 1830, Princess Marianne of the Low Countries, whom he divorced in 1849. In 1853 he contracted a morganatic marriage with Fr?ulein von Rauch, who was given the title of Countess of Hohenau.

PRUSSIA, Princess Albert of (1810-1883). Marianne, daughter of the King of the Low Countries, married, in 1830, Prince Albert of Prussia, the youngest son of Frederick William III., by whom she had two children. On her divorce in 1849 she left the Prussian court.

PRUSSIA, Prince Adalbert of (1811-1837). Son of Prince William of Prussia, brother of Frederick William III. and of the Princess of Hesse-Homburg. He was Commander-in-Chief of the Prussian Navy. He contracted a morganatic marriage in 1850 with Therese Elssler, who received the title of Baroness of Barnim.

PRUSSIA, Princess Marie of (1825-1889). Sister of the foregoing. In 1842 she married the Crown Prince of Bavaria, who became King in 1848 under the name of Maximilian II., and died in 1864.

PüCKLER, Prince Hermann Ludwig Heinrich (1795-1871). An officer in the Life Guards at Dresden in 1804; he entered the Russian service, in which he remained from 1813 to 1815, and married in 1817 the daughter of Prince Hardenburg, from whom he separated in 1826. In 1863 he became a Member of the House of Lords in Prussia. He travelled a great deal, and was a lover of parks and gardens.

PüCKLER, Princess (1776-1854). Princess Anna Hardenberg married the Count of Pappenheim as her first husband in 1796. In 1817 she divorced him to marry Prince Hermann Pückler, from whom she separated in 1826.

PUTUS, Count Malte (1807-1837). Attaché to the Prussian Legation at Naples. He died of consumption. His sister was the Countess Lottum.

Q

QUATREMèRE DE QUINCY, Antoine Chrysostome (1755-1849). At an early age he devoted himself to the study of antiquity and art, and produced important works on these subjects. He was Deputy at Paris to the Legislative Assembly of 1791; member of the Council of the Five Hundred in 1797; theatrical censor in 1815; Professor of Arch?ology in 1818; and he was a member of the Academy of Inscriptions and Literature and of the Academy of Fine Arts.

QUéLEN, Mgr. de,* (1778-1839). Coadjutor to the Cardinal de Talleyrand Périgord, whom he succeeded as Archbishop of Paris in 1821.

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RACHEL, Mlle. (1820-1858). A great tragic actress. She was the daughter of a poor Jewish pedlar called Felix. After a youth spent in poverty she entered the Conservatoire, made her first appearance at the Gymnase, and was admitted in 1838 to the Théatre Fran?ais, where she gave an admirable exposition of the finest parts of Corneille and Racine. In 1856 she undertook a tour in America and contracted a pulmonary disease, of which she soon died.

RACZYNSKI, Count Athanasius (1788-1874). A diplomatist in the Prussian service. For several years he was Minister at Lisbon and Madrid, showing the utmost unselfishness and never drawing his salary. The money thus accumulated is now in the hands of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and is of the greatest service to diplomatists in distress. Count Raczynski was a very wealthy man, and made a fine collection of pictures, which he bequeathed to the Crown. He wrote several books upon art; his political correspondence has also been published. In 1816 he married Princess Anna Radziwill. He was a member of the House of Lords and a Privy Councillor.

RADZIWILL, Princess Louise (1770-1836). Daughter of Prince Ferdinand of Prussia, youngest brother of Frederick the Great. She married Prince Antoine Radziwill in 1796.

RADZIWILL, Prince William (1797-1870). An infantry general in the service of Prussia, he commanded in succession several army corps, and was a member of the House of Lords. His first wife, whom he married in 1825, was his cousin Helene Radziwill, who died in 1827. In 1832 he married the Countess Matilda Clary. He was the eldest son of Prince Antoine Radziwill and of Princess Louise of Prussia.

RADZIWILL, Princess William (1806-1896). Matilda, daughter of Prince Charles Clary-Aldringen and of the Countess Louisa Chotek, married Prince William Radziwill in 1832.

RADZIWILL, Princess Boguslaw (1811-1890). Léontine, third daughter of Prince Charles Clary, married, in 1832, Prince Boguslaw Radziwill, youngest son of Prince Antoine Radziwill.

RANTZAU, the Comte Josias de (1609-1650). He entered the French service in 1635 under King Louis XIII., having previously served the Prince of Orange, Christian IV., King of Denmark, Gustavus Adolphus, and the Emperor Ferdinand II. He was Marshal of France.

RANTZAU, Count Antony of (1793-1849). Chamberlain and captain in the service of the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.

RAQUENA, the Count of (1821-1878). Son of the Duke of Rocca, he bore this title after his father's death. He was a Spanish artillery officer, and afterwards served in the Royal Halberdier Corps and died with the rank of general. He was a great lord, a great gambler, and led a most adventurous life.

RATISBONNE, the Abbé Marie Théodore (1802-1884). Son of a Jewish banker of Strasburg, he had just concluded his study of the law when he was converted to Catholicism and took Orders. He was known as a writer and a preacher, and founded the congregation of Notre Dame of Sion.

RATISBONNE, Alphonse (1812-1884). Brother of Théodore Ratisbonne. He was also converted to Catholicism and entered the congregation of Notre Dame of Sion, founded by his brother.

RAUCH, Christian Daniel (1777-1857). A famous Prussian sculptor. He went to Rome in 1804 for study, returned to Berlin in 1811, where he was greatly patronised by the Court.

RAULLIN, M. French Councillor of State.

RAVIGNAN, the Abbé de (1795-1858). Born at Bayonne, he began his career in the magistracy. In obedience to a call he then left the world, entered the Jesuit seminary, and afterwards the Jesuit Order. He was distinguished for his lofty morality and his power as a preacher. He delivered the funeral oration of Monseigneur de Quélen, Archbishop of Paris.

RAYNEVAL, Maximilian de (1778-1836). A French diplomatist who received the title of Comte and the peerage for his services.

RAZUMOWSKI, the Countess. She was born Princess Wiasemski.

RéCAMIER, Madame* (1777-1849). Famous for her beauty and for the deep friendship which united her with the greatest literary personalities of her time, in particular with Chateaubriand.

RECKE, the Baroness of (1754-1833). Elizabeth Charlotte, Countess of Medem, sister of the Duchess of Courlande, married, in 1774, the Baron of Recke. She was divorced from him in 1776 and lost her only daughter in the following year. She travelled a great deal in Italy and Germany, and was in connection with all the literary men of her age. She was herself the author of several works.

REDERN, the Countess of (1772-1842). Wilhelmina of Otterstaedt married Count Wilhelm Jacob of Redern and had two sons, William and Henry.

REDERN, Count William of (1802-1880). A great Prussian landowner, a member of the House of Lords, and afterwards High Chamberlain at the Court of the Emperor William I.

REDERN, the Countess of (1811-1875). Bertha Ienisz, daughter of a Senator of Hamburg, married, in 1834, Count William of Redern. She had only one daughter, who died when a minor.

REEDE, the Countess of (1769-1847); née Krusemacht, daughter and sister of two Prussian generals of that name. In 1823, when the Crown Prince of Prussia was married, she was appointed chief lady at the Court of the Crown Princess.

REINHARD, Count Charles Frederick (1761-1837). Born at Würtemberg, he studied at the University of Tübingen and knew Goethe. He entered the French diplomatic service in 1792 and was Plenipotentiary Minister at Florence in 1797, and in 1799 replaced the Prince de Talleyrand at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He was made a Peer of France in 1832, after having been made Count in 1814. He was a Member of the Academy of Inscriptions and Literature and of the Academy of Moral and Political Science.

REUILLY, M. A lawyer, Mayor of Versailles, and Knight of the Legion of Honour. In 1840 he was Deputy for Seine-et-Oise, and was member of the Constituent Assembly in 1848.

RéMUSAT, Comte Charles de* (1797-1875). French writer and politician.

RETZ, the Cardinal de* (1614-1679). He played a great part during the Fronde and left some remarkable memoirs.

REUSS-SCHLEITZ-KOESTRITZ, Prince Henry LXIV. (1787-1856). General and Field Marshal in the service of Austria and divisional commander at Prague. He led the 7th regiment of Hussars.

RUESS-SCHLEITZ, Princess Sophie Adelaide. Born in 1800; daughter of Prince Henri LI. of Reuss-Ebersdorff.

RIBEAUPIERRE, Count Alexandre de (1785-1865). Born of a family of French Switzerland. His grandfather went to Russia in the suite of the Princess Sophie of Zerbst, afterwards Catherine II. His father had married the sister of General Bibikoff; he was Major-General when he died at the siege of Ismail. Alexandre de Ribeaupierre devoted himself to diplomacy, and became Russian Minister at Constantinople and Berlin. He was made a Count in 1856 and married Mlle. Potemkin.

RICHELIEU, the Duc de (1696-1788). Marshal of France and a brilliant figure at the Court of Louis XIV. and XV. In 1720 he entered the French Academy and became a friend of Voltaire. On the female side he was a great-great-nephew of the Cardinal, godson of Louis XIV. and of the Duchesse de Bourgogne. He first saw service under Villars. While Ambassador at Vienna he showed dexterity in arranging an agreement between France and Austria. After some military exploits in Germany during the Seven Years War, he spent the remainder of his life in intrigue and pleasures.

RIGNY, Comte Henri-Gauthier de* (1783-1835). French admiral. Several times Minister and Ambassador at Naples.

RIGNY, Vicomte Alexandre de (1790-1873). Son of a cavalry officer and of the sister of the Abbé Louis, he left the military school at Fontainebleau in 1807, and took part in the campaigns of Prussia, Poland, Austria, and Spain. As field-marshal in 1830, he joined the first expedition to Constantinople in 1836, and though he displayed incontestable bravery during the retreat, the gravest charges were brought against him by General Clausel. The Council of War unanimously acquitted him in 1837, but he was relegated to the command of the subdivision of the Indre until 1848 and placed on the retired list in 1849.

RIGNY, Mlle. Auguste de. She was the daughter of General de Rigny and heiress of her uncle, Baron Louis.

RIVERS, Lady, died in 1866. Susan Georgiana Leveson Gower, daughter of Lord Granville. She married in 1833 George Pitt, Lord Rivers.

ROHAN, the Duc de (1789-1869). Fernand de Rohan Chabot followed his father into exile while a child. He then returned to France and entered the army at the age of twenty with the rank of sub-lieutenant of Hussars. At that time bearing the title of Prince de Léon, he was present at the battle of Wagram and became aide-de-camp to the Emperor. In 1814 he was made a prisoner but was exchanged soon afterwards. Under the Restoration he became aide-de-camp to the Duc de Berry, then first equerry to the Duc de Bordeaux, and finally Field Marshal in 1824. After 1830 he retired.

ROOTHE, Madame de. Famous for her beauty. She married the Duc de Richelieu who was then more than eighty years of age and whose third wife she was.

ROOTHE, M. de. Son of the first marriage of the Duchesse de Richelieu.

ROSAMEL, M. de (1774-1848). Claude Charles Marie du Camp de Rosamel. A French sailor; Captain in 1814 and Rear-Admiral in 1823. He went through the Algerian campaign in 1830; in 1836 he became Naval Minister in the Molé Ministry, and in 1839 entered the Chamber of Peers.

ROSSE, Lawrence, Lord (1758-1841). In 1797 he married Miss Alice Lloyd. He was distinguished in the Irish Parliament for his popularity and his eloquence. On his father's death he succeeded to his seat in the House of Lords in 1807. He was the father of the learned astronomer William Rosse.

ROSSI, the Countess (1803-1854). Henriette Sontag, of Swedish origin, was a famous singer. In 1830 she abandoned the theatre on her marriage with Count Rossi and was then a leading figure in aristocratic salons by reason of her intellectual grace and her dignified conduct. In 1848 pecuniary losses reduced her to reappear upon the stage in Paris and London. Afterwards she went to America and died of cholera in Mexico.

ROTHSCHILD, Madame Salomon de* (1774-1855). She had married the second son of Mayer Anselme Rothschild, who founded the branches of the banking house in Vienna and Paris.

ROTHSCHILD, James de (1792-1868). Fourth son of Mayer Anselme Rothschild, settled at Paris.

ROUGé, Marquis Alexis de (1778-1838). Peer of France in 1815, he married in 1804 Mlle. de Crussol d'Uzès.

ROUSSEAU, J. J. (1712-1778). Famous writer and philosopher. Son of a watchmaker at Geneva, his education was greatly neglected. With Voltaire he was an important revolutionary influence in the eighteenth century.

ROUSSIN, Admiral* (1781-1854). Peer of France, Ambassador at Constantinople from 1832 to 1834 and Naval Minister in 1840.

ROVIGO, the Duc de (1774-1833). Anne Jean Marie René Savary. Aide-de-camp to General Bonaparte in Egypt, and afterwards commander of the picked bodyguard of the First Council. He was ordered to carry out the death sentence pronounced upon the Duc d'Enghien in 1804, and was then appointed General. After the battle of Friedland, he was made Duc de Rovigo; in 1810 he succeeded Fouché as Minister of Police. After 1815, the English refused to send him to St. Helena with Napoleon and the Restoration condemned him to death, but he escaped and was afterwards acquitted. In 1831 he commanded the army of Algeria, terrorised the natives by his severity, and constructed fine strategical roads.

ROY, the Comte Antoine (1764-1847). A lawyer and afterwards deputy he became Finance Minister in 1818, and introduced valuable reforms into this department. He was a Member of the Chamber of Peers under the Restoration and under the July Monarchy.

ROYER COLLARD, Pierre Paul* (1763-1845). French philosopher statesman and Member of the Academy.

RUBINI, J. B.* (1795-1854). Famous Italian tenor.

RUMFORD, Madame de (1766-1836). Mlle. de Paulze married the scientist, Lavoisier, as her first husband. He died upon the scaffold of the Revolution, and in 1804 she married Rumford, a German physician and philosopher. In 1814 she was left a widow. Her drawing-room at Paris was famous.

RUMIGNY, Comte Marie Théodore de (1789-1860). He took part in the wars of the First Empire and was aide-de-camp to General Gérard in 1812. In 1830 Louis-Philippe appointed him Field Marshal; after 1848 he accompanied the King to England and then lived in retirement.

RUSSELL, Lord William* (1799-1846). English diplomatist and Ambassador at Berlin.

RUSSELL, Lord John.* English statesman, member of several Ministries and twice Prime Minister.

RUSSIA, Empress Marie of (1759-1828). Marie Feodorovna, formerly Sophie, daughter of Duke Frederick of Würtemberg, second wife of the Emperor Paul, mother of Alexander I. and of Nicholas I. She was left a widow in 1801.

RUSSIA, the Grand Duchess Constantine of (1781-1831). Julienne, Princess of Saxe Coburg Gotha married in 1796 the Grand Duke Constantine of Russia and was baptized under the name of Anna Feodorovna.

RUSSIA, the Emperor of (1796-1855). Nicholas I.*

RUSSIA, the Empress of (1798-1860). Charlotte, daughter of Frederick William III. of Prussia, married in 1817 the Grand Duke Nicholas of Russia, who ascended the throne in 1825.

RUSSIA, Grand Duchess Helena of (1807-1873). Daughter of Prince Paul of Würtemberg and of his first wife, a princess of Saxe Altenburg. She married in 1824 the Grand Duke Michael of Russia, youngest son of the Emperor Paul.

RUSSIA, the Grand Hereditary Duke of (1818-1881). Alexander, son of the Emperor Nicholas, whom he succeeded in 1855 as Alexander II., married in 1841 the Princess of Hesse Darmstadt.

RUSSIA, the Grand Duchess Olga of (1822-1892). Daughter of the Emperor Nicholas I. of Russia. She married in 1846 the Hereditary Prince of Würtemberg, who succeeded his father in the same year.

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SAGAN, the Duchess of (1781-1839). Wilhelmina, eldest daughter of Peter, Duke of Courlande. She was married three times: (1) In 1800 to Prince Henri de Rohan; (2) to Prince Troubetskoi, and (3) to Count Charles of Schulenburg who survived her. She died suddenly at Vienna and left no children.

SAINT AUGUSTINE (354-430). Bishop of Hippo, son of Saint Monica and one of the fathers of the church.

SAINT BLANCARD, the Marquis de (1814-1897). At one time page to King Charles X. He married Mlle. de Bauffremont.

SAINT CYRAN, the Abbé de (1581-1643). Jean Duvergier de Hauranne studied in the University of Louvain and became connected with the Jansenists, whose doctrines he ardently embraced, and obtained the Abbey of Saint Cyran in 1620. Among his numerous disciples and friends were Arnauld, Lemaistre de Sacy, Bignon, etc. He attacked the Jesuits in several works and Richelieu kept him in prison for four years.

SAINTE ALDEGONDE, the Comtesse Camille de* (1793-1869). Widow of an aide-de-camp of King Louis-Philippe.

SAINTE AULAIRE, the Comte de* (1778-1854). Peer of France, diplomatist, and Ambassador at Rome, Vienna and London.

SAINTE AULAIRE, the Comtesse de. Née Louise Charlotte Victoire de Grimoard de Beauvoir du Roure-Brison. She married in 1809 M. de Sainte Aulaire, who was already a widower.

SAINT LEU, the Duchesse de* (1783-1837). Née Hortense de Beauharnais, she was the widow of Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland and mother of Napoleon III.

SAINT PRIEST, the Comte Alexis de,* diplomatist and French writer and member of the French Academy.

SAINT SIMON, Louis de Rouvroy, Duc de (1675-1755). A lord at the Court of Louis XIV. He wrote famous memoirs, important to the history of his time.

SALERNO, the Prince of (1790-1851). Leopold de Bourbon, brother of Francis I., King of Naples, was Inspector-General of the Royal Guard and leader of the 22nd Regiment of Austrian Infantry. In 1816 he married the Archduchess Maria of Austria, and had a daughter who became the Duchesse d'Aumale.

SALERNO, the Princess of (1798-1880). Maria, daughter of the Emperor Francis I. of Austria.

SALVANDY, the Comte de* (1795-1856). French man of letters and politician; Ambassador and several times Minister.

SALVANDY, the Comtesse de. Julie Ferey, daughter of a manufacturer and politician, married the Comte de Salvandy in 1823.

SANDWICH, Lady, died in 1853. Louisa, daughter of Lord Belmore, married, in 1804, George John Montagu, Lord Sandwich, who died in 1818. One of his daughters was the first wife of Count Walewski.

SAULX-TAVANNES, Duc Roger Gaspard de (1806-1845). He became a peer in 1820 on his father's death, but took no share in the work of the Chamber, and committed suicide at the age of thirty-nine, when his old ducal family became extinct.

SAUZET, Paul* (1800-1876). Lawyer, Deputy, and Minister of Justice in 1836.

SAXE-WEIMAR, Duke Bernard of (1792-1862). Infantry General in the service of the Low Countries.

SAXONY, Augustus II., the Strong, Elector of (1670-1733). Afterwards King of Poland, elected after the death of John Sobieski by intrigue and bribery, and crowned at Warsaw in 1697.

SAXONY, Princess Augusta of, born in 1782.

SAXONY, Princess Amelia of (1794-1870). Sister of King Frederick Augustus and of Prince John of Saxony.

SAXONY, King Frederick Augustus II. of (1797-1854). Ascended the throne in 1836, after having been co-regent since 1830, and promulgating a liberal Constitution for his people. An enlightened, liberal, and well-educated prince, he died in consequence of a fall from his horse, leaving no children.

SAXONY, the Queen of (1805-1877). Maria, daughter of King Maximilian of Bavaria and wife of King Frederick Augustus II.

SAXONY, Prince John of (1801-1873). This prince succeeded his brother, King Frederick Augustus, in 1854. He had married Princess Amelia of Bavaria, by whom he had several children, and was distinguished throughout his life for his great virtue and his learning.

SAXONY, Princess John of (1801-1877). Amelia, daughter of King Maximilian of Bavaria and wife of Prince John of Saxony.

SCH?NBURG, Princess (1803-1884). Louise Schwarzenberg, sister of the Cardinal of that name, married, in 1823, Prince Edward of Sch?nburg Waldenburg.

SCH?NLEIN, Dr. Jean Luc (1793-1864). Doctor of medicine at Zurich. He was summoned to Berlin, where he obtained a great reputation.

SCHRECKENSTEIN, Baron Maximilian of (1794-1862). For a long time first Gentleman at the Court of Princess Stephanie of Baden, and governor of the houses and property of this princess.

SCHULENBURG-KLOSTERRODE, the Count of (1772-1853). He served in the Austrian diplomatic service and died at Vienna. He had married his cousin, the Countess Armgard of Schulenburg.

SCHULENBURG, Count Charles Rudolph of (1788-1856). Austrian lieutenant-colonel; he married the Duchess Wilhelmina of Sagan, the eldest daughter of the last Duke of Courlande; this marriage was soon dissolved. In 1846 he undertook to administer the property of the Duchesse de Talleyrand. He died at Sagan of an apoplectic stroke and was buried there.

SCHWARZENBERG, Charles Philippe, Prince of (1771-1820). First a soldier and then Austrian Ambassador at Paris. He negotiated the marriage of Napoleon with the Archduchess Maria Louisa. On the occasion of this marriage, in 1810, he gave a large ball, which had a fatal conclusion owing to a fire at the Embassy, when his wife perished in the flames.

SCHWEINITZ, Countess of (1799-1854). Fr?ulein Dullack, married, in 1832, Count Hans Hermann of Schweinitz and became, in 1840, chief lady at the Court of Princess William of Prussia, by birth the Princess of Saxe-Weimar.

SéBASTIANI DE LA PORTA, Marshal* (1775-1851). Ambassador at Constantinople, Naples, and London.

SéBASTIANI, wife of the foregoing, died in 1842. A daughter of the Duc de Gramont. She had become an émigré at the age of sixteen with the Bourbons. Her first husband had been General Davidow, whom she married at Milan, and her second husband was General Sébastiani, whose second wife she was.

SéGUR, the Comtesse de (1779-1847). Félicité d'Aguesseau, sole heiress of the last Marquis of this name, she married Count Octave de Ségur, major on the Staff of the Royal Guard, who died in 1818.

SéMONVILLE, the Marquis de* (1754-1839). Chief referendary of the Court of Peers.

SERCEY, the Marquis de (1753-1856). Pierre César Charles Guillaume de Sercey was a very distinguished sailor. On the return of the Bourbons, in 1814, he was commissioned to treat with England for the exchange of the French prisoners. He was then appointed Vice-Admiral and entered the Chamber of Peers.

SéVIGNé, the Marquise de* (1626-1696). One of the most distinguished ladies at the Court of Louis XIV. and author of remarkable letters.

SFORZA, Ludovico (1451-1508). Known as the Moor, he was the opponent of the House of Aragon in Italy, and summoned Charles VIII. there in 1494. After betraying the French he was attacked by Louis XII., who deprived him of his states and forced him to flee into Germany. The unpopularity of Trivulzo in the Duchy of Milan allowed Sforza to reconquer that province, but in 1500 he was defeated and captured at Novaro by the French. He was imprisoned at Loches, and died ten years later.

SIDNEY, Lady Sophia,* died in 1837. Countess of Isle and of Dudley, fifth child of William IV. of England and of Mrs. Jordan.

SIEYèS, the Abbé (1748-1836). Vicar-General of Chartres and politician during the Revolution.

SIGALON, Xavier (1790-1837). Historical painter. He was commissioned by the Government in 1833 to go to Rome and copy Michael Angelo's fresco of the Last Judgment. This magnificent reproduction, a tenth less in size than the original, is at the School of Fine Arts in Paris.

SIMéON, the Comte Joseph Balthazar (1781-1846). Master of requests at the Council of State and Peer of France in 1835; he had strong artistic tastes.

SOLMS-SONNENWALD, Count William Theodore of (1787-1859). Cavalry captain and Chamberlain, son of the Countess Ompteda by her first marriage.

SOLMS-SONNENWALD, the Countess of, born in 1790. By name, Clementina, daughter of the Count of Bressler.

SOPHIA, the Archduchess (1805-1872). Daughter of King Maximilian of Bavaria. She married, in 1824, the Archduke Francis, and was the mother of the Emperor Francis Joseph I.

SOULT, Marshal* (1769-1852). One of the most famous soldiers of the Empire and a Minister under Louis-Philippe.

STACKELBERG, Count Gustavus of, Privy Councillor and Chamberlain to the Emperor Alexander I. He became Russian Ambassador and took part in the Congress of Vienna in 1815. In 1805 he married Mlle. Caroline de Ludolf, daughter of the Ambassador of Naples at St. Petersburg.

STACKELBERG, the Countess of (1785-1868). Née Caroline de Ludolf, she married Count Stackelberg in 1805; when she was left a widow she settled at Paris.

STANLEY, Lady. Henrietta Maria, daughter of Viscount Dillon, married in Italy, in 1826, Sir Edward John Stanley, member of the English Parliament.

STOPFORD, Robert (1768-1847). An English Admiral who became famous in the chief naval campaigns of the Revolution and the Empire. In 1840 he bombarded Saint Jean d'Acre.

STROGONOFF, Countess Julia. She had married a Spaniard, the Count of Ega, with whom she lived at Madrid, when she made the acquaintance of Count Gregory Strogonoff, who carried her off and married her. She was well received in St. Petersburg society, but owing to her false position, she could not obtain for a long time the Order of St. Catherine, which was her great ambition. She died at an advanced age between 1860 and 1870, after carefully tending her husband, who had become blind.

STURMFEDER, Frau von (1819-1891). Camilla Wilhelmena of Münchingen had married the Baron of Sturmfeder and of Oppenweiller, and was Chief Lady at the Court of the Grand Duchess Stephanie of Baden.

SUTHERLAND, the Duchess of,* died in 1868. Née Lady Carlisle. She was mistress of the robes to Queen Victoria.

SYRACUSE, the Comte de (1813-1860). Léopold de Bourbon, son of Francis I., King of Naples and of Maria Isabella of Spain. He was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-General, though he never received any command.

SYRACUSE, the Countess of (1814-1874). See Carignan, Philiberte de.

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TALARU, the Marquis de (1769-1850). M. de Talaru, on the return from exile in 1815, was called to the Peerage and became French Ambassador at Madrid in 1823. In 1825 he was Minister of State and a member of the Privy Council of Charles X., but went into retirement upon the Revolution of 1830. He had married Mlle. de Rosière-Saraus, widow of the Count of Clermont-Tonnerre, by whom he had no children, so that the house of Tonnerre became extinct with him.

TALLEYRAND-PéRIGORD, Cardinal of* (1736-1821). Alexandre Angélique, second son of Daniel de Talleyrand-Périgord, was Archbishop of Reims in 1777 and of Paris in 1817.

TALLEYRAND, Charles Maurice, Prince de* (1754-1838). Prince of Benevento. He was Minister of Foreign Affairs, High Chamberlain of France, member of the Institute and Ambassador. He had abandoned the church into which he had been forced to enter, and was one of the best politicians of his time.

TALLEYRAND, the Princesse de* (1762-1835). Née Catharine Werlée, of English origin, she went through a civil marriage in 1802 with the Prince de Talleyrand, by the order of the Emperor Napoleon, a marriage which was immediately dissolved.

TALLEYRAND, the Duc de (1762-1838). Known as le bel Archambaud. He married in 1779 Mlle. Sabine de Senozan de Viriville, who was executed in 1793 during the Revolution.

TALLEYRAND, the Comte Anatole de, died in 1838. Son of Baron Augustin de Talleyrand and of Adélaide de Montigny.

TASCHERAU, M. (1801-1874). A French deputy. He first studied law; some interesting publications gained him a great reputation among scholars; he became chief administrator of the Imperial Library upon its reorganisation.

TATITCHEFF, Demetrius Paulowitch de (1769-1845). A Russian diplomatist. Minister at Madrid in 1815, then at Vienna where he remained until 1845. He then became Councillor of State and Lord Chamberlain to the Emperor Nicholas.

TAURY, the Abbé Francois Louis (1791-1859). Priest of Chauvigny; he was selected in 1832 by the Abbé Tournet, founder of the community of the Sisters of Saint Andrew, to succeed him as Superior General of that community. In 1845 he was appointed Vicar-General at Niort. He died of an apoplectic stroke when he was descending from the pulpit and about to celebrate Mass.

TAYLOR, Sir Herbert* (1775-1839). Private Secretary to King George III., George IV., and William IV. of England.

THERESA, the Archduchess (1816-1867). Daughter of the Archduke Charles and of the Princess of Nassau Weilburg. The Archduchess Theresa became the second wife of Frederick II., King of Naples, who married her in 1837.

THIARD DE BUSSY, the Comte de* (1772-1852). French Marshal, liberal deputy, appointed French Minister of Switzerland in 1848.

THIERRY, Augustin (1795-1856). Famous French historian; author of "Letters on the History of France," and "Narratives of Merovingian Times."

THIERS, Adolphe* (1797-1877). French statesman and historian.

THIERS, Mme.* (1815-1880). Elise Dosne, daughter of the stockbroker.

THORWALDSEN, Barthélemy* (1769-1844). Famous Danish sculptor.

TOCQUEVILLE, Comte Alexis de (1805-1859). Member of the Chamber of Deputies under Louis-Philippe where he supported the Opposition. On the coup d'état of December 2, he joined the representatives who signed the act of accusation against Louis Bonaparte and was imprisoned at Vincennes. He was released a short time afterwards and returned to private life. He was the author of "Democracy in America," and of the Ancien Régime.

TORENO, the Count of* (1786-1843). Spanish statesman, deputy in the Cortes and several times Minister.

TOUR ET TAXIS, the Princesse de la. Born in 1773. Theresa, daughter of the Grand Duke Charles of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, sister of Queen Louisa of Prussia, married in 1789 Prince Charles de la Tour et Taxis, Privy Councillor to the Emperor of Austria and Postmaster-General, an office which had been in his family since 1695.

TROGOFF, Madame de. A Russian lady, a great friend of the Duchess Wilhelmina of Sagan, whose companion she had been. She lived at Versailles.

TUSCANY, the Grand Duke of (1797-1870). Leopold II., Archduke of Austria, succeeded his father the Grand Duke Ferdinand III., in 1824. His first wife was a Princess of Saxony, and in 1833 he married the Princess Antoinette of the Two Sicilies.