Chapter 7 MUSICIANS AS LOVERS

"Et le cortège chantait quelque chose de triste des oh! et des ah!"-ZOLA, L'Assommoir.

And now at the end of all this gossip, to see if it has served any purpose, and if the multitude of experiences totals up into any definite result:

Of course, as you were just going to say, he said, "If music be the food of love." But then you must not fail to remember that in another play he hedged by saying, "Much virtue in an 'if.'" For music is not the food of love, any more than oatmeal or watermelons. And yet in a sense, music is a love-food-in the sense I mean, that there is love-nourishment in tubes of paint, which can perpetuate your beauty, my fair readeress; or in ink-bottles all ebon with Portuguese sonnets and erotic rondeaux; or in tubs of plaster of Paris, or in bargain-counterfuls of dress goods to add the last word to a woman's beauty. In such a sense, indeed, there is materia amorofica in music, for with music one can-or at least one did-show forth the very rhythm of Tristanic desire, and another portrayed in unexpurgated harmonies the garden-mood of Faust and Marguerite.

But as there are in those same tubes of oozy paint horrific visions like Franz Stuck's "War," or portraits of plutocrats by Bonnat, and as there are in ink-bottles sad potencies of tailors' bills and scathing reviews of this very book, so it is possible under the name of music to write fugues and five-finger exercises, and yet more settings of "Hiawatha," or "Du bist wie eine Blume"

Now, there is only one thing easier than a generalisation, and that is a generalisation in the opposite direction. You can prove anything by statistics, if you can only choose your statistics and stop when you want to. But statistics are like automobiles. Sometimes if you hitch yourself up with a statistic, you meet the fate of the farmer who put his fool head in the yoke with a skittish steer.

There was a time when I could have written you an essay on the moral effect of music, and been convinced, if not convincing. A little later, I could have done no worse with a thesis to the effect that music is an immoral influence. But that time is gone now, after a time spent in gathering material from everywhichway for this book on musicians' love affairs. For, to repeat, with a few statistics you can prove anything; with a complete array you can usually prove nothing, or its next-door neighbour.

The way to test any food is to observe its effects on those addicted to it. To study the true workings of music, then, you would not count the pulse of one of those "Oh-I'm-passionately-fond-of-music" maidens who talk all through even dance-music. Nor would you take for your test one of those laymen who are fond of this tune or that, because it reminds them of the first time they heard it-"that night when Sally Perkins sang it while I was out in the moonlit piazza hugging Kitty Gray, now Mrs. van Van,-or was it Bessie Brown? who buried her husband two years ago next Sunday."

These are people to whom music is as much a rarity as Nesselrode to a newsboy.

The true place, surely, to test the effect of music is in the souls of the people who live in it, breathe it, steep themselves in it, play it,-and what is worse,-work it.

To the great musicians themselves, then, we have turned. What could have been better for the purpose than to have made them parade before us in historic mardi-gras? wearing their hearts on their sleeves, or in their letters, their music, their lives, as they trooped forth endlessly from the tomes of Burney, Hawkins, Fétis, Grove, Riemann, and from their biographies and memoirs innumerable?

A motley crew they have formed, and you perhaps have been able to find a unity, if not of purpose, at least of result, in the music they have made, and the music that has made them. Let them pass again, only this time as soldiers go by at a review-the second time at the double-quick. Here they come-watch them well.

Leading the rout are those stately or capering figures, who, from being the great virtuosi of their time, were finally idolised into gods in the Golden Age, when musical critics had no columns to perpetuate their iconoclasms in.

Mark him with the stately stride-Apollo, smiting his lyre with a majesty hardly supported by the seven small notes he could get out of it. The gossips said he loved Daphne, and madly withal, but she took to a tree.-No, let the gods pass as they will. It is with men we deal, not gods.

Note especially the cluster of those wonderful musickers, who, at the end of the Middle Age, went from Flanders and thereabouts, into Italy and all around Europe, weaving their Flemish counterpoint like a net all over the world of music. They seem all to have been marrying men, some of them super-romantical, others as stodgily domestic and workaday as any village blacksmith. There is Marc Houtermann, called the Prince of Musicians. He lived at Brussels, and died there aged forty, and the same year he was followed to his grave by his musically named Joanna Gavadia, who knew music well, and who, let us still hope, died of a broken heart. Cipriano de Rore, De Croes, and Jacques Buus were all married men, and begot hostages to fortune. Philippe de Monte may or may not have married; we only know that a pupil of his wrote him a Latin poem forty-six lines long, and we can only trust that he did not marry her.

Orlando di Lasso, "one of the morning stars of modern times," whose music was so beautiful that once at Munich a thunder-storm was miraculously hushed at the first note of one of his motets, lived a love-life much like Schumann's, save that he seems to have had no hard-hearted parents to strengthen and purify his resolve. The only court he went to, to win her, was the court at Munich, where his Regina was a maid of honour. She bore him six children, and they lived ideally, it seems. But his health gave way now and then before his hard work, and finally, when he had reached his threescore and ten, his wife came home to find him gone mad, and unable even to recognise her, who had been at his side for thirty years. She guarded him tenderly, and strove hard to cheer his last days, but melancholy surrendered him only to death.

Adrien Willaert had a wife, and loved her long and well, and wrote many wills, in which he grew more and more affectionate toward his helpmeet, yet strangely he never mentioned his daughter, who was herself a composer, and had perhaps a romance of her own, down there in Juliet's country where her Flemish father took her.

How otherwise is the domestic life of Jacques de Wert, whose wife conspired against him heinously, and put his very life in danger! When he was well rid of this baggage, he fell into an intrigue with a lady of the court of Ferrara. Her name was Tarquinia Molza, and she was a poetess, but her relatives frowned upon the alliance of her poetry and his music, and forced her to go back to her mother at Mantua, where she outlived De Wert some twenty-seven years.

His is such a life as one would take to prove the unsettling effects of music; yet what shall we say then of Josse Boutmy, who lived ninety-nine years and raised twelve children, spending the greater part of his life with his faithful spouse in one long struggle against poverty, one eternal drudgery for the pence necessary to educate his family? Shall we not say that he was as truly influenced by music as Jacques de Wert?

De Wert had gone to Italy as a boy, and you might be after blaming those soft Italian skies for his amorous troubles. But then you'll encounter such a life as that of Palestrina spent altogether in Italy. He married young. Her name was Lucrezia, and their life seems to have been one of ideal devotion. She bore him four sons, and stood by him in all his troubles, brightening the twilight of poverty, adorning that high noon of his glory, when the Pope himself turned to Palestrina, and implored him to reform and rescue the whole music of the Church from its corruptions. It was well that Lucrezia could offer him solace, for unwittingly she had once brought him his direst distress. When he was recovered and well, a better post was offered him, and things ran smoothly till, twenty-five years later, Lucrezia died, leaving him broken-hearted with only one worthless son to embitter the last fourteen years of his widowed life. His most poignantly impressive motets seem to have been written under the anguish of Lucrezia's death. The finest of them is his setting of the words:

"By the River of Babylon we have set us down and wept,

Remembering Thee, oh, Zion;

Upon the willows we have hung our harps,"

which, as E.H. Pember says, "may well have represented to himself, the heart-broken composer, mourning by the banks of the Tiber, for the lost wife whom he had loved so long."

Close upon so noble a life, artistic and personal, comes the career of Georges de la Hèle, who, being a priest, gave up his lucrative benefice to wed the woman he wished.

And yet again with disconcerting effect comes the story of Ambrosio de Cotes, who was a gambler and a drunkard, who kept a mistress, and was rebuked publicly for howling indecent refrains to the tunes in church. Which of these is fairly typical as a musician?

Then comes the most notable man in all English music, Harry Purcell, who wrote the best love-songs that ever melted the reserve of his race. He must have been a good husband, and his married life a happy one, seeing how ardent his wife was for his memory, and how she celebrated him in a memorial volume, as the Orpheus of Great Britain, and how eager she was that the two sons that survived out of their six children, should be trained to music.

And speaking of types, what shall we say of this cloud of witnesses, bearing the most honoured name in music, the name of Bach?

There were more than twenty-five Bachs, who made themselves names as makers of harmony, and they earned themselves almost as great names as family makers; all except Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, who was as lacking in virtue as he was abundant in virtuosity. He was notoriously immoral, and yet the greatest organist of his time, as his father had been before him; and it was this father, Johann Sebastian Bach, who by his life and pre?minence in music, offers the biggest obstacle to any theory about the immoral influences of the art. For surely, if he, who is generally called the greatest of musicians, led a life of hardly equalled domesticity, it will not be easy to claim that music has an unsettling effect upon society. And yet there are his great rivals, Handel and Beethoven, whose careers are in the remotest possible contrast.

It is neither here nor there, that "Father" Bach left little money and many children when he died, and that the sons seized upon his MSS. and drifted away to other cities, leaving the mother and three daughters to live upon the charity of the town. It is unfortunate to have to include among the ungrateful children the stepson, Carl Philip Emmanuel Bach, who seems otherwise to have been a pleasant enough fellow, a fair family man, and a great composer. He first too much eclipsed his father's fame, and has since been too much eclipsed thereby. He had family troubles, too, and left a wife and children to mourn him. So much for the Bachs.

A family of almost equal fame was the group of violin makers of Cremona, the Stradivari. The founder of the house, Antonio, began his life romantically enough. When he was a youngster of seventeen or eighteen, he fell in love with Francesca Capra, a widow of a man who had been assassinated. She was nine or ten years older than Stradivari, and they were married on July 4, 1667. In the following December the first of their six children was born. Two of his sons took up their father's trade. Both of them died bachelors, and the third son became a priest.

At the age of fifty-eight Francesca died. After a year of widowerhood, he wedded again; this time, a woman fourteen or fifteen years younger than he. She bore him five children, and he outlived her less than a year. His descendants dwelt for generations, flourishing on his fame, at Cremona.

The Amati were also a numerous family of luthiers, as were the Guarnieri, but I have not been able to poke into their private affairs, though he who called himself "Jesus," was addicted to imprisonment, and is said to have made violins out of bits of wood brought him by the jailer's daughter. She sold the fiddles to buy him luxuries.

But now, lest we should too firmly believe that music exerts an amorous and domestic effect, we are confronted with the ponderous majesty of one of the proudest spirits that ever strode the creaking earth, Georg Friedrich H?ndel, who was born the very same year as the much-married Bach, but led a life as opposite as North Pole from South. The first snub he dealt to Cupid, was when he was eighteen, and sought the post of organist held by the famous old Buxtehude, who had married years before the daughter of an organist to whose post he aspired, and had left behind him a daughter thirty-four years old as an incumbrance upon his successor. H?ndel could have got the job, if he would have had the girl. But she was almost twice his age, and he left her for another musician to marry in. Then he went to Italy, and was pursued in vain under those bewitching skies by no belated German spinster, but by a beautiful and attractive Italienne. Her, he also spurned. When he was in England, he seems to have come very near falling in love with two different women. The mother of the first objected to him as a mere fiddler. After she died, the father invited him into the family, only to be told that the invitation was too late. The other woman, a lady of high degree, offered herself as a substitute for his career, only to be declined with thanks and possibly with a formal statement that "rejection implied no lack of merit." Seeing that these things happened in the eighteenth century, I need not add that both women were romantic enough to go into a decline, and die beautifully.

Whatever food music may have been to H?ndel's greatness, there was another food that rivalled it in his esteem; and that food was the symphonic poetry of the cook. For H?ndel was almost equally famous both as a composer and a digester. In this he was rivalled by the father of French opera, Lully, who was a gourmand, in spite of the fact that he spent his early life as a kitchen boy. He led his wife a miserable existence on account of his hot temper, his brutality, and his excesses in solid and liquid food. After him came Rameau, who, like Stradivari, fell in love with a widow while he was still in his teens and she well out of hers. He did not wed, however, until he was forty-three, and then he wed an eighteen-year-old girl, who was, they say, a very good woman, and who did her best to make her husband very happy. But he was taciturn, and rarely spoke even to his own family, and spent on them almost less money than words. Another opera composer of the time was Reinhard Keiser. He married a woman who, with her wealth and her voice, rescued his operatic ventures from bankruptcy. These make a rather sordid and unromantic group.

But again there stalks forth, to confound all our theories, the superb figure of Gluck, who fell in love but once, and then for all time, with Maria Anna Pergin, who loved him, and whose mother approved of him, but whose purse-proud father despised him for a musician. The lovers accepted the rebuff as a temporary sorrow only, and Providence, like a playright, removed the stern parent in the next act. Gluck flew back from Italy to Vienna to his betrothed, "with whom to his death he dwelt in happiest wedlock." She went with him on his triumphal tours, and spent her wealth in charities. They had no children of their own, but adopted a niece. The devoted wife used to play his accompaniment as he sang his own music, and when he died he took especial pains that she should be his sole and exclusive heir, even leaving it to her pleasure whether or not his brothers and sisters should have anything at all.

Plainly we should be thinking that music has a purifying, ennobling, and substantial effect upon society, if only Gluck's friend and partisan, the successful composer and immortal writer, Jean Jacques Rousseau, would not intrude upon the picture with his faun-like paganisms and magnificently shameless "Confessions."

Jostling elbows with him comes Gluck's chiefest rival, Piccinni, one of the most beautiful characters in history, a man who could wage a mortal combat in art, without bitterness toward his bitter rivals. He could, when Gluck died, strive to organise a memorial festival in his honour, and when his other rival, Sacchini, was taken from the arena by death, he could deliver the funeral eulogy. This Sacchini, by the bye, was a reckless voluptuary, who seems never to have married.

Piccinni was the very beau ideal of a father and a husband. He and his wife, who was a singer of exquisite skill and a teacher of ability, gave little home concerts, which were events. They and their many children went through more vicissitudes than have fallen to the lot of many musicians; but always they loved one another and their art, and there always remains that picture which the Prince of Brunswick stumbled upon, when he knocked at Piccinni's door, and found him rocking the cradle of one of his children, while another tugged at his coat in boisterous fun, and the mother beamed her enjoyment.

Hardly less ideal, though far more picturesque and dramatic, was the romance of Mozart.

This goldenhearted genius was a composer at an age when many children have not commenced to learn their ABC's; he was a virtuoso before the time when most boys can be trusted with a blunt knife. Kissed and fondled by great beauties, from the age of five, it is small wonder that Mozart began to improvise upon the oldest theme in the world precociously. His first recorded love affair is found in his letters at the age of thirteen. He loved with the same radiant enthusiasm that he gave to his music, and while some of his flirtations were of the utmost frivolity, such as his hilarious courtship of his pretty cousin, the "B?sle," he was capable of the completest altruism, and could turn aside from the aristocracy to lavish his idolatry upon the fifteen-year-old daughter of a poor music copyist, whose wife took in boarders. For this girl, Aloysia Weber, he wanted to give up his own career as a concert pianist; he wanted to give up the conquest he had planned of Paris, and devote himself to the training of her voice, to writing operas for her exploitation, and to journeying in Italy for the production of these operas and the promulgation of her talents. Yet after breaking his heart, as he supposed, for the gifted and fickle woman who became a successful prima donna,-after losing her, he did that most impossible thing which could never happen in real fiction, and sought his consolation in the arms and in the heart of Aloysia's younger sister, who was not especially pretty, and was only modestly musical. But her name was Constanze, and she lived up to it.

Constanze could always read to him, and tell him stories as he liked to have her do while he composed, and she could cut up his meat for him lest in his absent-mindedness he carve off one of his valuable fingers. And when she was ill, as she frequently was, there could be no gentler nurse than he. Besides, when winter was upon them, it was no winter of discontent, for if the fire gave out and the fuel could not be afforded, could they not always waltz together?

Twice Mozart must make concert tours for money, and twice he came home poorer than he went, but at least he left the world some of the gentlest and most hearty love-letters in its literature. When he was at home, Vienna was busy with anecdotes of his devotion. He was indeed so good a husband that Constanze could not even withhold forgiveness for certain occasions when he strayed from the narrow path of absolute fidelity; for she knew that his heart had its home with her. When he died, supposedly of malignant typhus, she tried to catch his disease and die with him, and her health broke so completely that she could not attend his funeral; and when she was recovered enough to visit the cemetery, she could not discover, what no man has since found out, in just what three-deep pauper's grave Mozart was buried.

All in all, in spite of certain ficklenesses in which this immortal musician has been surpassed by lovers of all walks of life, from blacksmiths to bishops, music has created one of tenderest, most honest of all romances.

But then there was a man whose life encompassed Mozart's, as a long brace encompasses a stave of music. For Joseph Haydn was born twenty-four years before Mozart, and died eighteen years after him. And this man's love affairs were of altogether different fabric.

While Mozart died in his poverty at thirty-five, Haydn, dying at seventy-seven, was worried over the endowment he should leave to a discarded mistress, whose name, strangely enough, was also Aloysia. And Haydn, more than strangely enough, had begun his life the same way by proposing to an older sister, and marrying a younger; but with results how unlike!

Haydn also found his inamorata in the home of a poor man who had been kind to him. His wife, however, led him a dog's life. The only interest she seemed to have in his music was to keep him writing numbers for the priests, who clustered around her, eating Haydn out of house and home. Frau Haydn was a shrew, and he finally gave up trying to live at home, seeking his consolation at court with a young and beautiful Neapolitan singer, who was unhappily married to a poor fiddler, named Polzelli. The two lovers made little secret of their hope that one or both of their ill-favoured spouses would pass away. But they both declined to "die by request," as Artemus Ward has it.

After a time the lovers drifted apart, until finally Aloysia married again, though to the last she held Haydn to an agreement he had made years before, to marry no other woman, and to leave her a pension. Meanwhile, in London, Haydn was having a quaint alliance, sub rosa, with a widow. Her letters to him, as doubtless his to her, were full of gentle idolatry. She had been writing these to him while he had been writing ardent letters of yearning to Polzelli. Altogether Haydn does not shine as the beau ideal of single-hearted fidelity.

Was it from him that Beethoven caught his own fickleness along with so much of his musical manner? Beethoven had one of the busiest hearts in history.

We cannot say that he might not have been a marrying man if disease and deafness had not harrowed his volcanic soul, and made his life so largely one of tempestuous tragedy, in which he wandered through the world, and found it as homeless and as bleak as did the Wandering Jew, whose quarrels with Fate were no more fierce, more majestic, nor more vain than Beethoven's. Among the multitudinous agonies that throng his letters and rave through his music, are many cries of wild longing for a homelife in a woman's heart.

But these "diminished sevenths" of unrest and yearning are often resolved in a cold minor of resignation or of cynicism in which he claims to be willing, and at times even glad, to pass his life alone. We are not justified, then, in taking Beethoven as a man of domestic inclinations. The most confirmed bachelors have their moments of doubt, and Beethoven had every qualification for driving a wife even madder than he himself could be on occasions. His most intimate and unswerving friends were the victims of spasms of suspicious hatred and maltreatment that surely no wife worth having could ever have endured through the honeymoon.

And yet in his love-letters there is a notable absence of jealousy or whim, and we can only accept his life as we find it, and regard him as a great genius who rushed from love to love, and never tarried for wedlock. As to the quality of those love affairs,-we meet a conflict of authority; some of his friends recording him as a wonder of chastity, and others treating him as a never-tiring flirt.

Among the thirty or more women who accepted his attentions, he could easily have found a wife, had he been at heart a marrying man. He has perpetuated in his dedications all these flames, and it was in the furnace of these flames that much of his music was forged. But how shall we blame or praise music for its effect upon Beethoven's heart, in the face of the antipodal life of such a fellow bachelor as H?ndel? And to these two bachelors there belongs a third great bachelor of music, Schubert, who is said never to have loved a woman. Even the paltry anecdote or two of his hopeless love for a very young countess is dismissed by the cautious as a fable. Schubert was a pauper to the nth degree. But he found his joy in the hilarity of the Vienna cafés with boisterous friends, working up a maximum enthusiasm on a minimum of food, living a life of much art and equal beer. He seems never to have truly cared for women, nor to have been cared for by them.

There are all sorts of bachelorhoods, and there is a wide distinction between the womanless splendour of H?ndel's life at court, and the unilluminated garret of Schubert's obscurity. There is a difference also in the busy, promiscuous courtship of Beethoven, who dedicated thirty-nine compositions to thirty-six women, and that of Chopin, who, though he could conduct three flirtations of an evening, seems to have loved but thrice, and to have planned marriage but once.

Chopin, only half-Polish, and finding his true home in Paris, had been loved by the tiny musicienne, hardly so big as her name, Leopoldine Blahetka, but his first true love was for the raving beauty, Constantia Gladkovska, whom he mourned for in prose as highly coloured as his nocturnes, wishing that after his death his ashes might be strewn under her feet. She married elsewhere. The Polish Maria Wodzinska was his next flame, and he wished to marry her, but he, who had the salons of Paris at his princely behest, could not hold this nineteen-year-old girl. Then he fell into the embrace of George Sand, that mysterious sphinx who clasped him to her commodious heart, and held him as with claws, though little he cared to escape; and yet, her claws drew blood, and at length it was the sphinx herself who struggled for release from the embrace of the fretful genius, whom consumption was claiming with her own clammy arms. Every one knows all there is to know about the Chopin-Sand affair, all and a great deal more, but who could draw from it any inference as to the effect of music?

Sand was attracted to Chopin by his art. With her as nurse, his genius accomplished much of its greatest, and it held her enthralled for a time. To Chopin, music was both a medicine and a disease, torment and solace. But that he would have lived his life differently in any way had he been a painter, a poet, an architect, a man of affairs, or an idler, with the same effeminate nature, the same elegance of manner, the same disease, the same women about him, I can find no reason to believe. Is it not the man and the environment rather than the music that makes such a life what it is?

There is another brilliant consumptive, Carl Maria von Weber, a member of a long line of musicians. At seventeen he had formed "a tender connection with a lady of position," whom he lost sight of later and forgot in the race with fast young noblemen, whose dissipation he rivalled. A mad entanglement with a singer ruined him in purse, and almost in career. His frivolities ended in an arrest and punishment which sobered him with the abruptness of a plunge into a stream of ice. But his gaiety was as irrepressible as Chopin's melancholy, and he gave Germany some of its most cheerful music. His heart was restless, and still at the age of twenty-seven he was writhing in an infatuation for a worthless ballet-girl. Then his affection for a singer and soubrette, Caroline Brandt, steadied him. After a long period of effort to establish a firm position they married, and the soubrette became a "Haus-frau." He was thirty-one, however, before this point was reached, and the honeymoon consisted of a concert tour.

The glory of his later life fought against the gloom of his disease, but the ferocious rake had made, as the proverb has it, an ideal husband and father. His letters to his wife are full of ardour. It was a tour through England that exhausted Chopin's last strength, and it was Weber's fate to die alone in London in the midst of eager preparations and vast hunger to reach his home. He was not quite forty when he died, and his life had been two lives, one of unchecked libertinism, and the other all integrity of purpose. But it was in the latter half that he wrote his best music.

The domestic and home-establishing influences of music might be pleaded even more strongly from the life of Mendelssohn. A more musical home than that in which Mendelssohn grew up, could hardly exist, nor one in which family life reached a higher level of comfort and delight. Like Mozart, Mendelssohn was especially devoted to his sister. Her death indeed grieved him so deeply, that he died shortly after. A man of the utmost cheer and wholesomeness, revelling in dancing, swimming, riding, sketching, and billiards; he was idolised in the circle around him, though his life was not without its enmities. He had many slight flirtations, but seems to have been even engaged but once, to Cécile Jeanrenaud, whom he married. His home life was a repetition of that ideal circle in his father's house. A busier life or a more pleasantly respectable can hardly be found in the history of men, nor yet a more truly musical.

A life of similar brilliance and similar musical immersion was that of Liszt, whose domestic career was nevertheless as different as possible. A soul of greater generosity, and more zealous altruism in many respects, it would be hard to find, and yet his relations to women were, in the conventional view, a colossal and multifarious scandal. Have we any more right to blame his domestic outrages to the music that was in him, than to the almost equally intense religious ardour that fought for him, leading him again and again to seek to enter a monastery, and finally actually to take orders? Abélard was a sufficiently tempestuous and irregular lover, yet he was a priest, and not a musician. Can we then blame harmony and melody for the humming-bird "amours" of the Abbe Liszt,-for the many women he made material love to from his early youth,-for the very dubious honesty of his bearing toward the Comtesse d'Agoult and the Princess Wittgenstein, with whom he debated the formalities of marriage without hesitating over the actualities?

There is a strange cluster of domestic infelicities centring about Liszt. The Comtesse d'Agoult loved him so ardently that she braved the world for him, driving even her complacent husband to divorce her; but even then, though they lived together, Liszt did not marry her. He even brought George Sand, the ex-mistress of so many men, including Liszt himself, to live at the house with the comtesse, who had borne him three children out of wedlock. One of these children became the wife of Hans von Bülow, who was driven to divorce her that she might marry his teacher, Richard Wagner, whose first wife had endured twenty-five years of his irregularities in everything, except poverty, and who separated from him during the last five years of her life.

Shall we blame all this to music, and if so, shall we say that music has atoned sufficiently in the devotion of Wagner and his second wife to each other, and their lofty theories of art? And in any case, how shall we explain the influence of music in the life of Wagner's rival for supremacy, Johannes Brahms, a confirmed bachelor; or his other contemporary, Tschaikovski, who, after a normal love affair with a singer, Desirée Art?t, who jilted him, eventually married a girl by whom he seemed to have been deeply loved, without feeling any return? He claimed to have explained to the enamoured girl that he would marry her if she wished, but that he could not love her. On these terms she accepted him, and the bridegroom endured all the agonies of heart ordinarily ascribed to bartered brides. A burlesque honeymoon of a week was soon followed by a separation. Tschaikovski regarded his wife with a horror bordering on insanity, finding what little consolation life had for him in the devotion of a widow, who furnished him liberally with funds and admiration, with an affection which, for lack of better information, we can only call, for lack of a better word, Platonic.

There are other musicians whose private affairs I need not repeat here, and yet others' that I have not poked into. There is no lack of curious entanglements, especially in the matter of the men and women who have played upon the human voice, but we have surely collected enough material for forming a judgment, especially when we have turned an additional glance upon the life of one other composer.

Now, the influence of music might be modified beyond recognition by the fact that one of the lovers might not be musical; but surely, when both man and woman are professional musicians, there can be no doubt of the governing power of music. In recent musical history there is one eminent composer who married a woman also prominent in music. In fact, Clara Wieck has been called the most eminent woman who ever took up music as a profession. It would be hard to deny Robert Schumann a place among the major gods of creative art. Every one knows how he began to love Clara, and she him, when he was first leaving his teens and she entering her fame as an eleven-year-old prodigy. Their fidelity through the storm and stress of their courtship, their lifelong sympathy and collaboration in conserving a humanly perfect home, and in achieving a dual immortality, both as lovers and as musicians-these certainly indicate music as a solidifying and enriching force in society.

And now, finally, in the procession that has filed past you, you have seen almost every imaginable form of love and lover, of husband and Lothario, or woman-hater. There have been cool-blooded bachelors like H?ndel, Schubert, and Brahms; there have been passionate pilgrims like Chopin, Beethoven, and Liszt, who loved many women, and married none. There have been the home-keeping breeders of children, and contentment, such as Willaert, Orlando di Lasso, Palestrina, the Bachs, Gluck, Piccinni, Weber, Mendelssohn, and Schumann; and Bizet, whose wife said after his death, that there was not a moment of their six years' honeymoon she could regret or would not re-live. There have been the unhappily wed, who, through the fault of themselves, or their wives, found and made misery at home, and sought nepenthe elsewhere, such as Haydn, Berlioz, and Tschaikovski. There have been married lives of mixed nature, neither failure nor success, such as the careers of Lully, Rameau, Stradivari, and Wagner.

If any one lives who could extract from this medley a theory as to the effect of music upon the human heart,-a theory that will satisfy himself alone, to say nothing of the world in general,-he is welcome to his conclusion. To me it is a chaos wherethrough I cannot pretend to trace any thread of unity. I can only fall back upon this agnosticism: if any man argue to the effect, that music has a moral influence on life, I will hurl at his head some of the most brilliant rascals in domestic chronicle; and equally, if any man will deny that music has a moral effect, I will barricade his path with some of the most beautiful lives that have ever bloomed upon earth. It is, after all, a matter of time, tide, and temperament. If a man of amorous nature happens to lead a life of much leisure, his idle mind will turn one way; and if the tide of opportunity concur, he will be dissipated, whether he be composer, clergyman, business man, bravo, soldier, sailor, carpenter, king, plumber, poet, pope, or peasant.

The long and the short of it is, perhaps, that music, being a universal art, like a universal watch-key, will set going the complicated cogs and springs of every soul and yet not regulate or assure its rhythm. Music stimulates and satisfies the mind in any of its whims, and you can tune it to a softly chanted prayer, or to a dance orgy; to a hymn of exultation, or a tinkling serenade; a kindergarten song, to the bloodthirst of armies; to voluptuous desires that cannot or dare not be worded, or to raptures distilled of every human dross; to cynical raillery, or the very throb of a young lover's heart; to the hilarity of a drinking song, or the midnight elegies of ineffable despair. How is such an art as this to compel, or to deny anything or anybody?

Musicians, then, are only ordinary clay, who happened to make music, instead of other things of more or less beauty or value. They are every-day puppets of circumstance and of inner and outer environment, who might have been happier, and might have been unhappier, with the women they wed or did not wed, had those women died younger, or lived longer-or with other women, or with none at all.

THE END.

* * *

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* * *

INDEX

Abélard, Pierre

Adonis

?sculapius

Agoult, Comte d'

Agoult, Marie Sophie, Comtesse d'

Amati, family of violin-makers

Anfossi, Pasquale

Anhalt-K?then, Prince of

Anne, Queen

Aphrodite

Apollo

Arco, Count

Arion

Arne, Dr. Thomas

Arnim, Bettina Brentano von

Artignon, D'

Artot, Desirée

Auber, D.F.E.

Aurnhammer

Austen, Jane

Bacchylides

Bach, Johann Ambrosius

Bach, Johann Christoph

Bach, Johann Michael

Bach, Johann Sebastian

Bach, Karl Philip Emmanuel

Bach, Maria Barbara

Bach, Regina

Bach, Wilhelm Friedemann

Baillot, Pierre M.F.

Baini, Abbate Giuseppe

Balfe, Michael William

Banck, Carl

Baranius, Henrietta

Barcinska, Isabella

Barezzi, Margarita

Bargiel, Madame, mother of Clara Wieck

Bargiel, Woldemar

Barisani, Doctor

Barré, Leonardo

Bartalozzi, Madame

Beard, John

Beatrice (Portinari), Dante's muse

Becker, Konstantin J.

Beethoven, Ludwig von

Behrens, S.

Belart, Hans

Belderbusch, Count von

Bellington, Mrs.

Bellini, Vincenzo

Belonda, Fr?ulein von

Bennett, Sterndale

Berenclow

Bériot, Charles Auguste de

Berlioz, Hector

Berlioz, Madame

Betz, Franz

Beyle, Marie Henri

Bianchi, Antonia

Bizet, Georges

Blackburn, Vernon

Blahetka, Leopoldine

Blow, John

Bo?tius, Anicius

B?hler, Christine

Boieldieu, Francois A.

Boileau-Despréaux, Nicolas

Bonnet, J.

Bononcini, Giovanni M.

Bora, Catherina von

Boswell, James

Bourdelot

Boutmy, Josse or Jodocus

Boutmy, Laurent

Brahms, Johannes

Brandt, Carolina

Bray, Mrs

Brebos, Gilles

Brebos, Jean

Brenner, Genofeva von

Breunig, Eleanora von

Breunig, Stephan von

Bridgetower, George Augustus Polgreen

Broschi, Carlo (see Farinelli)

Browne, Countess von

Browning, Robert and Elizabeth

Brunetti, Theresa

Brunswick, Charlotte, Countess von

Brunswick, Therese von

Brutus, Marcus Junius

Bull, Dr. John

Bülow, Cosima von (see also Wagner)

Bülow, Daniela von

Bülow, Hans von

Bülow, Isolde von

Buononcini (see Bononcini)

Burney, Charles

Buus, Jacques

Buxtehude, Dietrich

Byrd, William

Byron, Lord

Cabestanh, Guillem de

Caccini, Francesca

Calina

Cannabich, Rosa

Capra, Francesca

Carlyle, Thomas

Carpani, G

Carus, Professor

Czetwertynska, Ludvika, Duchess

Charles X., King

Charpentier, Madame

Chaucer, Geoffrey

Cherubini, M.L.Z.C.S.

Chopin, Frederick

Chopin, Louise, his sister

Chrysander, Fr.

Cimarosa, Domenico

Clementi, Muzio

Cleopatra

Closset, Doctor

Colbran, Isabella

Copperfield, David

Cordelia

Corelli, Marie

Corey, Giles

Cornaro, Cardinal

Cornelius, Peter von

Coronis, nymph

Cotes, Ambrosio de

Cou?y, Chatelain Regnault de

Couwenhoven, Adrien

Coxe, Dr. William

Cristofori, B.

Croes, H.J. de

Crowest, F.W.

Cummings, W.H.

Cupid

Custine, Countess de

Cuzzoni, Francesca

Dante

Daphne

David

David, Leah

Delmotte

Delorme, Marian

Desmarets, Henri

Desprès, Josquin

Devrient, Wilhelmine Schroeder

Dickens, Charles

Diderot, Denis

Diehl, Alice Mangold

Dies, Albert K.

Droszdick, Baron von

Dubufe, Edward

Dubufe, Guillaume

"Duchess," The

Dudevant, Aurore (see Sand, George)

Du Maurier, George

Dunciad

Eck, Francis

Egeria, nymph

"Eliot, George"

érard, The family

Erd?dy, Countess Marie

Ertmann, Baroness

Espinosa, Juana de

Esterhazy, Prince

Esterhazy, Carolina

Estrades, Abbé d'

Farinelli (properly Carlo Broschi)

Faustina (see Hasse)

Fechner, Clementine

Ferdinand VII. of Spain

Ferrabosco, Domenico

Fétis, Fr. J.

Field, John

Filaretovna, Nadeschda

Finck, Henry T.

Flavigny, Comte

Fleury, Duchesse de,

Flotow, Fr. von

Fontana

Fortini

Fournier, Madame

Franci, Luigi

Franck, César

Franz, Robert

Fricken, Ernestine von

Fumaroli, Judge

Fumetti, Maria Anna

Fürstenau, A.B.

Galatea

Galilei, Galileo

Gallenberg, Count

Garella, Lydia

Gastoldi, Doctor

Gautier, Theophile

Gavadia, Joanna

Geminiani, Francesco

Genast, Doris

Genzinger, Maria Anna Sabina von

Giannatasio

Giannatasio, Fanny del Rio

Ginguené, Pierre Louis

Giorgione, Giorgio

Gladovska, Constantia

Glasenapp, Karl Fr.

Gleichenstein, I.

Gleichenstein, Mathilde, Baroness

Glinka, Michail Ivanovitch

Gluck, Christoph Willibald, Ritter von

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang

Gounod, Charles

Grabowski, Joseph

Gregorius

Grieg, Edvard

Griesinger, G.A.

Grétry, André E.M.

Grétry, Lucille

Grimm, Baron

Grob, Theresa

Grove, Sir George

Guabaelaraoen, Madalena

Guadagnini, J.B.

Guarnieri, Andreas, Pietro, and Giuseppe

Gublitz

Guicciardi, Giulietta

Halévy, Geneviève

Hamilton, Lady Emma

H?ndel, Georg Friedrich

Hanmann, Fr?ulein von

Haslinger, Tobias

Hasse, J.A. and Faustina

Hawkins, Sir John

Haydn, Joseph

Heim, Emilie

Heine, Heinrich

Helen of Troy

Héloise, Abbess

Henderson, W.J.

Hensel, Fanny

Herbert, Lady Henrietta

Hérold, L.J.F.

Herschel, Fr. Wm.

Hiller, Ferdinand

Hinrichs, Marie (see Franz)

Hodges, Mrs.

Hoesick, Ferdinand

Hofd?mmel

Hohenlohe, Cardinal

Honrath, Jeannette d'

Hortensia

Houtermann, Marc

Howard, Lady Elizabeth

Hubbard, Elbert

Huber, Fr?ulein

Hueffer, Francis

Hugo, Victor and Madame

Hummel, J.N.

Humphries, Pelham

Huneker, James

Hunter, Mrs. John

Ibbetson, Peter

Irisi

Ivanof, Maria Petrovna

Ivanovska, Carolina von

Jahn, Otto

James, Henry

Jeanrenaud, Cécile Sophie Charlotte

Jeanrenaud, Madame

Jennings, Catherine

Joachim, Josef

Jonah

Julius III., Pope

Kablert, August

Karajan, T.G., Ritter von

Karasovski, M.

Karlovics

Kashkin, N.

Kayser, Hofrath von

Keats, John

Keglevitch, Babette, Countess von

Keiser, Reinhard

Keiserin, Mile

Keller

Keller, Anna

Kind, J.F.

Kinsky, Countess von

Klopstock, Fr. G.

Koch, Barbara

K?chel, Ludwig

Koerner, Th.

Koler, Katharina

Koschak, Frau Marie L. Pachler

Krause, Justice Counsellor

Krehbiel, Henry Edward

Kreisler, Reinhard

Kreutzer, Conradin

Kreutzer, Rudolphe

Kurer, Clara von

Lablache, Madame (widow of Boucher)

Lacombe, Paul

"La Mara," (see Bibliography)

Laidlaw, Mrs.

Lambert, Madeline

Lamennais, Abbé Lampi, painter Lang, Margarethe

Lang, Peppi

Lange,

Laprunarède, Adele, Countess de

Lassus, Ferdinand de

Lassus, Orland di

Lattre, Roland de (see Lassus)

Lear, King

Lefébure-Wély, Louis J.A.

Leitgeb, Madame

Lelia

Leoni, Leone

Leporello,

Lichnovsky, Prince Carl

Lichnovsky, Countess

Lichtenstein, Princess

Lichtenstein, Karl A. von

"Liddy"

Lincoln, Abraham

List, Emily

Liszt, Blandine

Liszt, Daniel

Liszt, Franz

Litzmann, Berthold

Lorelei

Lortzing, Albert

Lucifer

Ludvig, King of Bavaria

Lully, Jean Baptiste de

Luther, Martin

Mafleuray, Clotilda

Mainwaring, Doctor

Malfatti, Thérèse von

Malibran, Maria Felicita

Malibran, New York merchant

Manfrotti, Eliade

Manfrotti, Leonora

Marcello, Benedetto

Marcellus, Pope

Marie Antoinette, Queen

Mark, King

Marlborough, The Duchess of

Marmontel, Antoine Fr.

Marschner, Heinrich

Mattheson, Johann

Matuszinski

Maupin, Mile, de

Maximilian, Duke of Bavaria

Maximilian, Emperor

Maximilienne, Princess

Mary, Queen of Scots

Meck, Frau von

Medici family

Medici, Lorenzo dei

Mendelssohn, Carl

Mendelssohn, Felix Bartholdy

Mendelssohn, Marie

Mendelssohn, Paul

Mercury

Merelli

Mermann, Doctor

Meyerbeer, Giacomo

Meyers

Michelangelo

Milder, Anna

Miljukova, Antonina Ivanovna

Milton, John

Molière

Molza, Tarquinia

Mombelli, family

Monteverde, Claudio

Montpensier, Mlle. de

Moretto, Count de

Moriolles, Countess Alexandra

Moscheles, Ignaz

Mosson, Minna

Mozart, Anna or "Nannerl"

Mozart, Carl

Mozart, Leopold

Mozart, Marianne

Mozart, Wolfgang

Müller, Elise

Musset, Alfred de

"Nanni"

"Nanny"

Negri, Christine

Neimtschek

Nelson, Horatio, Admiral

Newmarch, Rosa

Newton, Sir Isaac

Niecks, Frederick

Nietzsche, Friedrich

Nissen, George Nicolaus von

Nohl, Louis (or Ludvig)

Nossig, Alfred

Odeschalchi, Princess

Olivier, Emile

Orpheus

Pachler, Marie

Paderewski

Padilla y Ramos

Pa?r, Ferdinando

Paesiello, Giovanni

Paganini, Achille

Palestrina, Angelo

Palestrina, Doralice

Palestrina, Giovanni Pier Luigi

Palestrina, Igino

Palestrina, Lucrezia

Palestrina, Rodolfo

Palestrina, Silla

Pan

Pasetti

Paul IV., Pope

Pecht, painter

Pelissier, Olympe

Pember, E.H.

Pergin, Joseph

Pergin, Marie Anna

Pergolesi, G.B.

Peri, Jacopo

Perl, Henry

Pepys, Samuel

Peyermann, Frau

Pfeiffer, Marianne

Philidor, Fr., Andre Danican

Piccinni, Madame

Piccinni, Nicola

Pitoni, G.O.

Pius IX., Pope

Planer, Wilhelmine or Minna

Plater, Countess

Plato

Playford, John

Poe, Edgar Allen

Pohl, Louis

Pohl, Richard

Poliziano, Angelo

Polko, Elise

Polovna, Marie, Grand Duchess of Weimar

Polzelli, Anton

Polzelli, Luigia

Potocka, Countess

Praeger, Fd. C. Wm.

Prometheus

Prudent, Emile

Psyche

Purcell, Edw.

Purcell, Frances

Purcell, Henry

Purcell, Mary Peters

Pygmalion

Rackerman, Louis

Raff, Joachim

Ramann, Lina

Rameau, Jean Philippe

Rameau, Marie Louisa Mangot

Raphael, painter

Ravina, Jean Henri

Reade, Charles

Reinken, Johann Adam

Reissman, August

Reissman, Henrietta

Reynolds, Sir Joshua

Ricci or Rizzio, David

Richard III.

Richardson, Samuel

Richter, Hans

Richter, Jean Paul

Riemann, Hugo

Ries, Ferdinand

Riese, dancing master

Rinucini, Ottavio

Ritter, Julie

Rocheaud, De

Rochis

Rockstro, Wm. S.

Roeckel, Elizabeth, wife of Hummel

Roeckel, Joseph L.

Rollet, Adèle Elise

Romeo

Rore, Ciprien de

Rossi, Count

Rossi, Countess (see Sontag)

Rossini, Gioacchino A.

Roth

Rousseau, Jean Jacques

Rubinstein, Anton

Rubinstein, Nikolai

Rudel, Geoffrey

Rue, Pierre de la

Runciman, John F.

Ruskin, John

Sacchini, Antonio M.G.

Salieri, Antonio

"Sand, George"

Sarti, Giuseppe

Saul

Savoy, Duchess of

Sayn-Wittgenstein (see Wittgenstein)

Scarlatti, Alessandro

Scarlatti, Domenico Schanzer, Marie

Schauroth, Delphine von

Scheffer, Ary

Scheidler, Dorette

Schieferdecker, J.C.

Schiller, Friedrich

Schillingfurst-Hohenlohe, Prince Constantin

Schindler, Anton

Schmidt, Anton

Schober, Franz von

Schoelcher, Victor

Schopenhauer, Arthur

Schroeter, Corona

Schroeter, Johann Samuel

Schroeter, Mrs. R.

Schubert, Franz

Schumann, Clara (see also Wieck)

Schumann, Robert

Schuré, Edouard

Scott, Sir Walter

Sebald, Amalia

Senesino (rightly Francesco Bernardi)

Seranzo, Paolo

Seyfried, Ignaz X. von

Shakespeare

Sibilla, Vicenza (see Piccinni)

Slovaki, Julius

Smetana, Friedrich

Smith, J.C.

Smithson, Miss

Socrates

Sontag, Henrietta

Souvaroff, Prince

Spaun, Baron

Spitta, Aug. Ph.

Spohr, Louis

Spontini, Gasparo L.P.

St. Criq, Caroline

Steibelt, Daniel

Stendahl, De (pen name of Beyle)

"Stern, Daniel"

Sterndale, Sir William

Stradella, Alessandro

Stradivari, Antonio

Stradivari, Francesco

Stradivari, Paolo

Stratton, S.S.

Strauss, D.F.

Strauss, Johann

Strauss, Josef

Streite, postmaster

Strepponi, Signora

Stuck, Franz

Swedenborg, Emanuel

Swift, Jonathan

Syrinx, nymph

Tannh?user

Tausig, Karl

Tenger, Miriam

Tesi, Vittoria

Thalberg, Sigismund

Thayer, Alexander W.

The de

Thomas, Georgina

Tolstoi, Leo

Towers, Duchess of

Townsend, Pauline D.

Treffy, Jetty

Tripoli, Countess of

Tromlitz, Johann G.

Tschaikovski, Anatol

Tschaikovski, Modeste

Tschaikovski, Peter Iljitsch

Tschekonanof, Vera

Turette, Cécile

"Twain, Mark"

Uhlig, Theodor

Upton, George P.

Vandam

Van der Straeten, Edmond

Van Quickelberg

Venus

Verdi, Giuseppe

Verocai

Vidal, Pierre

Vigitill, Elise

Villars, Marquis de

Villon, Fran?ois

Vogler, Abbé

Voigt, Henrietta

Wagner, Eva

Wagner, Richard

Wagner, Siegfried

Waldegrave, Earl of

Walker, Elizabeth

Wallace, Lady Grace

"Ward, Artemus"

Weber, Aloysia

Weber, Carl Maria von (see Mozart)

Weber, Constanze

Weber, Doctor

Weber, Franz Anton von

Weber, Josepha

Weber, Madame, mother of Constanze W.

Weber, Max Maria, Baron von

Weber, Sophia

Weckinger, Regina

Wert, Jacques de

Wegeler, Dr. Franz G.

Weimar, Grand Duke of

Weldon, Captain and Mrs

Wendling, Fr?ulein

Wesendonck, Mathilde

Wesendonck, Otto

Westerhold, Fraulein

Wickerslot, Ana

Wieck, Carl

Wieck, Clara (see also Schumann)

Wieck, Edouard

Wieck, Friedrich

Wieck, Marie

Wildeck, Christian

Wildeck, Magdalena

Willaert, Adrien

Willaert, Catherine

Willaert, Susanna

Wille, Frau Elise

William, Duke of Bavaria

Winchester, Lady Marchioness

Wittgenstein, Princess Caroline

Wittgenstein, Princess Marie

Wittgenstein, Prince Nicolaus Sayn

Wittgenstein, Prince Fürst

Wodzinska, Maria

Wodzinski, Count

Wolf-Metternich, Countess von

Wood, Mary

Wotan

Wülken, Anna Magdalena

Würtemberg, Duchess

Xantippe

Young, Cecilia

Zambelli, Antonia

Zarlino, Gioseffo

Zelter, Carl

Zimmerman, Mlle. Anna

Zingarelli

Zola