The Handy Cyclopedia of Things Worth Knowing

Ice--Treachery, misadventure.

Imps--Occasion for caution.

Infants--Connubial felicity.

Ink--Reconciliation; (upset) separation.

Insanity--Bright ideas, wise thought.

Iron--Cruel experience.

Island--Solitude, loneliness.

Itch--Small foes.

Ivory--Profitable enterprise.

Intoxication--(One's self) pleasures; (another) scandal.

Ivy--Children many and handsome.

J

Jail--(To enter) safety; (leaving one) single blessedness.

Jaw--Riches in the family.

Jew--Trickery.

Joy--Bad news.

Judge--Punishment.

Jug--Loss through awkwardness or neglect.

K

Keys--Explanations, progress in knowledge; (to lose) perplexity.

Killing--(To see) security; (one's self) love quarrels; (another)

jealousy.

Kids--Consolation.

King--Satisfaction, progress in affairs.

Kiss--(In the light) true love; (in the dark) risks; (a stranger) a new

lover; (a rival) treason; (married woman kissed by a stranger) a new

baby and a jealous husband.

Kitchen--Arrivals.

Kite--Vain glory.

Knife--Inconstancy, dissension.

Knitting--Mischievous talk, malice.

Knots--Embarrassments, difficulties.

Labor--Conjugal happiness, increase of fortune.

Ladder--(To go up) brief glory; (to go down) debasement.

Lady--Humiliation; (many) gossip.

Lambs--(To see) peace; (to have) profit; (to carry) success; (to buy)

great surprise; (to kill) secret grief.

Lame Person--Business misfortune.

Lamps--(Unlit) neglect; (lighted) love troubles.

Landscape--Unexpected gain.

Lantern--(Lighted) safe adventure; (unlit) blunder.

Larks--Riches, elevation.

Laughter--Troubled happiness, botheration.

Leg--(If sound and supple) successful enterprise, prosperous journey.

Letter--(To see) discovery; (to receive) good news from afar.

Lice--Wealth.

Lightning--A love quarrel.

Lily--(Faded) vain hopes; (fine) innocence, happiness.

Linen--Fortune, abundance.

Lion--Future dignity.

Liver--Losses, discomforts.

Lizard--Snares of dubious origin.

Laurel--Honor, gain.

Lawyer--Marriage of a friend.

Lead--Accusations, ingratitude.

Leaves--Transient indisposition.

Leech--Aid in trouble; (many of them) extortion, usury.

Leeks--Labor.

Lettuce--Poverty.

Locksmith--Robbery.

Lottery Tickets--(Number distinct) success in affairs; (number

indistinct) foolish expenditure.

Love--An all round good indication.

Lovers--Troubles and joys mixed.

M

Macaroni--Distress.

Man--(Handsome) love; (ugly) wrangles.

Mantle--Victimizing.

Manure--Depravity, shame.

Maps--A journey.

Marble--Estrangements.

Markets--(A busy one) joyous events; (empty) deprivations.

Marsh--Unfruitful endeavors.

Masks--Hypocrisy.

Measles--Wealth coupled with disgrace.

Meat--(Roast) kind reception, (boiled) melancholy.

Melon--Hope, Success.

Mice--Annoyances.

Milestone--Desires accomplished.

Milk--Love affairs.

Mills--Legacy from a relative

Mire--Mistakes, privations.

Mirror--(To look in) misunderstanding; (broken) misadventure.

Money--Losses in business; (to find) tardy discoveries.

Money-Lender--Persecution.

Monkey--Harmless mischief.

Moon--Love; (bright) continual pleasure; (clouded) sickness, danger to

one beloved; (full) wealth; (new) awakening affection; (failing) deceit;

(red) renown.

Mourning--Impending happiness, invitation to a ball or wedding.

Mouth--(Closed so that cannot eat) sudden death; (wider than usual)

riches.

Mud--Riches.

Mule--Difficulty.

Music--Ease, pleasure.

Mustard--Troubles.

Myrtle--Love declaration.

N

Nails--(Broken) misadventure; (very long) emoluments.

Nakedness--Threatened danger.

Navigating--Approaching journey.

Necklace--Jealousy, annoyance.

Needles--Disappointment in love.

Negro--Vexation, annoyance.

Nest--Good luck, profit.

Newspaper--Botheration, gossip.

Night--(Walking) uneasiness, melancholy.

Nightingale--Happy marriage.

Nose--(That yours is large) prosperity and acquaintance with rich

people.

Nurse--Long life.

Nuts--Peace and satisfaction after trouble and difficulty.

O

Oak--(Green) health, strength; (dead or fallen) heavy losses.

Oars--Safe enterprise; (to break or lose) dependence.

Offer of Marriage--New lovers.

Office--(Turn out of) death or loss of property.

Oil--Good harvest.

Old Person--(Man) prudence, wisdom; (woman) scandal.

Olives--Honors and dignities.

Onions--Aggravation, dispute with inferiors.

Opera--Pleasure followed by pain.

Orange Blossom--A marriage.

Oranges--Amusement, pleasure; (sour) chagrin, injury.

Orchard--Much of nothing.

Ostrich--Misadventure through vanity.

Oven--Ease, riches; (hot) feasting.

Owl--Secrets revealed.

Oysters--Satiety.

P

Pain--Trouble and recovery.

Painter--That everything will be lovely.

Palm-Tree--Honor, power, victory.

Paper--Tidings; (colored) deceit; (painted) brief happiness.

Parent--Good news.

Parrot--A bad neighbor, tale-bearing.

Pastry--(To eat) annoyance; (to make) good times.

Paths--(Straight) happiness; (crooked) ill to the willful.

Pawnbroker--Little result of big endeavor.

Peacock--Peril through pride, ambition or unwariness.

Peaches--Contentment, pleasure.

Pearls--Tears, distress.

Pears--Treachery; (to eat) tidings of death; (to gather) festivities.

Peas--Good fortune.

Pens--Tidings.

Peddler--You are mistaken in your estimate of a friend.

Pepper--Affliction, vexation.

Pheasant--Good fortune; (to kill one) peril; (to carry one) honor.

Piano--Disputes.

Pig--Pork--(Few) avarice; (many) profits.

Pigeon--Reconciliation.

Pillow--Disturbance.

Pills--Trouble.

Pine Tree--Danger.

Pins--Contradiction.

Pirates--Fortunate adventure.

Pitch--Evil companions.

Pitchfork--Punishment.

Playing--Entertainment.

Plums--Pleasure, happiness.

Policeman--Trouble.

Pomegranate--Power.

Postman--News from the absent.

Poverty--Thrift, advantage.

Preserves--Loss of time and money.

Priest--Reconciliation.

Procession--Happy love.

Pump--(If water) marriage and fortune; (if dry) flirtation.

Purchase--(On credit) deprivations; (for cash) possessions.

Purse--(Empty) something to get; (full) pride, disquiet.

Puzzle--Favors, pleasure.

Q

Quail--Family responsibilities.

Quarrel--Constancy, friendship.

Queen--Prosperity.

Questions--Wisdom.

Quill--Particular information.

Quoits--Rivalries.

R

Rabbit--(White) friendship; (black) trouble; (many) extensive pleasures.

Racing--Success in life.

Radishes--That you will discover secrets.

Raft--New views.

Rain--Legacy or gift.

Rainbow--Separation.

Rat--Secret enemies; (white) triumph over enemies.

Raven--Misfortune; (hear one) grief.

Reading--Venturesomeness.

Reaper--A picnic party.

Revenge--Repentance.

Ribbons--Prodigality.

Rice--Talking.

Ride--(With men) it is a good sign; (with women) a bad sign.

Ring--Approaching marriage.

Riot--Scarcity through mischief.

Rival--Quarrels.

River--Success in enterprise; (to fall in) attempts of enemies; (to

throw one's self in) confusion in affairs.

Robber--Fear.

Rock--Annoyance; (to surmount) difficulties overcome.

Roof--Adventure abroad.

Roses--Always of happy omen; (full blown) health, joy, abundance;

(faded) success, with some drawbacks; (white) innocence; (red)

satisfaction; (yellow) jealousy.

Ruffles--Honors, profitable occupation.

Ruins--Pleasant surprises.

Rust--Idle times, decay, failure.

S

Sailor--Tidings from abroad.

Salad--Embarrassments.

Salt--Wisdom.

Satin or Silk--Gain.

Sausage--Affliction, sickness.

Saw--Satisfactory conclusion in affairs.

Scissors--Enemies, hatred.

Scratches--Inconveniences, annoyances.

Screech-Owl--Death of near relative.

Sculptor--Profit.

Sea--Long journey, large affairs.

Seabeach--Tranquilly.

Secretary--Fortune.

Serenade--News of a marriage.

Sermon--Weariness, sleeplessness.

Servant--(Man) abuse of confidence; (maid) suspicion.

Sewing--Plots.

Shawl--(A fine one) honors; (thin or old) shame; (torn) detraction.

Sheep--Great gain.

Shell--(Filled) success; (empty) ill-omen.

Shepherd--Malice.

Ship--Wishes fulfilled; (in danger) unexpected good fortune.

Shoes--Advantageous speculation; (much worn) a speedy journey.

Shop--(To be in) pleasure denied; (to conduct) dues withheld.

Shroud--Death.

Singing--Vexation.

Skating--(To see) hindrances, crosses; (to do) success.

Skeleton--Disgust.

Sky--(Clear) happiness, peace; (clouded) misfortune.

Sleep--Illusive security.

Slippers--Comfort, satisfaction.

Smoke--Extravagant expectations.

Snail--Infidelity, dishonor.

Snakes--Treason, betrayal.

Sneezing--Long life.

Snow--(In season) good harvest; (unseasonable) discouragement.

Soap--Revelations, assistance.

Soldier--Quarrels.

Soup--Return of health or fortune.

Spectacles--Melancholy, obstacles.

Spider--(In the dark) gain; (in the light) contention; (kill one)

pleasure.

Sponge--Greed, avarice.

Sports--Pleasure and after regrets.

Spot--(On clothes) sadness; (on the sun) baseless fears.

Spy--(To be one) reprehension; (to see) rumors.

Stable--Hospitality, welcome.

Stag--Gain; (chase one) business failure.

Stammer--Decision, resolution.

Stars--Happiness; (pale) affliction; (shooting) death of relative.

Stocking--(To pull off) comfort; (to pull on) discomfort; (new) a visit;

(a hole in) deceitful fortune.

Stones--(Under foot) trouble, suffering; (thrown or falling) malice.

Storks--Loss, robbery.

Storm--Contest, vexation.

Stove--Riches.

Stranger--Return of a lost friend.

Strange Bed--Contentment.

Strange Room--A mystery solved.

Strawberries--Unexpected good fortune.

Straws--Poverty.

Street--(To walk in) a favorable reception.

Sugar--Privation and want.

Sun--(Bright) discovery of secrets; (clouded) bad news; (rising)

success; (setting) losses.

Supper--News of a birth.

Swallow--Successful enterprise.

Swans--Private riches.

Swearing--Disagreeables.

Sweeping--Confidence well placed.

Swimming--Enjoyment.

Swords--Misfortune.

T

Table--Joy; (to set) abundance.

Tailor--Unfaithfulness.

Tea--Confusion, incumbrance.

Tears--Joy, comfort.

Teeth--(Handsome) health, goodness; (mean or drawn) vexation, loss.

Ten-Pins--Undesirable adventures.

Tent--Quarrels.

Theater--Sadness, loss.

Thicket--Evasions, apprehensions.

Thief--(To be one) loss; (to lose by one) good speculations.

Thimble--Work hard to find.

Thirst--Affliction.

Thistle--Disputes, folly.

Thorns--Disappointment, pain; (to be pricked by) loss of money.

Thread--Intrigue; (tangled) confusion of affairs; (to break) failure;

(to split) a secret betrayed.

Thunder--Danger; (to see thunderbolt fall) death of a friend.

Tiger--Fierce enmity.

Toads--Something to disgust.

Tomb--Family matters, nuptials, births.

Torches--Invitation to a wedding.

Trap-Door--(Open) a secret divulged; (shut) mystery.

Travel--(On foot) work; (on wheels) fortune.

Treasure--(That you find one) disappointment.

Trees--In general; (green) hope; (withered) grief; (leafless) deceit;

(cut down) robbery; (to climb) change of employment.

Trousers--Honors and responsibilities.

Turkey--If you dream of a turkey you will shortly see a fool.

Turnips--Disappointment, annoyance.

Twins--Honors, riches.

U

Umbrella--(To a lady) A new lover; (to a gentleman) a breach of promise

suit.

Uncle--Advantageous marriage.

Undress--(One's self) rebuke; (another) scandal.

Uniform--(To see) humbling; (to wear) flattery.

Vegetables--(In general) weary toil; (to gather) quarrels; (to eat)

business losses.

Veil--Marriage; (black) death or separation.

Veins--Grief.

Vermin--Enough and to spare.

Villain--Danger of losing property.

Vine--Fruitfulness, abundance.

Vinegar--(To drink) wrangles; (spoiled) sickness.

Violets--Success of undertakings.

Violin--(In concert) sympathy, consolation; (alone) bereavement.

Visitors--Loneliness.

Virgin--Joy without regret; (pretended one) sorrow, evil.

Vulture--Bitter enmity; (kill one) triumph over foes; (one feeding)

returning fortune.

W

Wagon--(Loaded) emolument; (empty) ease, pleasure.

Wake--Poverty and misery.

Wall--Obstacles; (to be on) prosperity.

War--Misunderstandings and contention.

Wardrobe--Advantage.

Wash-Day--New friends, good resolutions.

Wasps--Annoyance; (to be stung) affronts.

Watch--Time well employed.

Watchman--Trifling loss.

Water--See Bath, Drink; (to drink) a marriage or birth; (to fall into)

reconciliation.

Water Carrier--Gain.

Wax--Desirable marriage.

Weasel--To be outwitted.

Wedding--Unexpected danger, troubled happiness.

Well--(Draw water from) good fortune; (fall into) peril.

Wheat--Money.

Wheelbarrow, Wheel--Disability, infirmity.

Whirlwind--Danger, scandal.

Widowhood--Satisfaction, new belongings.

Wife--If a man dreams he sees his wife married to another, it betokens a

separation.

Wolf--Enmity; (to kill one) gain, success.

Woman--Deceit; (fair) love; (ugly) scandal.

Wood-Cutter--Labor without profit.

Woods--(To rich) loss; (to poor) profit.

Work--(Of right hand) prosperity; (of left hand) impecuniosity.

Worms--Secret enemies, ill-health.

Wreck--Catastrophes, peril.

Writing--Pleasant and profitable discovery.

Y

Yeast--Increase, abundance.

Yoke--Responsibilities, particularly of marriage.

Youth--Good time, light responsibilities.

THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS.

Flowers may be combined and arranged so as to express even the nicest

shades of sentiment.

If a flower is offered reversed, its direct significance is likewise

reversed, so that the flower now means its opposite.

A rosebud divested of its thorns, but retaining its leaves conveys the

sentiment. "I fear no longer; I hope." Stripped of leaves and thorns, it

signifies, "There is nothing to hope or fear."

A full-blown rose placed over two buds signifies "Secrecy."

"Yes" is implied by touching the flower given to the lips.

"No" by pinching off a petal and casting it away.

"I am," is expressed by a laurel leaf twined around the bouquet. "I

have," by an ivy leaf folded together. "I offer you," by a leaf of

Virginia creeper.

Combinations and Their Meaning.

Moss, Rosebud and Myrtle--"A confession of love."

Mignonette and Colored Daisy--"Your qualities surpass your charms of

beauty."

Lily of the Valley and Ferns--"Your unconscious sweetness has fascinated

me."

Yellow Rose, Broken Straw and Ivy--"Your jealousy has broken our

friendship."

Scarlet Geranium, Passion Flower, Purple Hyacinth, and Arbor Vitae--"I

trust you will find consolation, through faith, in your sorrow; be

assured of my unchanging friendship."

Columbine, Day Lily, Broken Straw, Witch Hazel and Colored Daisy--"Your

folly and coquetry have broken the spell of your beauty."

White Pink, Canary Grass and Laurel--"Your talent and perseverance will

win you glory."

Golden-Rod and Monkshead, Sweet Pea and Forge-me-not--"Be cautious;

danger is near; I depart soon; forget me not."

Significance of Single Flowers.

Arbor Vitae--Unchanging friendship.

Camelia, White--Loveliness.

Candy-Tuft--Indifference.

Carnation, Deep Red--Alas! for my poor heart.

Carnation, White--Disdain.

China-Aster--Variety.

Clover, Four-Leaf--Be mine.

Clover, White--Think of me.

Clover, Red--Industry.

Columbine--Folly.

Columbine, Purple--Resolved to win.

Daisy--Innocence.

Dead Leaves--Sadness.

Deadly Nightshade--Falsehood.

Fern--Fascination.

Forget-me-not--True love, Forget me not.

Fuschia, Scarlet--Taste.

Geranium, Rose--Preference.

Geranium, Scarlet--Consolation.

Golden-Rod--Be cautious.

Heliotrope--Devotion.

Honey-Flower--Love, sweet and secret.

Hyacinth, White--Unobtrusive loveliness.

Ivy--Fidelity.

Lady's Slipper--Win me and wear me.

Lily, Day--Coquetry.

Lily, White-Sweetness.

Lily, Yellow--Gaiety.

Lily of the Valley--Return of happiness.

Mignonette--Your qualities surpass your charm.

Monkshead--Danger is near.

Myrtle--Love.

Oats--The witching soul of music.

Orange Blossoms--Chastity.

Pansy--Thoughts.

Passion Flower--Faith.

Peach Blossom--I am your captive.

Pear--Affection.

Primrose--Inconstancy.

Quaking Grass--Agitation.

Rose--Love.

Rose, Deep Red--Bashful shame.

Rose, Yellow--Jealousy.

Rose, White--I am worthy of you.

Rosebud, Moss--Confession of love.

Shamrock--Lightheartedness.

Straw--Agreement.

Straw, Broken--Broken agreement.

Sweet Pea--Depart.

Tuberose--Dangerous pleasures.

Verbena--Pray for me.

Witch Hazel--A spell.

ALPHABET OF ADVICE TO WRITERS.

A word out of place spoils the most beautiful thought.--Voltaire.

Begin humbly. Labor faithfully. Be patient.--Elizabeth Stuart Phelps.

Cultivate accuracy in words and things; amass sound knowledge; avoid all

affectation; write all topics which interest you.--F. W. Newman.

Don't be afraid. Fight right along. Hope right along.--S.L. Clemens.

Every good writer has much idiom; it is the life and spirit of

Language.--W. S. Landor.

Follow this: If you write from the heart, you will write to the

heart.--Beaconsfield

Genius may begin great works, but only continued labor completes

them.--Joubert.

Half the writer's art consists in learning what to leave in the

ink-pot.--Stevenson.

It is by suggestion, not cumulation, that profound impressions are made

on the imagination.--Lowell.

Joy in one's work is an asset beyond the valuing in mere dollars.--C. D.

Warner.

Keep writing--and profit by criticism. Use for a motto Michael Angelo's

wise words: "Genius is infinite patience."--L. M. Alcott.

Lord, let me never tag a moral to a story, nor tell a story without a

meaning.--Van Dyke.

More failures come from vanity than carelessness.--Joseph Jefferson.

Never do a "pot-boiler." Let one of your best things go to boil the

pot.--"O. Henry."

Originality does not mean oddity, but freshness. It means vitality, not

novelty.--Norman Hapgood.

Pluck feathers from the wings of your imagination, and stick them in the

tail of your judgment.--Horace Greeley.

Quintessence approximates genius. Gather much though into few words.

--Schopenhauer.

Revise. Revise. Revise.--E. E. Hale.

Simplicity has been held a mark of truth: it is also it mark of

genius.--Carlyle.

The first principle of composition of whatever sort is that it should be

natural and appear to have happened so.--Frederick Macmonnies.

Utilize your enthusiasms. Get the habit of happiness in

work.--Beveridge.

Very few voices but sound repellent under violent exertion.--Lessing.

Whatever in this world one has to say, there is a word, and just one

word, to express it. Seek that out and use it.--De Maupassant.

Yes, yes; believe me, you must draw your pen

Not once, nor twice, but o'er and o'er again

Through what you've written, if you would entice

The man who reads you once to read you twice.

-Horace (Conington, Tr.)

Zeal with scanty capacity often accomplishes more than capacity with no

zeal at all.--George Eliot.

WHAT DIFFERENT EYES INDICATE.

The long, almond-shaped eye with thick eyelids covering nearly half of

the pupil, when taken in connection with the full brow, is indicative of

genius, and is often found in artists, literary and scientific men. It

is the eye of talent, or impressibility. The large, open, transparent

eye, of whatever color, is indicative of elegance, of taste, of

refinement, of wit, of intelligence. Weakly marked eyebrows indicate a

feeble constitution and a tendency to melancholia, Deep sunken eyes are

selfish, while eyes in which the whole iris shows indicate erraticism,

if not lunacy. Round eyes are indicative of innocence; strongly

protuberant eyes of weakness of both mind and body. Eyes small and close

together typify cunning, while those far apart and open indicate

frankness. The normal distance between the eyes is the width of one eye;

a distance greater or less than this intensifies the character supposed

to be symbolized. Sharp angles, turning down at the corners of the eyes,

are seen in persons of acute judgment and penetration. Well-opened

steady eyes belong to the sincere; wide staring eyes to the impertinent.

THE MYSTERIES OF PALMISTRY

The following points, upon which the Science of Palmistry is based,

explain its mysteries, and will be found very interesting, amusing and

instructive:

Form of the Hand.

Hands are classed into seven types, each of which is illustrated by the

cuts on the preceding page, and described as follows:

Plate I--The Elementary or Bilious Hand, indicating brutal instinct

instead of reason as the governing power of the character.

Plate II--The Square or Jupiter Hand, indicating a practical, stubborn,

methodical, and conventional character; one apt to be suspicious of

strangers and radical in views.

Plate III--The Spatulate or Nervous Hand, so named because of its

imagined resemblance to a spatula. It is broad at the base of the

fingers, and indicates great energy and push to discover; also, courage

and fearlessness.

Plate IV--The Philosophic or Venus Hand, has a long, thin, muscular

palm, with long, knotty fingers; indicates a student of nature and

searcher after truth.

Plate V--The Mercury or Artistic Hand, indicates quick temper,

impulsiveness; a character that is light-hearted, gay and charitable,

to-day; and to-morrow, sad, tearful and uncharitable.

Plate VI--The Lunar or Idealistic Hand, indicates an extremely sensitive

nature.

Plate VII--The Harmonic or Solar Hand, indicates a character of great

versatility, brilliant in conversation, and an adept in diplomacy.

The Fingers.

For fortune-telling the fingers from first to fourth are designated as

Jupiter, Saturn, Apollo and Mercury.

Note the cut on preceding page, representing the different types of

fingers, numbered from one to eleven.

1--Large fingers indicate a person of vulgar tastes and a cruel, selfish

disposition.

2--Small, thin fingers indicate a keen, quick acting mind and a person

not very particular about personal appearance.

3--Long, lean fingers indicate an inquiring disposition; love of details

in narrative; short fingers imply simple tastes and selfishness.

4--Fat fingers, largely developed at base, indicate sensualness; if

small at base, the reverse.

5--Smooth fingers indicate artistic ability.

6--Knotty fingers indicate truthfulness and good order in business

affairs.

7--Pointed fingers indicate a very magnetic and enthusiastic

personality.

8--Square fingers indicate a strong mind, regularity and love of good

order.

9--Spatulate fingers indicate a character of positiveness in opinions

and lacking in gentleness.

10--Fingers of mixed shape indicate a harmonious disposition, with

ability to easily adapt oneself to all conditions.

11--Obtuse fingers indicate coarse and cruel sensibilities.

The Phalanges of the Fingers.

See plate VIII, 1, 2, 3--The Phalanges of the Thumb: 4, 5, 6--Repeated

on each finger, indicate the phalanges of the four fingers.

The Mounts of the Hands.

See plate IX--A, Mount Venus; B, Mount Jupiter; C, Mount Saturn; D,

Mount Apollo; E. Mount Mercury; F, Mount Luna; G, Mount Mars.

The Shape and Length of the Phalanges

represent certain qualities and features of character, as presented in

the following:

Jupiter, the first finger; if the first phalange is longer than the

second, it indicates ability to control others, direct and maintain

order; if the second phalange is long and well developed, it indicates

leadership; if short and thin, intellectual weakness; if the third

phalange is long, it indicates love of power in material things.

Saturn, second finger; if the first phalange is longer than the second,

it indicates ability for mastering scientific subjects; if the second

phalange is long, it indicates great interest in subjects requiring deep

study; if the third phalange is long, it indicates a love of metaphysics

and money.

Apollo, third finger; if the first phalange is longer than the second,

it indicates love of the arts; if the second phalange is long, it

indicates success and love of riches; if the third phalange is thick, it

indicates an inherited talent of the arts.

Mercury, fourth finger; if the first phalange is longer than the second,

it indicates a taste for and love of research; if the second phalange is

long and well developed, it indicates industrious habits; if the third

phalange is long and fat, it indicates a desire for the comforts of

life.

The Mountains.

These are points or elevations on the palm.

Mount Venus, if prominent, indicates a person of strong passions, great

energy in business, and admiration of physical beauty in the opposite

sex; it also indicates love of children, home and wife, or husband. When

not well developed there is a lack of love for home, children, wife or

husband; and in a man, it indicates egotism and laziness,--in a woman,

hysteria.

Mount Jupiter, if prominent, indicates a person who is generous, loves

power, and is brilliant in conversation; if a woman, she desires to

shine and be a social leader. When not well developed, it indicates lack

of self-esteem, slovenliness and indifference to personal appearance.

Mount Saturn, if prominent, indicates a serious-minded person,

religiously inclined, slow to reach a conclusion, very prudent, free in

the expression of opinions, but inclined to be pessimistic.

Mount Apollo, if prominent, indicates ability as an artist, generosity,

courageousness, and a poetical nature, apt to be a spendthrift. When not

well developed, it indicates cautiousness and prudence.

Mount Mercury, if prominent, indicates keen perceptions, cleverness in

conversation, a talent for the sciences, industry, and deceitfulness. If

not well developed, it indicates a phlegmatic, stupid disposition.

Mount Luna, if prominent, indicates a dreamy, changeable, capricious,

enthusiastic, and inventive nature. When not well developed, it

indicates constancy, love of home, and ability to imitate others.

Mount Mars, if prominent, indicates self-respect, coolness, and control

of self under trying circumstances, courage, venturesomeness and

confidence in one's ability for anything undertaken. When not well

developed, it indicates the opposite of these characteristics.

Lines On the Hand.

If the lines of the hand are not well defined, this fact indicates poor

health.

Deep red lines indicate good, robust health. Yellow lines indicate

excessive biliousness.

Dark-colored lines indicate a melancholy and reserved disposition.

The Life Line extends from the outer base of Mount Jupiter, entirely

around the base of Mount Venus. If chained under Jupiter, it indicates

bad health in early life. Hair lines extending from it imply weakness,

and if cut by small lines from Mount Venus, misplaced affections and

domestic broils. If arising from Mount Jupiter, an ambition to be

wealthy and learned. If it is joined by the Line of the Head at its

beginning, prudence and wisdom are indicated. If it joins Heart and Head

line's at its commencement, a great catastrophe will be experienced by

the person so marked. A square on it denotes success. All lines that

follow it give it strength. Lines that cut the Life Line extending

through the Heart Line denote interference in a love affair. If it is

crossed by small lines, illness is indicated. Short and badly drawn

lines, unequal in size, imply bad blood and a tendency to fevers.

The Heart Line, if it extends across the hand at the base of the finger

mounts, and is deep and well defined, indicates purity and devotion; if

well defined from Mount Jupiter only, a jealous and tyrannical

disposition is indicated; if it begins at Mount Saturn and is without

branches, it is a fatal sign; if short and well defined in the Harmonic

type of hand it indicates intense affection when it is reciprocated; if

short on the Mercury type of hand, it implies deep interest in

intellectual pursuits; it short and deep in the Elementary type of hand,

it implies the disposition to satisfy desire by brutal force, instead of

by love.

The Head Line is parallel to Heart Line and forms the second branch of

letter M, generally very plain in most hands; if long and deep it

indicates ability to care for one's self; if hair lines are attached to

it, mental worry; if it divides toward Mount Mercury love affairs will

be first, and business secondary; if well defined its whole length, it

implies a well-balanced brain; a line from it extending into a star on

Mount Jupiter, great versatility, pride and love for knowledge are

indicated; if it extend to Mount Luna interest in occult studies is

implied; separated from the Life Line, indicates aggressiveness; if it

is broken, death is indicated from an injury in the head.

The Rascettes are lines across the wrist where the palm joins it.

It is claimed they indicate length of life; if straight it is a good

sign. One Rascette indicates thirty years of life; two lines, sixty;

three lines, ninety.

The Fate Line commences at Rascettes, and if it extends straight to

Mount Saturn, uninterrupted, and alike in both hands, good luck and

success are realized without personal exertion. If not in one hand and

interrupted in the other, success will be experienced only by great

effort. If well defined at the wrist the early life is bright and

promising; if broken in the center, misery for middle life is indicated.

If this line touches Mounts Luna and Venus, it indicates a good

disposition and wealth; if inclined toward any mount, it implies success

in that line for which the mount stands. If it is made up of

disconnected links, it indicates serious physical and moral struggles.

Should it end at Heart Line, the life has been ruined by unrequited

love. If it runs through a square, the life has been in danger and

saved. Should it merge into the Heart Line and continue to Mount

Jupiter, it denotes distinction and power secured through love.

The Girdle of Venus is a curved line extending from Mount Jupiter to

Mercury, encircling Saturn and Apollo. It appears on few hands, but it

indicates superior intellect, a sensitive and capricious nature; if it

extends to base of Jupiter it denotes divorce; ending in Mercury,

implies great energy; should it be cut by parallel lines in a man, it

indicates a hard drinker and gambler.

Lines of Reputation, commencing in the middle of the hand, at the Head

Line, Mount Luna or Mount Mars, indicate financial success from

intellectual pursuits after years of struggling with adversity. If from

Heart Line, real love of occupation and success; if from Head Line,

success from selfishness. An island on this line denotes loss of

character, a start on it near Apollo implies that success will be

permanent, and a square, brilliant success. The absence of this line

implies a struggle for recognition of one's abilities.

Line of Intuition, beginning at base of Mount Mercury, extends around

Mars and Luna; it is frequently found in the Venus, Mercury and Lunar

types of hands; when deeply dented with a triangle on Mount Saturn it

denotes clairvoyant power; if it forms a triangle with Fate Line, or

Life Line, a voyage will be taken.

Health Line commences at center of the Rascettes, takes an oblique

course from Fate Line, ending toward Mount Mercury. If straight and well

defined, there is little liability to constitutional diseases; when it

does not extend to Head Line, steady mental labor cannot be performed;

when it is broad and deep on Mount Mercury, diminishing as it enters the

Life Line, death from heart disease is indicated; small lines cutting it

denote sickness from biliousness. When joined to Heart Line, health and

business are neglected for Love; if made up of short, fine lines, there

is suffering from stomach catarrh; if it is checked by islands there is

a constitutional tendency to lung disease.

Marriage Lines extend straight across Mount Mercury; if short, affairs

of the heart without marriage are denoted. When near Heart Line early

marriage is indicated; if it turns directly to Heart Line, marriage will

occur between the ages of 16 and 21; if close to the top of the mount,

marriage will not take place before the 35th year; if it curves upward

it indicates a single life; when pronged and running toward the center

or to Mount Mars, divorce will occur. If the end at this line droops the

subject will outlive wife or husband; if broken, divorce is implied; if

it ends in a cross, the wife or husband will die from an accident. A

branch from this line upward implies a high position attained by

marriage. A black spot on this line means widowhood.

Children's Lines are small and upright, extending from the end of

Marriage Lines. If broad and well defined, males; if fine and narrow,

females are indicated. A line of this order that is deep and well

defined denotes prominence for that child.

Small Lines have a signification depending upon their position and

number.

A single line on Jupiter signifies success; on Saturn, happiness; on

Apollo, fame and talent.

Ascending small lines are favorable, while descending lines are

unfavorable signs.

Several small lines on Mars indicate warfare constantly.

Cross lines, failure.

RIDDLES, OLD AND NEW.

Feet have they, but they walk not--stoves.

Eyes have they, but they see not--potatoes.

Noses have they, but they smell not--tea-pots.

Mouths have they, but they taste not--rivers.

Hands have they, but they handle not--clocks.

Ears have they, but they hear not--corn stalks.

Tongues have they, but they talk not--wagons.

What thing is that which is lengthened by being cut at both ends? A

ditch.

Why do we all go to bed? Because the bed will not come to us.

Why Paris like the letter F? Because it is the capital of France.

In which month do ladies talk least? In February.

Why is a room full of married folks like an empty room? There is not a

single person in it.

Why is a peach-stone like a regiment? It has a kernel (Colonel).

Why is an island like the letter T? Because it is in the midst of

wa-t-er.

Why is a bee-hive like a spectator? Because it is a beeholder

(beholder).

What is that which a train cannot move without, and yet is not the least

use to it? A noise.

When is a man over head and ears in debt? When the hat he has on is not

paid for.

Why is a man led astray like one governed by a girl? He is misled

(miss-led).

Why is a Jew in a fever like a diamond? He is a Jew ill (jewel).

Why are fixed stars like pen, ink and paper? They are stationary

(stationery).

What is that which is always invisible and never out of sight? The

letter I.

Why is a cook like a barber? He dresses hare (hair).

Why is a waiter like a race horse? He often runs for a plate or a cup.

Why is a madman like two men? He is one beside himself.

Why is a good story like a church bell? It is often told (tolled).

What is the weight of the moon? Four quarters.

What sea would make the best bed-room? Adriatic (a-dry attic).

Why is Ireland likely to become rich? Because the capital is always

Dublin (doubling).

What two letters make a county in Massachusetts? S. X. (Essex).

Why is a good saloon like a bad one? Both inn convenient

Why do dentists make good politicians? Because they have a great pull.

Why is the Hudson River like a shoe? Because it is a great place for

tows (toes).

Why is a race at a circus like a big conflagration? Because the heat is

in tents (intense).

Which is the left side of a plum pudding? The part that is not eaten.

Why is a man who runs in debt like a clock? He goes on tick.

Why is the wick of a candle like Athens? It is in the midst of grease

(Greece).

Why are deep sighs like long stockings? Heigh-ho's (high hose).

What occupation is the sun? A tanner.

Why are your eyes like stage horses? They are always under lashes.

Why are your teeth like verbs? Regular, irregular and defective?

What word makes you sick if you leave out one of its letters? Music.

What word of ten letters can be spelled with five? Expediency (X P D N

C).

Why should red-headed men be chosen for soldiers? They carry fire-locks.

Why is the letter D like a sailor? It follows the sea (C).

Why is a theological student like a merchant? Both study the Prophets

(profits).

If the alphabet were invited out to dine what time would U, V, W, X, Y

and Z go? After tea (T).

How can you take one from nineteen and leave twenty? XIX--XX

LAST WORDS OF FAMOUS MEN AND WOMEN.

"'Tis well."--George Washington.

"Tete d'armee."--Napoleon.

"I thank God that I have done my duty."--Admiral Nelson.

"I pray thee see me safe up, but for my coming down I can shift for

myself," were the last words of Sir Thomas More when ascending the

scaffold.

"God bless you."--Dr. Johnson.

"I have finished."--Hogarth.

"Dying, dying."--Thos. Hood.

"Drop the curtain, the farce is played out."--Rabelais.

"I am what I am. I am what I am."--Swift.

"I still live."--Daniel Webster.

"How grand these rays. They seem to beckon earth to heaven."--Humboldt.

"It is now time that we depart--I to die, you to live: but which is the

better destination is unknown."--Socrates.

"Adieu, my dear Morand, I am dying."--Voltaire.

"My beautiful flowers, my lovely flowers."--Richter.

"James, take good care of the horse."--Winfield Scott.

"Many things are becoming clearer to me."--Schiller.

"I feel the daisies growing over me."--John Keats.

"What, is there no bribing death?"--Cardinal Beaufort.

"Taking a leap in the dark. O, mystery."--Thomas Paine.

"There is not a drop of blood on my hands."'--Frederick V.

"I am taking a fearful leap in the dark."--Thomas Hobbes.

"Don't let that awkward squad fire over my grave."--Burns.

"Here, veteran, if you think it right, strike."--Cicero.

"My days are past as a shadow that returns not."--R. Hooker.

"I thought that dying had been more difficult,"--Louis XIV.

"O Lord, forgive me specially my sins of omission."--Usher.

"Let me die to the sounds of delicious music."--Mirabeau.

"It is small, very small," alluding to her neck.--Anna Boleyn.

"Let me hear those notes so long my solace and delight."--Mozart.

"We are as near heaven by sea as by land,"--Sir Humphrey Gilbert.

"I do not sleep. I wish to meet death awake."--Maria Theresa.

"I resign my soul to God; my daughter to my country."--Jefferson.

TOASTS AND SENTIMENTS

Merit to gain a heart, and sense to keep it.

Money to him that has spirit to use it.

More friends and less need of them.

May those who deceive us be always deceived.

May the sword of justice be swayed by the hand of mercy.

May the brow of the brave never want a wreath of laurel.

May we be slaves to nothing but our duty, and friends to nothing but

real merit.

May he that turns his back on his friend, fall into the hands of his

enemy.

May honor be the commander when love takes the field.

May reason guide the helm when passion blows the gale.

May those who would enslave become slaves themselves.

May genius and merit never want a friend.

May the road of happiness be lighted by virtue.

May life last as long as it is worth wearing.

May we never murmur without a cause, and never have a cause to murmur.

May the eye that drops for the misfortunes of others never shed a tear

for its own.

May the lovers of the fair sex never want means to support and spirit to

defend them. May the tear of misery be dried by the hand of

commiseration.

May the voyage of life end in the haven of happiness.

Provision to the unprovided.

Peace and honest friendship with all nations; entangling alliances with

none.

Riches to the generous, and power to the merciful.

Short shoes and long corns to the enemies of freedom.

Success to the lover, and joy to the beloved.

The life we love, with whom we love.

The friend we love, and the woman we dare trust.

The union of two fond hearts.

The lovers of honor, and honorable lovers.

The unity of hearts in the union of hands.

The liberty of the press without licentiousness.

The virtuous fair, and the fair virtuous.

The road to honor through the plains of virtue.

The hero of Saratoga--may his memory animate the breast of every

American.

The American's triumvirate, love, honor and liberty.

The memory of Washington.

May the example of the new world regenerate the old.

Wit without virulence, wine without excess, and wisdom without

affectation.

What charms, arms and disarms.

Home pleasant, and our friends at home.

Woman--She needs no eulogy, she speaks for herself.

Friendship--May its lamp ever be supplied by the oil of truth and

fidelity.

The American Navy--May it ever sail on the sea of glory.

May those who are discontented with their own country leave their

country for their country's good.

Discretion in speech is more than eloquence. May we always remember

these three things: The manner, the place and the time.

Here's a sigh to those who love me,

And a smile to those who hate,

And whatever sky's above me,

Here's a heart for every fate.

Were't the last drop in the well,

As I gasped upon the brink,

Ere my fainting spirit fell,

'Tis to thee that I would drink.

--Byron.

Caddy's Toast in "Erminie"--'Ere's to the 'ealth o' your Royal 'Ighness;

hand may the skin o' ha gooseberry be big enough for han humbrella to

cover hall your enemies."

Here's to the girl I love,

And here's to the girl who loves me,

And here's to all that love her whom I love,

And all those that love her who love me.

I will drink to the woman who wrought my woe,

In the diamond morning of long ago;

To the splendor, caught from Orient skies,

That thrilled in the dark of her hazel eyes,

Her large eyes filled with the fire of the south,

And the dewy wine of her warm red mouth.

--Winter.

May those that are single get wives to their mind,

And those that are married true happiness find.

Here's a health to me and mine,

Not forgetting thee and thine;

And when thou and thine

Come to see me and mine,

May we and mine make thee and thine

As welcome as thou and thine

Have ever made me and mine.

Industry.--The right hand of fortune, the grave of care, and the cradle

of content.

Here's to the prettiest,

Here's to the wittiest,

Here's to the truest of all who are true.

Here's to the sweetest one,

Here's to them all in one--here's to you.

Our Country.--May she always be in the right--but, right or wrong, Our

Country.-- Stephen Decatur.

Here's to our sweethearts and our wives. May our sweethearts soon become

our wives and our wives ever remain our sweethearts.

Here's to the girls of the American shore;

I love but one, I love no mare.

Since she's not here to drink her part,

I drink her share with all my heart.

Here's to one and only one,

And may that one be she

Who loves but one and only one,

And may that one be me.

A glass is good and a lass is good,

And a pipe to smoke in cold weather.

The world is good and the people are good,

And we're all good fellows together.

Yesterday's yesterday while to-day's here,

To-day is to-day till to-morrow appear,

To-marrow's to-morrow until to-day's past,

And kisses are kisses as long as they last.

Our Country.--

To her we drink, for her we pray,

Our voices silent never;

For her we'll fight, come what may;

The Stars and Stripes forever.

Woman.--The fairest work of the great Author; the edition is large, and

no man should be without a copy.

Drink to me only with thine eyes,

And I will pledge thee mine;

Or leave a kiss within the cup,

And I'll not look for wine.

The thirst that from the soul doth rise

Doth ask a drink divine;

But might I of Jove's nectar sip,

I would not change from thine.

--Ben Jonson.

Drink to-day and drown all sorrow;

You shall perhaps not do't to-morrow;

Best while you have it, use your breath;

There is no drinking after death.

--Beaumont and Fletcher.

Home.--The father's kingdom; the child's paradise; the mother's world.

Here's to those I love;

Here's to those who love me;

Here's to those who love those I love,

And here's to those who love those who love those who love me.

--Ouida's Favorite Toast.

A little health, a little wealth,

A little house and freedom,

With some friends for certain ends,

But little cause to need 'em.

Here's to the lasses we've loved, my lad,

Here's to the lips we've pressed;

For of kisses and lasses,

Like liquor in glasses,

The last is always the best.

Come in the evening, come in the morning,

Come when you're looked for, come without warning.

Here's to a long life and a merry one,

A quick death and an easy one,

A pretty girl and a true one,

A cold bottle and another one.

The Man We Love.--He who thinks the most and speaks the least ill of his

neighbor.

False Friends.--May we never have friends who, like shadows, keep close

to us in the sunshine only to desert us on a cloudy day or in the night.

Here's to those who'd love us if we only cared.

Here's to those we'd love if we only dared.

Here's to one another and one other, whoever he or she may be.

The world is filled with flowers,

And flowers are filled with dew,

And dew is filled with love

And you and you and you.

Here's to you as good as you are,

And to me as bad as I am;

And as good as you are and as bad as I am,

I'm as good as you are as bad as I am.

The Law.--The only thing certain about litigation is its uncertainty.

The Lawyer--Learned gentleman, who rescues your estate from your enemies

and keeps it for himself.

A Spreadeagle Toast.--The boundaries of our country: East, by the rising

sun; north, by the north pole; west by all creation; and south, by the

day of judgment.

When going up the bill of prosperity may you never meet a friend coming

down.

May the hinges of friendship never grow rusty.

Come, come, good wine is a good familiar creature, if it be well

used.--Shakespeare.

Shall I ask the brave soldier who fights by my side in the cause of

mankind whether our creeds agree?

May all single men be married, and all married men be happy.

Our Country's Emblem:--

The lily of France may fade,

The thistle and shamrock wither,

The oak of England may decay,

But the stars shine on forever.

The Good Things of the World.--Parsons are preaching for them, lawyers

are pleading for them, physicians are prescribing for them, authors are

writing for them, soldiers are fighting for them, but true philosophers

alone are enjoying them.

My life has been like sunny skies

When they are fair to view;

But there never yet were lives or skies

Clouds might not wander through.

The Three Great American Generals.--General Peace, General Prosperity

and General Satisfaction.

America.--

Our hearts, our hopes are all with thee,

Our hearts, our hopes, our prayers, our tears,

Our faith triumphant o'er our fears,

Are all with thee, are all with thee.

Our National Birds.--The American Eagle, the Thanksgiving Turkey: may

one give us peace in all our States--and the other a piece for all our

plates.

OPPORTUNITY.

Master of human destinies am I.

Fame, Love and Fortune on my footsteps wait.

Cities and fields I walk; I penetrate

Deserts and seas remote, and, passing by

Hovel, and mart, and palace, soon or late

I knock unbidden once at every gate!

If sleeping, wake--if feasting, rise before

I turn away. It is the hour of fate,

And they who follow me reach every state

Mortals desire, and conquer every foe

Condemned to failure, penury, and woe.

Save death; but those who doubt or hesitate,

Seek me in vain and uselessly implore:

I answer not, and I return no more.

--John J. Ingalls.

A health to Our Dearest.--May their purses always be heavy and their

hearts always light.

An Irishman's Toast.--

Here's to the land of the shamrock so green,

Here's to each lad and his darling colleen,

Here's to the ones we love dearest and most.

And may God save old Ireland--that's an Irishman's toast.

Here's a health to the future,

A sigh for the past.

We can love and remember,

And hope to the last,

And for all the base lies

That the almanacs hold.

While there's love in the heart,

We can never grow old.

Some hae meat and canna' eat,

And some wad eat who want it;

But we hae meat and we can eat,

So let the Lord be thankit.

--Burns.

A little health, a little wealth,

A little house and freedom,

With some few friends for certain ends,

But little cause to need 'em.

If I were a raindrop and you a leaf,

I would burst from the cloud above you,

And lie on your breast in a rapture of rest,

And love you--love you--love you.

If I were a brown bee and you were a rose,

I would fly to you, love, nor miss you;

I would sip and sip from your nectared lip,

And kiss you--kiss you--kiss you.

--Ella Wheeler Wilcox, in Three Women.

Strange--is it not?--that of the myriads who

Before us passed the door of darkness through,

Not one returns to tell us of the road,

Which to discover, we must travel too?

--Omar.

Away with the flimsy idea that life with a past is attended.

There's now--only now--and no past. There's never a past; it has ended.

Away with the obsolete story and all of its yesterday sorrow!

There's only Today, almost gone, and in front of Today stands Tomorrow.

--Eugene Ware.

God made man

Frail as a bubble;

God made Love,

Love made trouble;

God made the vine;

Was it a sin

That man made wine

To drown trouble in?

"My character may be my own, but my reputation belongs to any old body

that enjoys gossiping more than telling the truth."

May your joy be as deep as the ocean,

Your trouble as light as its foam.

The man that has no music in himself,

Nor is not moved with concord of sweet sounds,

Is fit for treasons, stratagems and spoils;

The motions of his spirit are dull as night,

And his affections dark as Erebus.

Let no such man be trusted.

Mark the music.

--Shakespeare.

See the mountains kiss high heaven,

And the waves clasp one another;

No sister flower would be forgiven

If it disdained its brother;

And the sunlight clasps the earth,

And the moonbeams kiss the sea;

What are all these kissings worth,

If thou kiss not me?

--Percy Bysshe Shelley.

Jest a-wearyin' for you,

All the time a-feelin' blue;

Wishin' for you, wonderin' when

You'll be comin' home again;

Restless--don't know what to do--

Jest a-wearyin' for you.

--Frank Stanton.

Here's to Love, the worker of miracles. He strengthens the weak and

weakens the strong; he turns wise men into fools and fools into wise

men; he feeds the passions and destroys reason, and plays havoc among

young and old!

--Marguerite de Valois.

"Good Bye, God Bless You."

I like the Anglo--Saxon speech

With its direct revealings;

It takes a hold, and seems to reach

Way down into our feelings

That Some folks deem it rude, I know,

And therefore they abuse it;

But I have never found it so--

Before all else I choose it.

I don't object that men should air

The Gallic they have paid for,

With "Au revoir," "Adieu, ma chere,"

For that's what French was made for.

But when a crony takes your hand

At parting to address you,

He drops all foreign lingo and

He says, "Good--bye, God bless you."

--Eugene Field.

LANGUAGE OF PRECIOUS STONES.

The ancients attributed marvelous properties to many of the precious

stones. We give in tabular form the different months and the stones

sacred to them, as generally accepted, with their respective meanings.

It has been customary among lovers and friends to notice the

significance attached to the various stones in making birthday,

engagement and wedding presents.

January, Garnet.--Constancy and fidelity in every engagement.

February, Amethyst--Preventive against violent passions.

March, Bloodstone--Courage, wisdom and firmness in affection.

April, Sapphire--Free from enchantment; denotes repentance.

May, Emerald--Discovers false friends, and insures true love.

June, Agate--Insures long life, health and prosperity.

July, Ruby--Discovers poison; corrects evils resulting from mistaken

friendship.

August, Sardonyx--Insures conjugal felicity.

September, Chrysolite--Free from all evil passions and sadness of the

mind.

October, Opal--Denotes hope, and sharpens the sight and faith of the

possessor.

November, Topaz--Fidelity and friendship. Prevents bad dreams.

December, Turquoise--Prosperity in love.

Tiffany's list of birth stones is somewhat different from the above and

is given below:

Birth Stones. (As given by Tiffany & Co.)

January--Garnet.

February--Amethyst, hyacinth, pearl.

March--Jasper, bloodstone.

April--Diamond, sapphire.

May--Emerald, agate.

June--Cat's-eye, turquoise, agate.

July--Turquoise, onyx.

August--Sardonyx, carnelian, moonstone, topaz.

September--Chrysolite.

October--Beryl, opal.

November--Topaz, pearl.

December--Ruby, bloodstone.

GRAMMAR-SPELLING-PRONUNCIATION

Five Hundred Common Errors Corrected

Concise Rules for the Proper Use of Words in Writing or Speaking.

The most objectionable errors in speaking or writing are those in which

words are employed that are unsuitable to convey the meaning intended.

Thus, a person wishing to express his intention of going to a given

place says, "I propose going," when, in fact, he purposes going. The

following affords an amusing illustration of this class of error: A

venerable matron was speaking of her son, who, she said, was quite

stage-struck: "In fact," remarked the old lady, "he is going to a

premature performance this evening!" Considering that most amateur

performances are premature, it cannot be said that this word was

altogether misapplied, though, evidently, the maternal intention was to

convey quite another meaning.

Other errors arise from the substitution of sounds similar to the words

which should be employed; that is, spurious words instead of genuine

ones. Thus, some people say "renumerative," when they mean

"remunerative." A nurse, recommending her mistress to have a

perambulator for her child, advised her to purchase a preamputator!

Other errors are occasioned by imperfect knowledge of English grammar;

thus, many people say, "Between you and I," instead of "Between you and

me." And there are numerous other departures from the rules of grammar,

which will be pointed out hereafter.

Misuse of the Adjective--"What beautiful butter!" "What a nice

landscape!" They should say, "What a beautiful landscape!" "What nice

butter!" Again, errors are frequently occasioned by the following

causes:

Mispronunciation of Words--Many persons say pronoun-ciation instead of

pronunciation; others say pro-nun-ce-a-shun, instead of

pro-nun-she-a-shun.

Misdivision of Words and Syllables--This defect makes the words an

ambassador sound like a nambassador, or an adder like a nadder.

Imperfect Enunciation--As when a person says hebben for heaven, ebber

for ever, jocholate for chocolate.

To correct these errors by a systematic course of study would involve a

closer application than most persons could afford, but the simple and

concise rules and hints here given, founded upon usage and the authority

of scholars, will be of great assistance to inquirers.

ENGLISH GRAMMAR IN A NUTSHELL.

Who and whom are used in relation to persons, and which in relation to

things. But it was once common to say, "the man which." This should now

be avoided. It is now usual to say, "Our Father who art in heaven,"

instead of "which art in heaven."

Whose is, however, sometimes applied to things as well as to persons. We

may therefore say, "The country whose inhabitants are free."

Thou is employed in solemn discourse, and you in common language. Ye

(plural) is also used in serious addresses, and you in familiar

language.

The uses of the word it are various, and very perplexing to the

uneducated. It is not only used to imply persons, but things, and even

ideas, and therefore in speaking or writing, its assistance is

constantly required. The perplexity respecting this word arises from the

fact that in using it in the construction of a long sentence, sufficient

care is not taken to insure that when it is employed it really points

out or refers to the object intended. For instance, "It was raining when

John set out in his cart to go to market, and he was delayed so long

that it was over before he arrived." Now what is to be understood by

this sentence: Was the rain over? or the market? Either or both might be

inferred from the construction of the sentence, which, therefore, should

be written thus: "It was raining when John set out in his cart to go to

market, and he was delayed so long that the market was over before he

arrived."

Rule--After writing a sentence always look through it, and see that

wherever the word it is employed, it refers to or carries the mind back

to the object which it is intended to point out.

The general distinction between this and that may be thus defined: this

denotes an object present or near, in time or place; that something

which is absent.

These refers, in the same manner, to present objects, while those refers

to things that are remote.

Who changes, under certain conditions, into whose and whom; but that and

which always remain the same, with the exception of the possessive case,

as noted above.

That may be applied to nouns or subjects of all sorts; as, the girl that

went to school, the dog that bit me, the opinion that he entertains.

The misuse of these pronouns gives rise to more errors in speaking and

writing than any other cause.

When you wish to distinguish between two or more persons, say: "Which is

the happy man?" not who--"Which of those ladies to you admire?"

Instead of "Whom do you think him to be?" say, "Who do you think him to

be?"

Whom should I see.

To whom do you speak?

Who said so?

Who gave it to you?

Of whom did you procure them?

Who was he?

Who do men say that I am?

Self should never be added to his, their, mine or thine.

Each is used to denote every individual of a number.

Every denotes all the individuals of a number.

Either and or denote an alternative: "I will take either road, at your

pleasure;" "I will take this or that."

Neither means not either, and nor means not the other. Either is

sometimes used for each--"Two thieves were crucified, on either side

one."

"Let each esteem others as good as themselves," should be, "Let each

esteem others as good as himself."

"There are bodies each of which are so small," should be, "each of which

is so small."

Do not use double superlatives, such as most straightest, most highest,

most finest.

The term worser has gone out of use; but lesser is stilt retained.

The use of such words as chiefest, extreamest, etc., has become

obsolete, because they do not give any superior force to the meanings of

the primary words, chief, extreme, etc.

Such expressions as more impossible, more indispensable, more universal,

more uncontrollable, more unlimited, etc., are objectionable, as they

really enfeeble the meaning which it is the object of the speaker or

writer to strengthen. For instance, impossible gains no strength by

rendering it more impossible. This class of error is common with persons

who say, "A great large house," "A great big animal," "A little small

foot," "A tiny little hand."

Here, there and where, originally denoting place, may now, by common

consent, be used to denote other meanings, such as, "There I agree with

you," "Where we differ," "We find pain where we expected pleasure,"

"Here you mistake me."

Hence, whence and thence, denoting departure, etc., may be used without

the word from. The idea of from is included in the word

whence--therefore it is unnecessary to say "From whence."

Hither, thither and whither, denoting to a place, have generally been

superseded by here, there and where. But there is no good reason why

they should not be employed. If, however, they are used, it is

unnecessary to add the word to, because that is implied--"Whither are

you going?" "Where are you going?" Each of these sentences is complete.

To say, "Where are you going to?" is redundant.

Two negatives destroy each other, and produce an affirmative. "Nor did

he not observe them," conveys the idea that he did observe them.

But negative assertions are allowable. "His manners are not impolite,"

which implies that his manners are in some degree marked by politeness.

Instead of "Let you and I." say "Let you and me."

Instead of "I am not so tall as him," say "I am not so tall as he."

When asked "Who is there?" do not answer "Me," but "I,"

Instead of "For you and I," say "For you and me."

Instead of "Says I," say "I said."

Instead of "You are taller than me," say "You are taller than I."

Instead of "I ain't," or "I arn't," say "I am not."

Instead of "Whether I be present or no," say "Whether I be present or

not."

For "Not that I know on,"' say "Not that I know."

Instead of "Was I to do so," say "Were I to do so."

Instead of "I would do the same if I was him," say "I would do the same

if I were he."

Instead of "I had as lief go myself," say "I would as soon go myself,"

or "I would rather."

It is better to say "Six weeks ago" than "Six weeks back."

It is better to say "Since which time," than "Since when,"

It is better to say "I repeated it," than "I said so over again."

Instead of "He was too young to have suffered much," say "He was too

young to suffer much."

Instead of "Less friends," say "Fewer friends." Less refers to quantity.

Instead of "A quantity of people," say "A number of people."

Instead of "He and they we know," say "Him and them."

Instead of "As far as I can see," say "So far as I can see."

Instead of "A new pair of gloves," say "A pair of new gloves."

Instead of "I hope you'll think nothing on it," say "I hope you'll think

nothing of it."

Instead of "Restore it back to me," say "Restore it to me."

Instead of "I suspect the veracity of his story," say "I doubt the truth

of his story."

Instead of "I seldom or ever see him," say "I seldom see him."

Instead of "I expected to have found him," say "1 expected to find him."

Instead of "Who learns you music?" say "Who teaches you music?"

Instead of "I never sing whenever I can help it," say "I never sing when

I can help it."

Instead of "Before I do that I must first ask leave," say "Before I do

that I must ask leave."

Instead of saying "The observation of the rule," say "The observance of

the rule,"

Instead of "A man of eighty years of age," say "A man eighty years old."

Instead of "Here lays his honored head," say "Here lies his honored

head."

Instead of "He died from negligence," say "He died through neglect," or

"in consequence of neglect."

Instead of "Apples are plenty," say "Apples are plentiful."

Instead of "The latter end of the year," say "The end, or the close, of

the year."

Instead of "The then government," say "The government of that age, or

century, or year, or time."

Instead of "A couple of chairs," say "Two chairs."

Instead of "They are united together in the bonds of matrimony," say

"They are united in matrimony," or "They are married," '.

Instead of "We travel slow," say "We travel slowly."

Instead of "He plunged down into the river," say "He plunged into the

river."

Instead of "He jumped from off the scaffolding," say "He jumped off the

scaffolding."

Instead of "He came the last of all," say "He came the last."

Instead of "universal," with reference to things that have any limit,

say "general," "generally approved," instead of "universally approved,"

"generally beloved," instead of "universally beloved."

Instead of "They ruined one another," say "They ruined each other,"

Instead of "If in case I succeed," say "If I succeed."

Instead of "A large enough room," say "A room large enough."

Instead of "I am slight in comparison to you," say "I am slight in

comparison with you."

Instead of "I went for to see him," say "I went to see him."

Instead of "The cake is all eat up," say "The cake is all eaten."

Instead of "Handsome is as handsome does," say "Handsome is who handsome

does."

Instead of "The book fell on the floor," say "The book fell to the

floor."

Instead of "His opinions are approved of by all," say "His opinions are

approved by all."

Instead of "I will add one more argument," say "I will add one argument

more," or "another argument."

Instead of "A sad curse is war," say "War is a sad curse."

Instead of "He stands six foot high," say "He measures six feet," or

"His height is six feet."

Instead of "I go every now and then," say "I go sometimes (or often)."

Instead of "Who finds him in clothes," say "Who provides him with

clothes."

Say "The first two," and "the last two" instead of "the two first" "the

two last."

Instead of "His health was drank with enthusiasm," say "His health was

drunk enthusiastically."

Instead of "Except I am prevented," say "Unless I am prevented."

Instead of "In its primary sense," say "In its primitive sense."

Instead of "It grieves me to see you," say "I am grieved to see you."

Instead of "Give me them papers," say "Give me those papers."

Instead of "Those papers I hold in my hand," say "These papers I hold in

my hand."

Instead of "I could scarcely imagine but what," say "I could scarcely

imagine that."

Instead of "He was a man notorious for his benevolence," say "He was

noted for his benevolence."

Instead of "She was a woman celebrated for her crimes," say "She was

notorious on account of her crimes."

Instead of "What may your name be?" say "What is your name?"

Instead of "I lifted it up," say "I lifted it."

Instead of "It is equally of the same value," say "It is of the same

value," or "equal value."

Instead of "I knew it previous to your telling me," say "I knew it

previously to your telling me."

Instead of "You was out when I called," say "You were out when I

called."

Instead of "I thought I should have won this game," say "I thought I

should win this game."

Instead of "This much is certain," say "Thus much is certain," or "So

much is certain."

Instead of "He went away as it may be yesterday week," say "He went away

yesterday week."

Instead of "He came the Saturday as it may be before the Monday,"

specify the Saturday on which he came.

Instead of "Put your watch in your pocket," say "Put your watch into

your pocket."

Instead of "He has got riches," say "He has riches."

Instead of "Will you set down?" say "Will you sit down?"

Instead of "No thankee," say "No, thank you."

Instead of "I cannot do it without farther means," say "I cannot do it

without further means."

Instead of "No sooner but," or "No other but," say "than."

Instead of "Nobody else but her," say "Nobody but her."

Instead of "He fell down from the balloon," say "He fell from the

balloon."

Instead of "He rose up from the ground," say "He rose from the ground."

Instead of "These kind of oranges are not good," say "This kind of

oranges is not good."

Instead of "Somehow or another," say "Somehow or other."

Instead of "Will I give you some more tea?" say "Shall I give you some

more tea?"

Instead of "Oh, dear, what will I do?" say "Oh, dear, what shall I do?"

Instead of "I think indifferent of it," say "I think indifferently of

it."

Instead of "I will send it conformable to your orders," say "I will send

it conformably to your orders."

Instead of "To be given away gratis," say "To be given away."

Instead of "Will you enter in?" say "Will you enter?"

Instead of "This three days or more," say "These three days or more."

Instead of "He is a bad grammarian," say "He is not a grammarian."

Instead of "We accuse him for." say "We accuse him of."

Instead of "We acquit him from," say "We acquit him of."

Instead of "I am averse from that," say "I am averse to that."

Instead of "I confide on you," say "I confide in you."

Instead of "As soon as ever." say "As soon as."

Instead of "The very best," or "The very worst," say "The best or the

worst."

Avoid such phrases as "No great shakes," "Nothing to boast of," "Down in

my boots," "Suffering from the blues." All such sentences indicate

vulgarity.

Instead of "No one hasn't called," say "No one has called."

Instead of "You have a right to pay me," say "It is right that you

should pay me."

Instead of "I am going over the bridge," say "I am going across the

bridge."

Instead of "I should just think I could," say "I think I can."

Instead of "There has been a good deal," say "There has been much."

Instead of "The effort you are making for meeting the bill," say "The

effort you are making to meet the bill."

To say "Do not give him no more of your money," is equivalent to saying

"Give him some of your money." Say "Do not give him any of your money."

Instead of saying "They are not what nature designed them," say "They

are not what nature designed them to be."

Instead of saying "I had not the pleasure of hearing his sentiments when

I wrote that letter," say "I had not the pleasure of having heard," etc.

Instead of "The quality of the apples were good," say "The quality of

the apples was good."

Instead of "The want of learning, courage and energy are more visible,"

say "is more visible."

Instead of "We die for want," say "We die of want."

Instead of "He died by fever," say "He died of fever."

Instead of "I enjoy bad health," say "My health is not good."

Instead of "Either of the three," say "Any one of the three."

Instead of "Better nor that," say "Better than that."

Instead of "We often think on you," say "We often think of you."

Instead of "Mine is so good as yours," say "Mine is as good as yours."

Instead of "This town is not as large as we thought," say "This town is

not so large as we thought."

Instead of "Because why?" say "Why?"

Instead of "That there boy," say "That boy."

Instead of "The subject-matter of debate," say "The subject of debate."

Instead of saying "When he was come back," say "When he had come back."

Instead of saying "His health has been shook," say "His health has been

shaken."

Instead of saying "It was spoke in my presence," say "It was spoken in

my presence."

Instead of "Very right," or "Very wrong," say "Right" or "Wrong."

Instead of "The mortgagor paid him the money," say "The mortgagee paid

him the money." The mortgagee lends; the mortgagor borrows.

Instead of "I took you to be another person," say "I mistook you for

another person."

Instead of "On either side of the river," say "On each side of the

river."

Instead of "There's fifty," say "There are fifty."

Instead of "The best of the two" say "The better of the two,"

Instead of "My clothes have become too small for me" say "I have grown

too stout for my clothes."

Instead of "Two spoonsful of physic," say "Two spoonfuls of physic."

Instead of "She said, says she," say "She said."

Avoid such phrases as "I said, says I," "Thinks I to myself," etc.

Instead of "I don't think so," say "I think not."

Instead of "He was in eminent danger," say "He was in imminent danger."

Instead of "The weather is hot," say "The weather is very warm."

Instead of "I sweat," say "I perspire."

Instead of "I only want two dollars," say "I want only two dollars."

Instead of "Whatsomever," say "Whatever," or "Whatsoever."

Avoid such exclamations as "God bless me!" "God deliver me!" "By God!"

"By Gosh!" "Holy Lord!" "Upon my soul!" etc., which are vulgar on the one

hand, and savor of impiety all the other, for--"Thou shalt not take the

name of the Lord thy God in vain."

ACCENT AND PRONUNCIATION.

Accent is a particular stress or force of the voice upon certain

syllables or words. This mark in printing denotes the syllable upon

which the stress or force of the voice should be placed.

A word may have more than one accent. Take as an instance aspiration. In

uttering the word we give a marked emphasis of the voice upon the first

and third syllables, and therefore those syllables are said to be

accented. The first of these accents is less distinguishable than the

second, upon which we dwell longer; therefore the second accent in point

of order is called the primary, or chief accent of the word.

When the full accent falls on a vowel, that vowel should have a long

sound, as in vo'cal; but when it falls on or after a consonant, the

preceding vowel has a short sound, as in hab'it.

To obtain a good knowledge of pronunciation it is advisable for the

reader to listen to the examples given by good speakers, and by educated

persons. We learn the pronunciation of words, to a great extent, by

imitation, just as birds acquire the notes of other birds which may be

near them.

But it will be very important to bear in mind that there are many words

having a double meaning or application, and that the difference of

meaning is indicated by the difference of the accent, Among these words,

nouns are distinguished from verbs by this means: nouns are mostly

accented on the first syllabic, and verbs on the last.

Noun signifies name; nouns are the names of persons and things, as well

as of things not material and palpable, but of which we have a

conception and knowledge, such as courage, firmness, goodness, strength;

and verbs express actions, movements, etc. If the word used signifies

has been done, or is being done, or is, or is to be done, then that word

is a verb.

Thus when we say that anything is "an in'sult," that word is a noun, and

is accented all the first syllable; but when we say he did it "to

insult' another person," that word insult' implies acting, and becomes a

verb, and should be accented on the last syllable.

Simple Rules of Pronunciation.

C before a, o and u, and in some other situations, is a close

articulation, like k. Before e, i and y, c is precisely equivalent to s

in same, this; as in cedar, civil, cypress, capacity.

E final indicates that the preceding vowel is long; as in hate, mete,

sire, robe, lyre, abate, recede, invite, remote, intrude.

E final indicates that c preceding has the sound of s; as in lace,

lance, and that g preceding has the sound of j, as in charge, page,

challenge.

E final in proper English words never forms a syllable, and in the most

used words in the terminating unaccented syllables it is silent. Thus,

motive, genuine, examine, granite, are pronounced motiv, genuin, examin,

granit.

E final, in a few words of foreign origin, forms a syllable; as syncope,

simile.

E final is silent after l in the following terminations: ble, cle, dle,

fle, gle, kle, ple, tle, zle; as in able, manacle, cradle, ruffle,

mangle, wrinkle, supple, rattle, puzzle, which are pronounced a'bl,

mana'cl, cra'dl, ruf'fl, man'gl, wrin'kl, sup'pl, puz'zl.

E is usually silent in the termination en; as in taken, broken;

pronounced takn, brokn. OUS, in the termination of adjectives and their

derivatives, is pronounced us; as is gracious, pious, pompously.

CE, CI, TI, before a vowel, have the sound of sh; as in cetaceous,

gracious, motion, partial, ingratiate; pronounced cetashus, grashus,

moshun, parshal, ingrashiate.

SI, after an accented vowel, is pronounced like zh; as in Ephesian,

coufusion; pronounced Ephezhan, confushon.

GH, both in the middle and at the end of words is silent; as in caught,

bought, fright, nigh, sigh; pronounced caut, baut, frite, ni, si. In the

following exceptions, however, gh is pronounced as f: cough, chough,

clough, enough, laugh, rough, slough, tough, trough.

When WH begins a word, the aspirate h precedes w in pronunciation: as in

what, whiff, whale; pronounced hwat, hwiff, hwale, w having precisely

the sound of oo, French ou. In the following words w is silent:---who,

whom, whose, whoop, whole.

H after r has no sound or use; as in rheum, rhyme; pronounced reum,

ryme.

H should be sounded in the middle of words; as in forehead, abhor,

behold, exhaust, inhabit, unhorse.

H should always be sounded except in the following words:--heir, herb,

honest, honor, hour, humor, and humble, and all their derivatives,--such

as humorously, derived from humor.

K and G are silent before n; as know, gnaw; pronounced no, naw.

W before r is silent; as in wring, wreath; pronounced ring, reath.

B after m is silent; as in dumb, numb; pronounced dum, num.

L before k is silent; as in balk, walk, talk; pronounced bauk, wauk,

tauk.

PH has the sound of f; as in philosophy; pronounced filosofy.

NG has two sounds, one as in singer, the other as in fin-ger.

N after m, and closing a syllable, is silent; as in hymn, condemn.

P before s and t is mute; as in psalm, pseudo, ptarmigan; pronounced

salm, sudo, tarmigan.

R has two sounds, one strong and vibrating, as at the beginning of words

and syllables, such as robber, reckon, error; the other is at the

termination of the words, or when succeeded by a consonant, as farmer,

morn.

Common Errors in Pronunciation.

--ace, is not iss, as furnace, not furniss.

--age, not idge, as cabbage, courage, postage, village.

--ain, ane, not in, as certain, certane, not certin.

--ate, not it, as moderate, not moderit.

--ect, not ec, as aspect, not aspec; subject, not subjec.

--ed, not id, or ud, as wicked, not wickid or wickud.

--el, not l, model, not modl; novel, not novl.

--en, not n, as sudden, not suddn.--Burden, burthen, garden, lengthen,

seven, strengthen, often, and a few others, have the e silent.

--ence, not unce, as influence, not influ-unce.

--es, not is, as pleases, not pleasis.

--ile should be pronounced il, as fertil, not fertile, in all words

except chamomile (cam), exile, gentile, infantile, reconcile, and

senile, which should be pronounced ile.

--in, not n, as Latin, not Latn.

--nd, not n, as husband, not husban; thousand, not thousan.

--ness, not niss, as carefulness, not carefulniss.

--ng, not n, as singing, not singin; speaking, not speakin.

--ngth, not nth, as strength, not strenth.

--son, the o should be silent; as in treason, tre-zn, not tre-son.

--tal, not tle, as capital, not capitle; metal, not mettle; mortal, not

mortle; periodical, not periodicle.

--xt, not x, as next, not nex.

SHORT RULES FOR SPELLING.

Words ending in e drop that letter on taking a suffix beginning with a

vowel. Exceptions--words ending in ge, ce, or oe.

Final e of a primitive word is retained on taking a suffix beginning

with a consonant. Exceptions--words ending in dge, and truly, duly, etc.

Final y of a primitive word, when preceded by a consonant, is generally

changed into i on the addition of a suffix. Exceptions--retained before

ing and ish, as pitying. Words ending in ie and dropping the e by Rule

1, change the i to y, as lying. Final y is sometimes changed to e, as

duteous.

Nouns ending in y, preceded by a vowel, form their plural by adding s; o

as money, moneys. Y preceded by a consonant is changed to ies in the

plural; as bounty, bounties.

Final y of a primitive vowel, preceded by a vowel, should not be changed

into i before a suffix; as, joyless.

In words containing ei or ie, ei is used after the sound s, as ceiling,

seize, except in siege and in a few words ending in cier. Inveigle,

neither, leisure and weird also have ei. In other cases ie is used, as

in believe, achieve.

Words ending in ceous or cious, when relating to matter, end in ceous;

all others in cious.

Words of one syllable, ending in a consonant; with a single vowel before

it, double the consonant in derivatives; as, ship, shipping, etc. But if

ending in a consonant with a double vowel before it, they do not double

the consonant in derivatives; as troop, trooper, etc.

Words of more than one syllable, ending in a consonant preceded by a

single vowel, and accented on the last syllable, double that consonant

in derivatives; as commit, committed; but except chagrin, chagrined;

kidnap, kidnaped.

All words of one syllable ending in l, with a single vowel before it,

have ll at the close; as mill, sell.

All words of one syllable ending in l, with a double vowel before it,

have only one l at the close: as mail, sail.

The words foretell, distill, instill and fulfill retain the double ll of

their primitives. Derivatives of dull, skill, will and full also retain

the double ll when the accent falls on these words; as dullness,

skillful, willful, fullness.

PUNCTUATION.

A period (.) after every declarative and every imperative sentence; as,

It is true. Do right.

A period is also used after every abbreviation; as, Dr., Mr., Capt.

An interrogation point (?) after every question.

The exclamation point (!) after exclamations; as, Alas! Oh, how lovely!

Quotation marks (" ") inclose quoted expressions; as Socrates said: "I

believe the soul is immortal."

A colon (:) is used between parts of a sentence that are subdivided by

semi-colons.

A colon is used before a quotation, enumeration, or observation, that is

introduced by as follows, the following, or any similar expression; as,

Send me the following: 10 doz. "Armstrong's Treasury," 25 Schulte's

Manual, etc.

A semicolon (;) between parts that are subdivided by commas.

The semicolon is used also between clauses or members that are

disconnected in sense; as, Man grows old; he passes away; all is

uncertain. When as, namely, that is, is used to introduce an example or

enumeration, a semicolon is put before it and a comma after it; as, The

night was cold; that is, for the time of year.

A comma is used to set off interposed words, phrases and subordinate

clauses not restrictive; as, Good deeds are never lost, though sometimes

forgotten.

A comma is used to set off transposed phrases and clauses, as, "When the

wicked entice thee, consent thou not."

A comma is used to set off interposed words, phrases and clauses; as,

Let us, if we can, make others happy.

A comma is used between similar or repeated words or phrases; as, The

sky, the water, the trees, were illumined with sunlight.

A comma is used to mark an ellipsis, or the omission of a verb or other

important word.

A comma is used to set off a short quotation informally introduced; as,

Who said, "The good die young"?

A comma is used whenever necessary to prevent ambiguity.

The marks of parenthesis ( ) are used to inclose an interpolation where

such interpolation is by the writer or speaker of the sentence in which

it occurs. Interpolations by an editor or by anyone other than the

author of the sentence should be inclosed in brackets--[ ].

Dashes (--) may be used to set off a parenthetical expression, also to

denote an interruption or a sudden change of thought or a significant

pause.

THE USE OF CAPITALS.

1. Every entire sentence should begin with a capital.

2. Proper names, and adjectives derived from these, should begin with a

capital.

3. All appellations of the Deity should begin with a capital.

4. Official and honorary titles begin with a capital.

5. Every line of poetry should begin with a capital.

6. Titles of books and the heads of their chapters and divisions are

printed in capitals.

7. The pronoun I, and the exclamation O, are always capitals.

8. The days of the week, and the months of the year, begin with

capitals.

9. Every quotation should begin with a capital letter.

10. Names of religious denominations begin with capitals.

11. In preparing accounts, each item should begin with a capital.

12. Any word of special importance may begin with a capital.

THE NAME OF GOD IN FIFTY LANGUAGES.

Hebrew, Eleah, Jehovah;

Chaldaic, Eiliah;

Assyrian, Eleah;

Syrian and Turkish, Alah;

Malay, Alla;

Arabic, Allah;

Languages of the Magi, Orsi;

Old Egyptian, Teut;

Modern Egyptian, Teun;

Armenian, Teuti;

Greek, Theos;

Cretan, Thios;

Aedian and Dorian, Ilos;

Latin, Deus;

Low Latin, Diex;

Celtic Gaelic, Diu;

French, Dieu;

Spanish, Dios;

Portuguese, Deos;

Old German, Diet;

Provencal, Diou;

Low Breton, Done;

Italian, Dio;

Irish, Dia;

Olotu, Deu;

German and Swiss, Gott;

Flemish, God;

Dutch, God;

English, God;

Teutonic, Goth;

Danish and Swedish, Gud;

Norwegian, Gud;

Slav, Buch;

Polish, Bog;

Polacca, Bung;

Lapp, Jubinal;

Finnish, Jumala;

Runic, As;

Zembilian, As;

Pannanlian, Istu;

Tartar, Magatai;

Coromandel, Brama;

Persian, Sire;

Chinese, Prussa;

Japanese, Goezer;

Madagascar, Zannar;

Peruvian, Puchecammae.

FACTS ABOUT SPONGES.

By Albert Hart.

Sponges belong to the animal kingdom, and the principal varieties used

commercially are obtained off the coasts of Florida and the West Indies;

the higher grades are from the Mediterranean Sea, and are numerous in

variety.

A sponge in its natural state is a different-looking object from what we

see in commerce, resembling somewhat the appearance of the jelly fish,

or a mass of liver, the entire surface being covered with a thin, slimy

skin, usually of a dark color, and perforated to correspond with the

apertures of the canals commonly called "holes of the sponge." The

sponge of commerce is, in reality, only the skeleton of a sponge. The

composition of this skeleton varies in the different kinds of sponges,

but in the commercial grades it consists of interwoven horny fibers,

among and supporting which are epiculae of silicious matter in greater

or less numbers, and having a variety of forms. The fibers consist of a

network of fibriles, whose softness and elasticity determine the

commercial quality of a given sponge. The horny framework is perforated

externally by very minute pores, and by a less number of larger

openings. These are parts of an interesting double canal system, an

external and an internal, or a centripetal and a centrifugal. At the

smaller openings on the sponge's surface channels begin, which lead into

dilated spaces. In these, in turn, channels arise, which eventually

terminate in the large openings. Through these channels or canals

definite currents are constantly maintained, which are essential to the

life of the sponge. The currents enter through the small apertures and

emerge through the large ones.

The active part of the sponge, that is, the part concerned in nutrition

and growth, is a soft, fleshy mass, partly filling the meshes and lining

the canals. It consists largely of cells having different functions;

some utilized in the formation of the framework, some in digestion and

others in reproduction. Lining the dilated spaces into which different

canals lead are cells surmounted by whip-like processes. The motion of

these processes produces and maintains the water currents, which carry

the minute food products to the digestive cells in the same cavities.

Sponges multiply by the union of sexual product. Certain cells of the

fleshy pulp assume the character of ova, and others that of spermatozoa.

Fertilization takes place within the sponge. The fertilized eggs, which

are called larvae, pass out into the currents of the water, and, in the

course of twenty-four to forty-eight hours, they settle and become

attached to rocks and other hard substances, and in time develop into

mature sponges. The depth of the water in which sponges grow varies from

10 to 50 feet in Florida, but considerably more in the Mediterranean

Sea, the finer grades being found in the deepest water, having a

temperature of 50 to 57 degrees.

DON'T BE BURIED ALIVE.

From time to time we are horrified by learning that some person has been

buried alive, after assurances have been given of death. Under these

circumstances the opinion of a rising French physician upon the subject

becomes of world-wide interest, for since the tests which have been in

use for years have been found unreliable no means should be left untried

to prove beyond a doubt that life is actually extinct before conveying

our loved ones to the grave.

Dr. Martinot, as reported in the New York Journal, asserts that an

unfailing test may be made by producing a blister on the hand or foot of

the body by holding the flame of a candle to the same for a few seconds,

or until the blister is formed which will always occur. If the blister

contains any fluid it is evidence of life, and the blister only that

produced by an ordinary burn. If, on the contrary, the blister contains

only steam, it may be asserted that life is extinct. The explanation is

as follows:

A corpse, says Dr. Martinot, is nothing more than inert matter, under

the immediate control of physical laws which cause all liquid heated to

a certain temperature to become steam; the epidermis is raised, the

blister produced; it breaks with a little noise, and the steam escapes.

But if, in spite of all appearances, there is any remnant of life, the

organic mechanism continues to be governed by physiological laws, and

the blister will contain serous matter, as in the case of any ordinary

burns.

The test is as simple as the proof is conclusive. Dry blister: death.

Liquid blister: life. Any one may try it; there is no error possible.

HOW TO SERVE WINE.

A fine dinner may be spoiled by not serving the proper wine at the

proper time and at the proper temperature.

A white wine (Sauterne, Riesling, Moselle, etc.) should be used from the

beginning of the meal to the time the roast or game comes on. With the

roast serve red wine, either claret or Burgundy.

Use sparkling wines after the roast.

With dessert, serve apricot cordial.

Never serve red wine with soup or fish, and never a white wine with

game.

Storage, Temperature, Etc.

Store your wines in the cellar at 50 to 60 degrees.

All bottles should lie flat so that the cork is continually moist.

This rule should be specially observed with sparkling wines. Sparkling

wine should be served ice cold.

Put the wine on the ice--not ice in the wine.

Serve red wine at only about 5 degrees cooler than the dining-room.

White wine should be about 15 degrees cooler than the temperature of the

room.

THE STEPS IN THE GROWTH OF AMERICAN LIBERTY.

MAGNA CHARTA.

About seven hundred years ago there was organized a movement which

resulted in the great charter of English liberty--a movement which

foreshadowed the battle of our American forefathers for political

independence. On the 25th of August, 1213, the prelates and Barons,

tiring of the tyranny and vacillation of King John, formed a council and

passed measures to secure their rights. After two years of contest, with

many vicissitudes, the Barons entered London and the King fled into

Hampshire. By agreement both parties met at Runnymede on the 9th of

June, 1215, and after several days' debate, on June 15, Magna Charta

(the Great Charter), the glory of England, was signed and sealed by the

sovereign. The Magna Charta is a comprehensive bill of rights, and,

though crude in form, and with many clauses of merely local value, its

spirit still lives and will live. Clear and prominent we find the motto,

"No tax without representation." The original document is in Latin and

contains sixty-one articles, of which the 39th and 40th, embodying the

very marrow of our own State constitutions, are here given as translated

in the English statutes:

"39. No freeman shall be taken or imprisoned or be disseised of his

freehold, or liberties or free customs, or be otherwise destroped

[damaged], nor will be press upon him nor seize upon him [condemn him]

but by lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land.

"40. We will sell to no man, we will not deny or defer to any man,

either right or justice."

The Great Charter recognizes a popular tribunal as a check on the

official judges and may be looked upon as the foundation of the writ of

Habeas Corpus. It provides that no one is to be condemned on rumor or

suspicion, but only on the evidence of witnesses. It affords protection

against excessive emercements, illegal distresses and various processes

for debts and service due to the crown. Fines are in all cases to be

proportionate to the magnitude of the offense, and even the villein or

rustic is not to be deprived of his necessary chattels. There are

provisions regarding the forfeiture of land for felony. The testamentary

power of the subject is recognized over part of his personal estate, and

the rest to be divided between his widow and children. The independence

of the church is also provided for. These are the most important

features of the Great Charter, which, exacted by men with arms in their

hands from a resisting king, occupies so conspicuous a place in history,

which establishes the supremacy of the law of England over the will of

the monarch, and which still forms the basis of English liberties.

THE MECKLENBURG DECLARATION

More than a year before the signing of the Declaration of Independence a

document was drawn up that was almost a model in phraseology and

sentiment of the great charter of American freedom. There are various

accounts of this matter, but the most trustworthy is this:

At a public meeting of the residents of Mecklenburg County, North

Carolina, held at Charlotte on the 20th of May, 1775, it was

"Resolved, That whenever directly or indirectly abetted, or in any way,

form or manner countenanced, the unchartered and dangerous invasion of

our rights, as claimed by Great Britain, is an enemy to our country--to

America--and to the inherent and inalienable rights of man.

"Resolved, That we, the citizens of Mecklenburg County, do hereby

dissolve the political bonds which have connected us to the mother

country, and hereby absolve ourselves from all allegiance to the British

crown, and abjure all political connection, contract or association with

that nation, which has wantonly trampled on our rights and liberties,

and inhumanly shed the blood of American patriots at Lexington.

"Resolved, That we do hereby declare ourselves a free and independent

people; are and of right ought to be a sovereign and self-governing

association, under the control of no power other than that of our God

and the general government of the Congress. To the maintenance of which

independence we solemnly pledge to each other our mutual cooperation,

our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor."

There are two other resolutions, concerning the militia and the

administration of the law, but these, having no present value, are here

omitted.

THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.

In Congress, July 4, 1776.

When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people

to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another,

and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal

station to which the laws of Nature and Nature's God entitle them, a

decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should

declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal;

that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights;

that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That

to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving

their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any

form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of

the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government,

laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in

such form as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and

happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long

established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and

accordingly all experience has shown that mankind are more disposed to

suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by

abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train

of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces

a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it

is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards

for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these

colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter

their former systems of government. The history of the present King of

Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all

having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over

these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for

the public good.

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing

importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should

be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend

to them.

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large

districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of

representation in the legislature--a right inestimable to them,

formidable to tyrants only.

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual,

uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records,

for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his

measures.

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing with

manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.

He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others

to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of

annihilation, have returned to the people at large, for their exercise,

the state remaining, in the meantime, exposed to all the dangers of

invasion from without, and convulsions within.

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that

purpose obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners, refusing

to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising

conditions of new appropriation of lands. He has obstructed the

administration of justice, by refusing his assent to laws establishing

judiciary powers.

He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their

offices and the amount and payment of their salaries.

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of

officers, to harass our people, and to eat out their substance.

He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the

consent of our legislatures.

He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to,

the civil power.

He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to

our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent to

their acts of pretended legislation:

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us. For protecting

them, by mock trial, from punishment for any murders which they should

commit on the inhabitants of these States.

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world. For imposing

taxes on us without our consent.

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury.

For transporting us beyond the seas to be tried for pretended offenses.

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring

province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging

its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument

for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies.

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and

altering, fundamentally, the forms of our governments.

For suspending our own legislatures and declaring themselves invested

with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.

He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection,

and waging war against us.

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and

destroyed the lives of our people.

He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries,

to complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun

with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the

most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized

nation.

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas,

to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their

friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands.

He has excited domestic insurrection among us, and has endeavored to

bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages,

whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all

ages, sexes and conditions.

In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in

the most humble terms; our repeated petitions have been answered only by

repeated injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act

which may define a tyrant is unfit to be ruler of a free people.

Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have

warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature to

extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of

the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have

appealed to their native justice and magnanimity; and we have conjured

them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations,

which would inevitably interrupt our connection and correspondence.

They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity.

We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our

separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in

war, in peace friends.

We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in

general Congress assembled, appealing to the supreme Judge of the world

for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the

authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and

declare that these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free

and independent States; that they are absolved from all allegiance to

the British crown, and that all political connection between them and

the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; and

that, as free and independent States, they have full power to levy war,

conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce and to do all

other acts and things which independent States may of right do. And for

the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection

of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our

fortunes and our sacred honor.

The foregoing declaration was, by order of the Congress, engrossed, and

signed by the following members:

JOHN HANCOCK

New Hampshire--Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew Thornton.

Massachusetts Bay--Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine,

Elbridge Gerry.

Rhode Island--Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery.

Connecticut--Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Williams, Oliver

Wolcott

New York--William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris.

New Jersey--Richard Stockton. John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John

Hart, Abraham Clark.

Pennsylvania--Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John

Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George

Ross.

Delaware--Caesar Rodney, George Read, Thomas McKean.

Maryland--Samuel Chase, William Paco, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll, of

Carrollton.

Virginia--George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin

Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton.

North Carolina--William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn.

South Carolina--Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, Jr., Thomas Lynch, Jr.,

Arthur Middleton.

Georgia--Button Gwinett, Lyman Hall, George Walton.

The following clause formed part of the original Declaration of

Independence as signed, but was finally left out of the printed copies

"out of respect to South Carolina":

"He [King George III.] has waged cruel war against human nature itself,

violating its most sacred rights of life and liberty in the persons of a

distant people who never offended him, captivating and carrying them

into slavery in another hemisphere or to incur miserable death in their

transportation thither."

THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.

We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect

union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the

common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of

liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this

Constitution for the United States of America.

Article I.

SECTION I.

1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress

of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of

Representatives.

SECTION II.

1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen

every second year by the people of the several States; and the electors

in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of

the most numerous branch of the State legislature.

2. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to

the age of twenty-five years, and have been seven years a citizen of the

United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that

State in which he shall be chosen.

3. Representative and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the

several States which may be included within this Union, according to

their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the

whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a

term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all

other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years

after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within

every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law

direct. The number of representatives shall not exceed one for every

thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one representative;

and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire

shall be entitled to choose three; Massachusetts, eight; Rhode Island

and Providence Plantations, one; Connecticut, five; New York, six; New

Jersey, four; Pennsylvania, eight; Delaware, one; Maryland, six;

Virginia, ten; North Carolina, five; South Carolina, five, and Georgia,

three.

4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the

executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such

vacancies.

5. The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other

officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment.

SECTION III.

1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators

from each State, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years; and

each senator shall have one vote.

2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first

election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes.

The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the

expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of

the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth

year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year; and if

vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the

legislature of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary

appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then

fill such vacancies.

3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age

of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and

who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he

shall be chosen.

4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be president of the

Senate, but shall have no vote unless they be equally divided.

5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president

pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall

exercise the office of President of the United States.

6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When

sitting for that purpose they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the

President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall

preside; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of

two-thirds of the members present.

7. Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further than to

removal from office, disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of

honor, trust or profit under the United States; but the party convicted

shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment

and punishment, according to law.

SECTION IV.

1. The times, places and manner of holding elections for senators and

representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the legislature

thereof; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such

regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators.

2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year; and such

meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by

law appoint a different day.

SECTION V.

1. Each house shall be the judge of the election, returns and

qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall

constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn

from day to day and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent

members, in such manner and under such penalties as each house may

provide.

2. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its

members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of

two-thirds, expel a member.

3. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to

time publish the same, excepting such parts as in their judgment require

secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on any

question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered

on the journal.

4. Neither house, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the

consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other

place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting.

SECTION VI.

1. The senators and representatives shall receive a compensation for

their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury

of the United States. They shall, in all cases, except treason, felony,

and breach of peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance

at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and returning

from the same; and for any speech or debate in either house they shall

not be questioned in any other place.

2. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was

elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the

United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof

shall have been increased, during such time; and no person holding any

office under the United States shall be a member of either house during

his continuance in office.

SECTION VII.

1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of

Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as

on other bills.

2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and

the Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the

President of the United States; if he approve he shall sign it, but if

not he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it

shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their

journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration,

two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent,

together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall

likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house,

it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses

shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons

voting for or against the bill be entered on the journal of each house

respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within

ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him,

the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless

the Congress, by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it

shall not be a law.

3. Every order, resolution or vote to which the concurrence of the

Senate and the House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a

question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the

United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved

by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of

the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and

limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.

SECTION VIII.

The Congress shall have power--

1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises to pay the

debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the

United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform

throughout the United States;

2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States;

3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several

States, and with the Indian tribes;

4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on

the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States;

5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and

fix the standard of weights and measures;

6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and

current coin of the United States;

7. To establish post-offices and post-roads;

8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for

limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their

respective writings and discoveries;

9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court;

10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high

seas, and offenses against the law of nations;

11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules

concerning captures on land and water;

12. To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that

use shall be for a longer term than two years;

13. To provide and maintain a navy;

14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and

naval forces;

15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the

Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions;

16. To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and

for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the

United States, reserving to the States, respectively, the appointment of

the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the

discipline prescribed by Congress;

17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over

such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of

particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of

the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over

all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the State in

which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals,

dock-yards, and other needful buildings;

And to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying

into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by the

Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any

department or officer thereof.

SECTION IX

1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States now

existing shall think proper to admit shall not be prohibited by the

Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a

tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten

dollars for each person.

2. The privilege of the writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended,

unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may

require it.

3. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed.

4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion

to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken.

5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State.

6. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue

to the ports of one State over those or another; nor shall vessels bound

to or from one State be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in

another.

7. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of

appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the

receipts and expenditures of all public moneys shall be published from

time to time.

8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no

person holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, without

the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office or

title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince or foreign state.

SECTION X.

1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation;

grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit;

make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts;

pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the

obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.

2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any impost

or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary

for executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of an duties and

imposts laid by any State on imports or exports shall be for the use of

the treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to

the revision and control of the Congress. No State shall, without the

consent of the Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships

of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with

another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless

actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay.

Article II.

SECTION I.

1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United

States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four

years; and, together with the Vice-President chosen for the same term,

be elected as follows:

2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof

may direct, a number of electors equal to the whole number of senators

and representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress;

but no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust

or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.

3. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by

ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant

of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the

persons voted for and of the number of votes for each; which list they

shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of government of

the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The

President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House

of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then

be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the

President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors

appointed; and if there be more than one who have such a majority, and

have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall

immediately choose, by ballot, one of them for President, and if no

person have a majority, then, from the five highest on the list, the

said House shall, in like manner, choose the President. But in choosing

the President the votes shall be taken by States, the representation

from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist

of a member or members from two-thirds of all the States, and a majority

of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after

the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of

votes of the electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there should

remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from

them, by ballot, the Vice-President.

4. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the

day on which they shall give their votes, which day shall be the same

throughout the United States.

5. No person, except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the United

States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be

eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be

eligible to that office who shall not have attained the age of

thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United

States.

6. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death,

resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of said

office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President; and the Congress

may, by law, provide for the case of removal, death, resignation or

inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what

officer shall then act as President; and such officer shall act

accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be

elected.

7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a

compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the

period for which he shall have been elected; and he shall not receive

within that period any other emoluments from the United States, or any

of them.

8. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the

following oath or affirmation:

"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the

office of President of the United States; and will, to the best of my

ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United

States."

SECTION II.

1. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the

United States, and of the militia of the several States, when called

into the actual service of the United States. He may require the

opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive

departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective

offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for

offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment.

2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the

Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present

concur; and he shall nominate, and, by and with the advice and consent

of the Senate, shall appoint embassadors, other public ministers and

consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the

United States whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for,

and which shall be established by law. But the Congress may, by law,

vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in

the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of

departments.

3. The President shall have power to fill all vacancies that may happen

during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall

expire at the end of their next session.

SECTION III.

1. He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information of the

state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures

as he shall judge necessary and expedient. He may, on extraordinary

occasions, convene both houses, or either of them; and in case of

disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he

may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper. He shall receive

embassadors and other public ministers. He shall take care that the laws

be faithfully executed; and shall commission all officers of the United

States.

SECTION IV.

1. The President, Vice-President and all civil officers of the United

States shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction

of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.

Article III.

SECTION I

1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one

Supreme Court and in such inferior courts as Congress may from time to

time ordain and establish. The judges both of the Supreme and inferior

courts shall hold their offices during good behavior; and shall, at

stated times, receive for their services a compensation which shall not

be diminished during their continuance of office.

SECTION II.

1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity

arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and

treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to all

cases affecting embassadors, other public ministers and consuls; to all

cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which

the United States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more

States, between a State and citizens of another State, between citizens

of different States, between citizens of the same State claiming lands

under grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens

thereof, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects.

2. In all cases affecting embassadors, other public ministers and

consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court

shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases mentioned, the

Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and

fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Congress

shall make.

3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by

jury, and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crime

shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the

trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have

directed.

SECTION III.

l. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war

against them or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and

comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony

of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.

2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason;

but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or

forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted.

Article IV.

SECTION I.

1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public

acts, records and judicial proceedings of every other State; and the

Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts,

records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.

SECTION II. 1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all

privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States.

2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime,

who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on

demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be

delivered up to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the

crime.

3. No person held to service or labor in one State under the laws

thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any laws or

regulations therein, be discharged from such service or labor; but shall

be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may

be due.

SECTION III.

1. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no

new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any

other State, nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more

States or parts of States, without the consent of the legislatures of

the States concerned, as well as of Congress.

2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of, and make all needful

rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property

belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall

be so construed as to prejudice any claim of the United States, or of

any particular State.

SECTION IV.

1. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a

republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against

invasion; and, on application of the legislature, or of the executive

(when the legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence.

Article V.

1. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it

necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution; or, on the

application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several States,

shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case,

shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of this Constitution,

when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several

States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the

other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress; provided,

that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight

hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth

clauses in the ninth section of the fifth article; and that no State,

without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the

Senate.

Article VI.

1. All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adoption

of this Constitution shall be as valid against the United States under

this Constitution as under the Confederation.

2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be

made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be

made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law

of the land; and the judges of every State shall be bound thereby,

anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary

notwithstanding.

3. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members of

the several State legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers,

both of the United States and the several States, shall be bound by oath

or affirmation to support this Constitution; but no religious test shall

ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under

the United States.

Article VII.

1. The ratification of the convention of nine States shall be sufficient

for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so

ratifying the same. Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the

States present, the seventeenth day of December, in the year of our Lord

one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independence of

the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have

hereunto subscribed our names.

GEORGE WASHINGTON,

President, and Deputy from Virginia.

AMENDMENTS.

Article I.

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or

prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of

speech or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to

assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievance.

Article II.

A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free

state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be

infringed.

Article III.

No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without

the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be

prescribed by law.

Article IV.

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers

and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be

violated; and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported

by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be

searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

Article V.

No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous

crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in

cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in

actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be

subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or

limb, nor shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness

against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without

due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use,

without just compensation.

Article VI.

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a

speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district

wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have

been previously ascertained by law; and to be informed of the nature and

cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against

him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor,

and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.

Article VII.

In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed

twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved; and no

fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise reexamined, in any court of the

United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

Article VIII.

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor

cruel and unusual punishment inflicted.

Article IX.

The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be

construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

Article X.

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor

prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively,

or to the people. [The preceding ten amendatory articles were proposed

to the legislatures of the States by the first Congress, September 25,

1789, and notification of ratification received from all the States

except Connecticut, Georgia and Massachusetts.]

Article XI.

The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend

to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one of the

United States by citizens or subjects of any foreign state.

[Proposed by the Third Congress, and Congress notified of its adoption

January 8, 1798.]

Article XII.

1. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by

ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall

not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves. They shall name

in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct

ballots the person voted for as Vice-President; and they shall make

distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons

voted for as Vice-President; and of the number of votes for each; which

lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of

government of the United States, directed to the President of the

Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate

and House of Representatives, open the certificates, and the votes shall

then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes for

President shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the

whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such majority,

then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three,

on the list of those voted for as President, the House of

Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But,

in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the

representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this

purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the

States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice.

And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President

whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth

day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as

President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional

disability of the President.

2. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President

shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole

number of electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then

from the two highest numbers on the list the Senate shall choose the

Vice-President. A quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of

the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall

be necessary to a choice.

3. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President

shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United Stales.

[Proposed by the Eighth Congress, and declared adopted September 23,

1804, by proclamation of the Secretary of State.]

Article XIII.

1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for

crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist

within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate

legislation.

[Proposed by the Thirty-eighth Congress, and declared adopted December

18, 1865, by proclamation of the Secretary of State.]

Article XIV.

SECTION I.

All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the

jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State

wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall

abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States,

nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property,

without due process or law, nor deny to any person within its

jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

SECTION II. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several

States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number

of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the

right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President

and Vice-President of the United States, representatives in Congress,

the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the

legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such

State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United

States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or

other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the

proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the

whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.

SECTION III. No person shall be a senator or representative in Congress,

or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or

military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having

previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of

the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an

executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution

of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion

against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof; but

Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such

disability.

SECTION IV. The validity of the public debt of the United States,

authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and

bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall

not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall

assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or

rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or

emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims

shall be held illegal and void.

SECTION V. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate

legislation, the provisions of this article.

[Proposed by the Thirty-ninth Congress and declared adopted by concurrent

resolution of Congress, July 21, 1868.]

Article XV.

SECTION I.

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied

or abridged by the United States, or any State, on account of race,

color or previous condition of servitude.

SECTION II.

The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate

legislation.

[Proposed by the Fortieth Congress, and declared adopted by proclamation

of the Secretary of State, March 30, 1870.]

WORKINGMEN EASILY GULLED.

Who fought for King George in 1776? Working people.

What interest did they have in being ruled by him? None.

Why, then, did they risk their lives for him? Because he hired them.

Where did the king get the money to pay them? By taxing them.

Then they really paid themselves for fighting? Certainly.

In every war ever fought the working people paid the expenses.

"WHAT constitutes a state?

Men who their duties know,

But know their rights, and, knowing,

Dare maintain."

--Jones.

JEFFERSON'S POLITICAL POLICY.

1. Legal equality of all human beings.

2. The people the only source of power.

3. No hereditary offices, nor order of "nobility," nor title.

4. No unnecessary taxation.

5. No national banks or bonds.

6. No costly splendor of administration.

7. Freedom of thought and discussion.

8. Civil authority superior to the military.

9. No favored classes; no special privileges; no monopolies.

10. Free and fair elections; universal suffrage.

11. No public money spent without warrant of law.

12. No mysteries in government hidden from the public eye.

13. Representatives bound by the instructions of their constituents.

14. The Constitution of the United States a special grant of powers

limited and definite.

15. Freedom, sovereignty and independence of the respective States.

16. Absolute severance of Church and State.

17. The Union a compact--not a consolidation nor a centralization.

18. Moderate salaries, economy and strict accountability.

19. Gold and silver currency--supplemented by treasury notes bearing no

interest and bottomed on taxes.

20. No State banks of issue.

21. No expensive navy or diplomatic establishment.

22. A progressive or graduated tax laid upon wealth.

23. No internal revenue system. A complete separation of public moneys

from bank funds.

PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Declaration of Independence July 4th, 1776

General Washington, first President. 1789 and 1793

John Adams 1797

Thomas Jefferson 1801 and 1805

James Madison 1809 and 1813

James Monroe 1817 and 1821

John Quincy Adams 1825

General Andrew Jackson 1829 and 1833

Martin Van Buren 1837

General William Henry Harrison (died 4th April) 1841

John Tyler (elected as Vice-President). 1841

James Knox Polk 1845

General Zachary Taylor (died 9th July, 1850) 1849

Millard Fillmore (elected as Vice-President) 1850

General Franklin Pierce 1853

James Buchanan 1857

Abraham Lincoln (assassinated 14th April, 1865) 1861 and 1865

Andrew Johnson (elected as Vice-President) 1865

General Ulysses S. Grant 1869 and 1873

Rutherford B. Hayes 1877

General J. Abram Garfield (died 19th September, 1881) 1881

General Chester A. Arthur (elected as V. Pres.) 1881

Grover Cleveland 1885

Benjamin H. Harrison 1889

Grover Cleveland 1893

William McKinley (elected) 1897

(Re-elected) 1901

(Assassinated September 14, 1901)

Theodore Roosevelt (elected Vice-President) 1901

(Became President September 14) 1901

Theodore Roosevelt (elected) 1905

Wm. H. Taft 1909

FACTS ABOUT THE LIBERTY BELL.

Cast by Thomas Lester, Whitechapel, London.

Arrived in Philadelphia in August, 1752.

First used in statehouse, Philadelphia, Aug. 27, 1752.

Twice recast by Pass & Snow, Philadelphia, to repair crack, September,

1752.

Muffled and tolled Oct. 5, 1765, on arrival of ship Royal Charlotte with

stamps.

Muffled and tolled Oct. 31, 1765, when stamp act was put in operation.

Summoned meeting to prevent landing of cargo of tea from the ship Polly

Dec. 27, 1774.

Summoned meeting of patriots April 25, 1775, after battle of Lexington.

Proclaimed declaration of independence and the birth of a new nation at

great ratification meeting July 8, 1776.

First journey from Philadelphia made in September, 1777, to Allentown,

Pa., to escape capture by the British; returned June 27, 1778.

Proclaimed treaty of peace April 16, 1783.

Tolled for the death of Washington Dec. 26, 1799.

Rung on the fiftieth anniversary of the declaration of independence July

4, 1826.

Last used in tolling for the death of John Marshall July 8, 1835,

Principal tours: To New Orleans in 1885; Chicago, 1893; Atlanta, 1895;

Boston, 1902; St Louis, 1904.

HOW THE PRESIDENTS DIED.

George Washington's death was the result of a severe cold contracted

while riding around his farm in a rain and sleet storm on Dec. 10, 1799.

The cold increased and was followed by a chill, which brought on acute

laryngitis. He died at the age of 68, on Dec. 14, 1799.

John Adams died from old age, having reached his ninety-first milestone.

Though active mentally, he was nearly blind and unable to hold a pen

steadily enough to write. He passed away without pain on July 4, 1826.

Thomas Jefferson died at the age of eighty-three, a few hours before

Adams, on July 4, 1826. His disease was chronic diarrhoea, superinduced

by old age, and his physician said the too free use of the waters of the

white sulphur springs.

James Madison also died of old age, and peacefully, on June 28, 1836.

His faculties were undimmed to the last. He was eighty-five.

James Monroe's demise, which occurred in the seventy-third year of his

age, on July 4, 1831, was assigned to enfeebled health.

John Quincy Adams was stricken with paralysis on Feb. 21, 1848, while

addressing the Speaker of the House of Representatives, being at the

time a member of Congress. He died in the rotunda of the Capitol. He was

eighty-one years of age.

Andrew Jackson died on June 8, 1845, seventy-eight years old. He

suffered from consumption and finally dropsy, which made its appearance

about six months before his death.

Martin Van Buren died on July 24, 1862, from a violent attack of asthma,

followed by catarrhal affections of the throat and lungs. He was eighty

years of age.

William Henry Harrison's death was caused by pleurisy, the result of a

cold, which he caught on the day of his inauguration. This was

accompanied with severe diarrhoea, which would not yield to medical

treatment. He died on April 4, 1841, a month after his inauguration. He

was sixty-eight years of age.

John Tyler died on Jan. 17, 1862, at the age of seventy-two. Cause of

death, bilious colic.

James K. Polk was stricken with a slight attack of cholera in the spring

of 1849, while on a boat going up the Mississippi River. Though

temporarily relieved, he had a relapse on his return home and died on

June 15, 1849, aged fifty-four years.

Zachary Taylor was the second President to die in office. He is said to

have partaken immoderately of ice water and iced milk, and then later of

a large quantity of cherries. The result was an attack of cholera

morbus. He was sixty-six years old.

Millard Fillmore died from a stroke of paralysis on March 8, 1874, in

his seventy-fourth year.

Franklin Pierce's death was due to abdominal dropsy, and occurred on

Oct. 8, l869, in the sixty-fifth year of his age.

James Buchanan's death occurred on June 1, 1868, and was caused by

rheumatic gout. He was seventy-seven years of age.

Abraham Lincoln was shot by J. Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theater,

Washington, D. C., on April 14, 1865, and died the following day, aged

fifty-six.

Andrew Johnson died from a stroke of paralysis July 31, 1875, aged

sixty-seven.

U. S. Grant died of cancer of the tongue, at Mt. McGregor, N. Y., July

3, 1885.

James A. Garfield was shot by Charles J. Guiteau on July 2. 1881. Died

Sept. 19, 1881.

Chester A. Arthur, who succeeded Garfield, died suddenly of apoplexy in

New York City, Nov. 18, 1886.

Rutherford B. Hayes died Jan. 17, 1803, the result of a severe cold

contracted in Cleveland, Ohio.

Benjamin Harrison died March 13, 1901. Cause of death, pneumonia.

William McKinley was assassinated Sept. 14, 1901.

Grover Cleveland died on June 24, 1908, of debility, aged 71.

WHO IS THE AUTHOR?

The following literary curiosity found its way recently into the query

column of a Boston newspaper. Nobody seems to know who wrote it:

O I wish I was in eden

Where all the beastes is feedin,

the Pigs an cows an osses.

And the long tale Bull wot tosses

the Bulldog and the Rabbit,

acaus it is his habbit;

Where Lions, Tigurs, monkees,

And them long-ear'd things call'd Donkeys,

Meat all together daylee

With Crockedyles all Skaley,

Where sparros on the bushis

Sings to there mates, the thrushis,

an Hawks and Littel Rens

Wawks about like Cocks and Ens,

One looking at the tuther

for all the World like a Bruther.

Where no quarlin is or Phytin,

its tru wot ime aritin.

O for a wauk at even,

somewhere abowt 6 or 7,

When the Son be gwain to bed,

with his fase all fyree red.

O for the grapes and resins

Wot ripens at all seesins;

the appels and the Plumbs

As Big as my 2 thums;

the hayprecocks an peechis,

Wot all within our reech is,

An we mought pick an heat,

paying nothing for the treat.

O for the pooty flouers

A bloomin at all ours,

So that a large Bokay

Yew may gether any day

Of ev'ry flour that blose

from Colleflour to rose.

THE ART OF NOT FORGETTING.

A Brief but Comprehensive Treatise Based on Loisette's Famous System of

Memory Culture.

So much has been said about Loisette's memory system, the art has been

so widely advertised, and so carefully guarded from all the profane who

do not send five or many dollars to the Professor, that a few pages,

showing how man may be his own Loisette, may be both interesting and

valuable.

In the first place, the system is a good one, and well worth the labor

of mastering, and if the directions are implicitly followed there can be

no doubt that the memory will be greatly strengthened and improved, and

that the mnemonic feats otherwise impossible may be easily performed.

Loisette, however, is not an inventor, but an introducer. He stands in

the same relation to Dr. Pick that the retail dealer holds to the

manufacturer: the one produced the article, the other brings it to the

public. Even this statement is not quite fair to Loisette, for he has

brought much practical common sense to bear upon Pick's system, and, in

preparing the new art of mnemonics for the market, in many ways he has

made it his own.

If each man would reflect upon the method by which he himself remembers

things, he would find his hand upon the key of the whole mystery. For

instance, I was once trying to remember the word "Blythe." There

occurred to my mind the words "Bellman," "Belle," and the verse:

"---- the peasant upward climbing

Hears the bells of Buloss chiming."

"Barcarole," "Barrack," and so on, until finally the word "Blythe"

presented itself with a strange insistence, long after I had ceased

trying to recall it.

On another occasion, when trying to recall the name "Richardson," I got

the words "hay-rick," "Robertson," "Randallstown," and finally

"wealthy," from which, naturally, I got "rich" and "Richardson" almost

in a breath.

Still another example: Trying to recall the name of an old schoolmate,

"Grady," I got "Brady," "grave," "gaseous," "gastronome," "gracious,"

and I finally abandoned the attempt, simply saying to myself that it

began with a "G," and there was an "a" sound after it. The next morning

when thinking of something entirely different, this name "Grady" came up

in my mind with as much distinctness as though someone had whispered it

in my ear. This remembering was done without any conscious effort on my

part, and was evidently the result of the exertion made the day before

when the mnemonic processes were put to work. Every reader must have had

a similar experience which he can recall, and which will fall in line

with the examples given.

It follows, then, that when we endeavor, without the aid of any system,

to recall a forgotten fact or name, our memory presents to us words of

similar sound or meaning in its journey toward the goal to which we have

started it. This goes to show that our ideas are arranged in groups in

whatever secret cavity or recess of the brain they occupy, and that the

arrangement is not an alphabetical one exactly, and not entirely by

meaning, but after some fashion partaking of both.

If you are looking for the word "meadow" you may reach "middle" before

you come to it, or "Mexico," or many, words beginning with the "m"

sound, or containing the "dow", as window, or "dough," or you may get

"field" or "farm"--but you are on the right track, and if you do not

interfere with your intellectual process you will finally come to the

idea which you are seeking.

How often have you heard people say, "I forget his name, it is something

like Beadle or Beagle--at any rate it begins with a B." Each and all of

these were unconscious Loisettians, and they were practicing blindly,

and without proper method or direction, the excellent system which he

teaches. The thing, then, to do--and it is the final and simple truth

which Loisette teaches--is to travel over this ground in the other

direction--to cement the fact which you wish to remember to some other

fact or word which you know will be brought out by the implied

conditions--and thus you will always be able to travel from your given

starting-point to the thing which you wish to call to mind.

It seems as though a channel were cut in our mind-stuff along which the

memory flows. How to construct an easy channel for any event or series

of events or facts which one wishes to remember, along which the mind

will ever afterward travel, is the secret of mnemonics.

Loisette, in common with all the mnemonic teachers, uses the old device

of representing numbers by letters--and as this is the first and easiest

step in the art, this seems to be the most logical place to introduce

the accepted equivalents of the Arabic numerals:

0 is always represented by s, z or c soft.

1 is always represented by t, th or d.

2 is always represented by n.

3 is always represented by m.

4 is always represented by r.

5 is always represented by l.

6 is always represented by sh, j, ch soft or g soft.

7 is always represented by g hard, k, c hard, q or final ng.

8 is always represented by f or v.

9 is always represented by p or b.

All the other letters are used simply to fill up. Double letters in a

word count only as one. In fact, the system goes by sound, not by

spelling, For instance, "this" or "dizzy" would stand for ten; "catch"

or "gush" would stand for 76, and the only difficulty is to make some

word or phrase which will contain only the significant letters in the

proper order, filled out with non-significants into some guise of

meaning or intelligibility.

You can remember the equivalents given above by noting that z is the

first letter of "zero," and c of "cipher," t has but one stroke, n has

two, m three; the script f is very like 8; the script p like 9; r is the

last letter of "four;" l is the Roman numeral for 50, which suggests 5.

The others may be retained by memorizing these nonsense lines:

Six shy Jewesses chase George.

Seven great kings came quarreling.

Suppose you wished to get some phrase or word that would express the

number 3,685, you arrange the letters this way:

3

6

8

5

a m a sh a f a 1

e

e j e v e

i

i ch i

i

o

o g o

o

u

u

u

u

h

h

h

h

w

w

w

w

x

x

x

x

y

y

y

y

You can make out "image of law," "my shuffle," "matchville," etc., etc.,

as far as you like to work it out.

Now, suppose you wished to memorize the fact that $1,000,000 in gold

weighs 3,685 pounds, you go about it in this way, and here is the kernel

and crux of Loisette's system: "How much does $1,000,000 in gold weigh?"

"Weigh-scales."

"Scales--statue of justice."

"Statue of Justice--image of law."

The process is simplicity itself. The thing you wish to recall, and that

you fear to forget, is the weight; consequently you cement your chain of

suggestion to the idea which is most prominent in your mental question.

What do you weigh with? Scales. What does the mental picture of scales

suggest? The statue of Justice, blindfolded and weighing out award and

punishment to man. Finally, what is this statue of Justice but the image

of law? And the words "image of law," translated back from the

significant letters m, g soft, f and 1, give you 3--6--8--5, the number

of pounds in $1,000,000 in gold. You bind together in your mind each

separate step in the journey, the one suggests the other, and you will

find a year from now that the fact will be as fresh in your memory as it

is today. You cannot lose it. It is chained to you by an unbreakable

mnemonic tie. Mark that it is not claimed that "weight" will of itself

suggest "scales," and "scales" "statue of Justice," etc., but that,

having once passed your attention up and down that ladder of ideas, your

mental tendency will be to take the same route, and get to the same goal

again and again. Indeed, beginning with the weight of $1,000,000, "image

of law" will turn up in your mind without your consciousness of any

intermediate station on the way, after some iteration and reiteration of

the original chain.

Again, so as to fasten the process in the reader's mind even more

firmly, suppose that it were desired to fix the date of the battle of

Hastings (A. D. 1066) in the memory; 1066 may be represented by the

words "the wise judge" (th--1, s--0, j--6, dg--6; the others are

non-significants); a chain might be made thus:

Battle of Hastings--arbitrament of war.

Arbitrament of war--arbitration.

Arbitration--judgment.

Judgment--the wise judge.

Make mental pictures, connect ideas, repeat words and sounds, go about

it any way you please, so that you will form a mental habit of

connecting the "battle of Hastings" with the idea of "arbitrament of

war," and so on for the other links in the chain, and the work is done.

Loisette makes the beginning of his system unnecessarily difficult, to

say nothing of his illogical arrangement in the grammar of the art of

memory, which he makes the first of his lessons. He analyzes suggestion

into--

1. Inclusion.

2. Exclusion.

3. Concurrence.

All of which looks very scientific and orderly, but is really misleading

and badly named. The truth is that one idea will suggest another:

1. By likeness or opposition of meaning, as "house" suggests "room" or

"door," etc.; or, "white" suggests "black"; "cruel," "kind," etc.

2. By likeness of sound, as "harrow" and "barrow"; "Henry" and

"Hennepin."

3. By mental juxtaposition, a peculiarity different in each person, and

depending upon each one's own experiences. Thus, "St. Charles" suggests

"railway bridge" to me, because I was vividly impressed by the breaking

of the Wabash bridge at that point. "Stable" and "broken leg" come near

each other in my experience, as do "cow" and "shot-gun" and "licking."

Out of these three sorts of suggestion it is possible to get from anyone

fact to another in a chain certain and safe, along which the mind may be

depended upon afterwards always to follow.

The chain is, of course, by no means all. Its making and its binding

must be accompanied by a vivid, methodically directed attention, which

turns all the mental light gettable in a focus upon the subject passing

across the mind's screen. Before Loisette was thought of this was known.

In the old times in England, in order to impress upon the mind of the

rising generation the parish boundaries in the rural districts, the boys

were taken to each of the landmarks in succession, the position and

bearing of each pointed out carefully, and, in order to deepen the

impression, the young people were then and there vigorously thrashed--a

mechanical method of attracting the attention which was said never to

have failed. This system has had its supporters in many of the

old-fashioned schools, and there are men who will read these lines who

can recall, with an itching sense of vivid impression, the 144 lickings

which were said to go with the multiplication table.

In default of a thrashing, however, the student must cultivate as best

he can an intense fixity of perception upon every fact or word or date

that he wishes to make permanently his own. It is easy. It is a matter

of habit. If you will, you can photograph an idea upon your cerebral

gelatine so that neither years nor events will blot it out or overlay

it. You must be clearly and distinctly aware of the thing you are

putting into your mental treasure-house, and drastically certain of the

cord by which you have tied it to some other thing of which you are

sure. Unless it is worth your while to do this, you might as well

abandon any hope of mnemonic improvement, which will not come without

the hardest kind of hard work, although it is work that will grow

constantly easier with practice and reiteration. You need, then:

1. Methodic suggestion.

2. Methodic attention.

3. Methodic reiteration.

And this is all there is to Loisette, and a great deal it is. Two of

them will not do without the third. You do not know how many steps there

are from your hall door to your bedroom, though you have attended to and

often reiterated the journey. But if there are twenty of them, and you

have once bound the word "nice," or "nose," or "news" or "hyenas," to

the fact of the stairway, you can never forget it.

The Professor makes a point, and very wisely, of the importance of

working through some established chain, so that the whole may be carried

away in the mind--not alone for the value of the facts so bound

together, but for the mental discipline so afforded.

Here, then, is the "President Series," which contains the name and date

of inauguration of each President from Washington to Cleveland. The

manner in which it is to be mastered is this: Beginning at the top, try

to find in your mind some connection between each word and the one

following it. See how you can at some future time make one suggest the

next, either by suggestion of sound or sense, or by mental

juxtaposition. When you have found this dwell on it attentively for a

moment or two. Pass it backward and forward before you, and then go on

to the next step.

The chain runs thus, the names of the President being in capitals, the

date words or date phrases being inclosed in parentheses:

President Chosen for the first word as the one most apt to occur to the

mind of anyone wishing to repeat the names of the Presidents.

Dentist President and dentist.

Draw What does a dentist do?

(To give up) When something is drawn from one it is given up.

This is a date phrase meaning 1789.

WASHINGTON. Associate the quality of self-sacrifice with

Washington's character.

Morning wash Washington and wash.

Dew Early wetness and dew.

Flower beds Dew and flowers.

(Took a bouquet) Flowers and bouquet. Date phrase (1797),

Garden Bouquet and garden.

Eden The first garden.

Adam Juxtaposition of thought.

ADAMS Suggestion by sound.

Fall Juxtaposition of thought.

Failure Fall and failure.

(Deficit) Upon failure there is usually a deficit

Date word (1801).

Debt The consequence of a deficit.

Confederate bonds Suggestion by meaning.

Jefferson Davis Juxtaposition of thought.

JEFFERSON.

Now follow out the rest for yourself, taking about ten at a time, and

binding those you do last to those you have done before, each time,

before attacking the next bunch.

JEFFERSON

Judge Jeffreys

(bloody assize)

bereavement

(too heavy a sob)

parental grief

mad son

MADISON

Maderia

frustrating

first-rate wine

(defeating)

feet

toe the line

row

MONROE

row

boat

steamer

side-splitting

(divert)

annoy

harassing

HARRISON

Old Harry

the tempter

(the fraud)

painted clay

baked clay

tiles

TYLER

Wat Tyler

poll tax

compulsory

(free will)

free offering

burnt offering

poker

POLK

end of dance

termination "ly"

(adverb)

part of speech

part of a man

TAYLOR

measurer

theodoilte

(Theophilus)

fill us

FILLMORE

more fuel

the flame

flambeau

bow

arrow

PIERCE

hurt (feeling)

wound

soldier

cannon

BUCHANAN

rebuke

official censure

(to officiate)

wedding

linked

LINCOLN

civil service

ward politician

(stop 'em)

stop procession

(tough boy)

Little Ben

Harry

HARRISON

Tippecanoe

tariff too

knapsack

war-field

(the funnel)

windpipe

throat

quinzy

QUINCY ADAMS

quince

fine fruit

(the fine boy)

sailor boy

sailor

jack tar

JACKSON

stone wall

indomitable

(tough make)

oaken furniture

bureau

VAN BUREN

rent

link

stroll

seashore

take

give

GRANT

award

school premium

examination

cramming

(fagging)

laborer

hay field

HAYES

hazy

clear

(vivid)

brightly lighted

camp-fire

war-field

GARFIELD

Guiteau

murderer

prisoner

prison fare

(half fed)

well fed

well read

author

ARTHUR

round table

tea cup

(half full)

divide

cleave

CLEVELAND

City of Cleveland

two

twice

(the heavy shell)

mollusk

unfamiliar word

dictionary

Johnson's

JOHNSON

son

bad son

(thievish bay)

dishonest boy

(back)

Mac

McKINLEY

kill

Czolgosz

(zees)

seize

ruffian

rough rider

rouse

ROOSEVELT

size

heavy

fat

TAFT

It will be noted that some of the date words, as "free will," only give

three figures of the date, 845; but it is to be supposed that if the

student knows that many figures in the date of Polk's inauguration he

can guess the other one.

The curious thing about this system will now become apparent. If the

reader has learned the series so that he can say it down from President

to Taft, he can with no effort, and without any further preparation, say

it backwards from Taft up to the commencement! There could be no better

proof that this is the natural mnemonic system. It proves itself by its

works.

The series should be repeated backward and forward every day for a

month, and should be supplemented by a series of the reader's own

making, and by this one, which gives the numbers from 0 to 100, and

which must be chained together before they can be learned:

0--hoes

1--wheat

2--hen

3--home

4--hair

5--oil

6--shoe

7--hook

8--off

9--bee

10--daisy

11--tooth

12--dine

13--time

14--tower

15--dell

16--ditch

17--duck

18--dove

21--hand

19--tabby

20--hyenas

22--nun

23--name

24--owner

25--nail

26--hinge

27--ink

28--knife

29--knob

30--muse

31--Mayday

32--hymen

33--mama

34--mare

35--mill

36--image

37--mug

38--muff

39--mob

40--race

41--hart

42--horn

43--army

44--warrior

45--royal

46--arch

47--rock

48--wharf

49--rope

50--wheels

51--lad

52--lion

53--lamb

54--lair

55--lily

56--lodge

57--lake

58--leaf

59--elbow

60--chess

61--cheat

62--chain

63--sham

64--chair

65--jail

66--judge

67--jockey

68--shave

69--ship

70--eggs

71--gate

72--gun

73--comb

74--hawker

75--coal

76--cage

77--cake

78--coffee

79--cube

80--vase

81--feet

82--vein

83--fame

84--fire

85--vial

86--fish

87--fig

88--fife

89--fib

90--piles

91--putty

92--pane

93--bomb

94--bier

95--bell

96--peach

98--beef

97--book

99--pope

100--diocese

[Transcriber's note: Items 21, 19, 20, 22 are shown as printed.]

By the use of this table, which should be committed as thoroughly as the

President series, so that it can be repeated backward and forward, any

date, figure or number can be at once constructed, and bound by the

usual chain to the fact which you wish it to accompany.

When the student wishes to go farther and attack larger problems than

the simple binding of two facts together, there is little in Loisette's

system that is new, although there is much that is good. If it is a book

that is to be learned as one would prepare for an examination, each

chapter is to be considered separately. Of each an epitome is to be

written in which the writer must exercise all of his ingenuity to reduce

the matter in hand to its final skeleton of fact. This he is to commit

to memory both by the use of the chain and the old system of

interrogation. Suppose after much labor through a wide space of language

one boils a chapter or an event down to the final irreducible sediment:

"Magna Charta was exacted by the barons from King John at Runnymede."

You must now turn this statement this way and that way; asking yourself

about it every possible and impossible question, gravely considering the

answers, and, if you find any part of it especially difficult to

remember, chaining it to the question which will bring it out. Thus,

"What was exacted by the barons from King John at Runnymede?" "Magna

Charta." "By whom was Magna Charta exacted from King John at Runnymede?"

"By the barons." "From whom was," etc., etc.? "King John." "From what

king," etc., etc.? "King John." "Where was Magna Charta," etc., etc.?

"At Runnymede."

And so on and so on, as long as your ingenuity can suggest questions to

ask, or points of view from which to consider the statement. Your mind

will be finally saturated with the information, and prepared to spill it

out at the first squeeze of the examiner. This, however, is not new. It

was taught in the schools hundreds of years before Loisette was born.

Old newspaper men will recall in connection with it Horace Greeley's

statement that the test of a news item was the clear and satisfactory

manner in which a report answered the interrogatories, "What?" "When?"

"Where?" "Who?" "Why?"

In the same way Loisette advises the learning of poetry, e. g.:

"The Assyrian came down like the wolf on the fold."

"Who came down?"

"How did the Assyian come down?"

"Like what animal did?" etc.

And so on and so on, until the verses are exhausted of every scrap of

information to be had out of them by the most assiduous

cross-examination.

Whatever the reader may think of the availability or value of this part

of the system, there are so many easily applicable tests of the worth of

much that Loisette has done, that it may be taken with the rest.

Few people, to give an easy example, can remember the value of the ratio

between the circumference and the diameter of the circle beyond four

places of decimals, or at most six--3.141592. Here is the value to 108

decimal places:

3.14159265.3589793238.4626433832.7950288419.7169399375.1058209749.-

4459230781.6406286208.9986280348.2534211706.7982148086 plus.

By a very simple application of the numerical letter values these 108

decimal places can be carried in the mind and recalled about as fast as

you can write them down. All that is to be done is to memorize these

nonsense lines:

Mother Day will buy any shawl.

My love pick up my new muff.

A Russian jeer may move a woman.

Cables enough for Utopia.

Get a cheap ham pie by my cooley.

The slave knows a bigger ape.

I rarely hop on my sick foot.

Cheer a sage in a fashion safe.

A baby fish now views my wharf.

Annually Mary Ann did kiss a jay,

A cabby found a rough savage.

Now translate each significant into its proper value and you have the

task accomplished. "Mother Day," m--3, th--l, r--4, d--l, and so on.

Learn the lines one at a time by the method of interrogatories. "Who

will buy any shawl?" "Which Mrs. Day will buy a shawl?" "Is Mother Day

particular about the sort of shawl she will buy?" "Has she bought a

shawl?" etc., etc. Then cement the end of each line to the beginning of

the next one, thus, "Shawl"--"warm garment"--"warmth"--"love"--"my

love," and go on as before. Stupid as the work may seem to you, you can

memorize the figures in fifteen minutes this way so that you will not

forget them in fifteen years. Similarly you can take Haydn's Dictionary

of Dates and turn fact after fact into nonsense lines like these which

you cannot lose.

And this ought to be enough to show anybody the whole art. If you look

back across the sands of time and find out that it is that ridiculous

old "Thirty days hath September" which comes to you when you are trying

to think of the length of October--if you can quote your old prosody,

"O datur ambiguis," etc.,

with much more certainty than you can serve up your Horace; if, in fine,

jingles and alliterations, wise and otherwise, have stayed with you,

while solid and serviceable information has faded away, you may be

certain that here is the key to the enigma of memory.

You can apply it yourself in a hundred ways. If you wish to clinch in

your mind the fact that Mr. Love lives at 485 Dearborn Street, what is

more easy than to turn 485 into the word "rifle" and chain the ideas

together, say thus: "Love--happiness--good time--

picnic--forest--wood--rangers--range--rifle range--rifle fine

weapon--costly weapon--dearly bought--Dearborn."

Or if you wish to remember Mr. Bowman's name and you notice he has a

mole on his face which is apt to attract your attention when you next

see him, cement the ideas thus:

"Mole, mark, target, archer, Bowman."

MEMORY RHYMES.

The Months.

Thirty days hath September,

April, June and November;

All the rest have thirty-one,

But February, which has twenty-eight alone.

Except in leap-year; then's the time

When February's days are twenty-nine.

Birthdays.

Monday for health,

Tuesday for wealth,

Wednesday best of all,

Thursday for crosses,

Friday for losses,

Saturday no luck at all.

The lines refer to the days of the week as birthdays. They are, in idea,

the same as the more familiar lines:

Monday's child is fair of face,

Tuesday's child is full of grace;

Wednesday's child is merry and glad,

Thursday's child is sorry and sad;

Friday's child is loving and giving;

Saturday's child must work for its living;

While the child that is born on the Sabbath day

Is blithe and bonny and good and gay.

Short Grammar.

Three little words you often see

Are Articles, a, an, and the.

A Noun's the name of any thing,

As school, or garden, hoop, or swing.

Adjectives tell the kind of noun,

As great, small, pretty, white, or brown.

Instead of Nouns the Pronouns stand--

His head, her face, your arm, my hand.

Verbs tell something to be done--

To read, count, laugh, sing, jump or run.

How things are done the Adverbs tell--

As slowly, quickly, ill or well.

Conjunctions join the words together--

As men and women, wind or weather.

The Preposition stands before

The noun, as in or through the door.

The Interjection shows surprise--

As Oh! how pretty, Ah! how wise.

The whole are called nine parts of speech,

Which reading, writing, speaking teach.

To Tell the Age of Horses.

To tell the age of any horse,

Inspect the lower jaw, of course;

The six front teeth the tale will tell,

And every doubt and fear dispel.

Two middle "nippers" you behold

Before the colt is two weeks old,

Before eight weeks will two more come;

Eight months the "corners" cut the gum.

The outside grooves will disappear

From middle two in just one year.

In two years, from the second pair;

In three, the corners, too, are bare.

At two the middle "nippers" drop;

At three, the second pair can't stop.

When four years old the third pair goes;

At five a full new set he shows.

The deep black spots will pass from view

At six years from the middle two.

The second pair at seven years;

At eight the spot each "corner" clears.

From middle "nippers" upper jaw,

At nine the black spots will withdraw.

The second pair at ten are white;

Eleven finds the "corners" light.

As time goes on, the horsemen know,

The oval teeth three-sided grow;

They longer get, project before,

Till twenty, when we know no more.

Bees.

A swarm of bees in May

Is worth a load of hay;

A swarm of bees in June

Is worth a silver spoon;

A swarm of bees in July

Is not worth a fly.

The Cuckoo.

May--sings all the day;

June--changes his tune;

July--prepares to fly;

August--go he must.

Rules for Riding.

Keep up your head and your heart,

Your hands and your heels keep down,

Press your knees close to your horse's side,

And your elbows close to your own.

HAPPINESS DEFINED.

Wanting nothing and knowing it.

The mental sunshine of content.

A "will-o'-the-wisp" which eludes us even when we grasp it.

Excelsior! The ever-retreating summit on the hill of our ambition.

The prize at the top of a greasy pole which is continually slipping from

one's grasp.

The only thing a man continues to search for after he has found it.

The bull's-eye on the target at which all the human race are shooting.

The goal erected for the human race, which few reach, being too heavily

handicapped.

A wayside flower growing only by the path of duty.

A bright and beautiful butterfly, which many chase but few can take.

The interest we receive from capital invested in good works.

The birthright of contentment.

A treasure which we search for far and wide, though oft-times it is

lying at our feet.

The summer weather of the mind.

APPALLING DEPTHS OF SPACE.

Distances that Stun the Mind and Baffle Comprehension.

"The stars," though appearing small to us because of their immense

distance, are in reality great and shining suns. If we were to escape

from the earth into space, the moon, Jupiter, Saturn, and eventually the

sun would become invisible. Mizar, the middle star in the tail of the

Great Bear, is forty times as heavy as the sun. To the naked eye there

are five or six thousand of these heavenly bodies visible.

Cygni is the nearest star to us in this part of the sky. Alpha Centauri,

in the constellation of Centaur, in the Southern Hemisphere, is the

nearest of all the stars. The sun is off 93,000,000 miles; multiply this

by 200,000, and the result is, roughly speaking, 20,000,000,000,000; and

this is the distance we are from Alpha Centauri. At the speed of an

electric current, 180,000 miles per second, a message to be sent from a

point on the earth's surface would go seven times around the earth in

one second. Let it be supposed that messages were sent off to the

different heavenly bodies. To reach the moon at this rate it would take

about one second. In eight minutes a message would get to the sun, and

allowing for a couple of minutes' delay, one could send a message to the

sun and get an answer all within twenty minutes. But to reach Alpha

Centauri it would take three years; and as this is the nearest of the

stars, what time must it take to get to the others? If, when Wellington

won the battle of Waterloo, in 1815, the news had been telegraphed off

immediately, there are some stars so remote that it would not yet have

reached them. To go a step further, if in 1066 the result of the Norman

Conquest had been wired to some of these stars, the message would still

be on its way.

SENATOR VEST'S EULOGY ON THE DOG.

"Gentlemen of the Jury: The best friend a man has in this world may turn

against him and become his enemy. His son and daughter that he has

reared with loving care may become ungrateful. Those who are nearest and

dearest to us, those whom we trust with our happiness and our good name,

may become traitors to their faith. The money that a man has he may

lose. It flies away from him when he may need it most. Man's reputation

may be sacrificed in a moment of ill-considered action. The people who

are prone to fall on their knees and do us honor when success is with us

may be the first to throw the stone of malice when failure settles its

cloud upon our head. The one absolutely unselfish friend a man may have

in this selfish world, the one that never deserts him, the one that

never proves ungrateful or treacherous, is the dog.

"Gentlemen of the jury, A man's dog stands by him in prosperity and

poverty, in health and in sickness. He will sleep on the cold ground,

when the wintry winds blow and the snow drives fiercely, if only he may

be near his master's side. He will kiss the hand that has no food to

offer, he will lick the wounds and sores that come in encounter with the

roughness of the world. He guards the sleep of his pauper master as if

he were a prince.

"When all other friends desert, he remains, when riches take wings and

reputation falls to pieces he is as constant in his love as the sun in

its journey through the heavens. If fortune drives the master forth an

outcast into the world, friendless and homeless, the faithful dog asks

no higher privilege than that of accompanying him, to guard him against

danger, to fight against his enemies, and when the last scene of all

comes and death takes his master in its embrace and his body is laid

away in the cold ground, no matter if all other friends pursue their

way, there by his graveside will the noble dog be found, his head

between his paws and his eyes sad, but open in alert watchfulness,

faithful and true even to death."

HEALTH AND BEAUTY

WOULD YOU BE BEAUTIFUL?

In womanly beauty the excellences expected and looked for are faultless

symmetry of form and feature and a complexion varying in hue as the mind

is affected by internal emotion, but with an expression of purity,

gentleness, sensibility, refinement and intelligence.

Moore, the poet, has given expression to his ideal of beauty in the

following lines:

"This was not the beauty--Oh, nothing like this,

That to young Nourmahal gave such magic bliss;

But that loveliness, ever in motion, which plays

Like the light upon autumn's shadowy days.

"Now here and now there, giving warmth as it flies

From the lips to the cheek, from the cheek to the eyes;

Now melting in mist, and now breaking in gleams

Like the glimpses a saint has of heavenly dreams."

Wordsworth expressed himself in the following lines:

"He was among the prime in worth,

An object beauteous to behold;

Well born, well bred; I sent him forth

Ingenuous, innocent, and bold."

Perhaps you ask how you can attain beauty if you do not possess it; or,

if you have some of its qualities, how you may get those you are

lacking. If you will practice the following rules you will grow more and

more beautiful in the eyes of others, even if age does bring gray hair

and a wrinkled skin:

First.--Cleanliness is next to godliness. Practice it in every feature

of your daily life.

Second.--Have some purpose to achieve and steadfastly work to attain it.

Third--Cultivate self-discipline; be master of your passions, under all

circumstances.

Fourth.--Study to know the laws of life that yield harmony and good

health and obey them. Look on the bright side of life always.

Fifth.--Avoid intemperance in all things.

Sixth.--Cultivate every mental and bodily quality that will make you

firm in goodness, strong and physically able to be useful to your kind,

generous and broad-minded, self-sacrificing, and you will daily and

hourly be lovely and grow into the beautiful.

CARE OF THE SCALP AND HAIR.

Beautiful hair, beautiful skin and a beautiful form are the three graces

which are the birthright of every woman, but which, through lack of good

judgment and common sense, or through thoughtlessness on the part of

mothers of growing children, comparatively few possess.

Beautiful hair is one of nature's greatest gifts, and yet we never seem

to appreciate it until there is danger of losing it, or until it becomes

faded and lusterless because we have not used the right means for

preserving it.

The beauty and continuance of the hair depend upon its proper

nourishment, gained by the circulation of blood through the scalp, and

this must be maintained to keep the hair in good condition.

The structure of the hair is very beautiful, and each hair is contained

in a delicate sheath which fits into a slight depression in the skin

called the follicle, and around the base of the hair nature has provided

glands to secrete oily matter, the purpose of which is to keep the hair

glossy.

In early maturity the hair reaches the state of greatest beauty, and at

this time the greatest care should be given it, feeding and nourishing

it as we would a plant--giving it plenty of air and sunlight, carefully

shampooing at least once in ten days. Massage the scalp to keep it loose

and flexible. Use electricity, a good tonic, and occasionally singe the

split ends.

If this process is commenced at the right time, the result will be fewer

cases of baldness in men and thin, poor hair in women.

The hair should also be worn loosely, forming a soft frame for the face,

which is always more becoming than tightly drawn hair. Many women drag

their hair out by the roots by tying back too firmly.

CARE OF THE SKIN.

A beautiful skin is smooth, soft and clear; the color varies in

different individuals. In perfect health it is moist and with the

delicate shading of a flower--climate, hair and eyes, of course,

determining the color, and the continued beauty of it depending upon

pure blood, fresh air and sunlight, also perfect cleanliness and care.

The pores should always be kept free from obstruction and extremes of

heat and cold avoided as much as possible. In health, the care of the

skin is a simple matter, massage being a great factor, assisted always

by the use of pure creams. A good cleansing cream is a great necessity,

as it enters the pores and frees them from dirt, leaving the skin soft

and pliable, in which condition it is ready to absorb the skin food when

the finger massage is given, making it possible for the gentle electric

current to force the ointment into the deeper layers of the skin, thus

effecting the removal of moth patches, tan, freckles and other

discolorations and imperfections. The vibratory massage should follow,

the purpose of which is to stimulate the tissues, throwing off worn-out

particles and increasing the circulation of the blood by giving proper

exercise to the facial muscles, thereby restoring and preserving the

color and contour, making the skin beautiful, clear, eradicating and

preventing wrinkles.

The use of a pure face powder is absolutely necessary. Best results are

obtained by using a blended powder, as the skin tint is thus assured.

TO DEVELOP THE BUST.

A beautiful bust is the desire and admiration of every woman. If nature

has not been kind in this respect, any woman can develop a beautiful

bust by exercise, bathing and gentle massage with a good bust ointment

or skin food.

Electric massage is very beneficial, and if properly given, brings quick

and sure results.

Swimming and deep breathing are great aids.

CARE OF THE HANDS.

A study of the hand is very interesting, and if mothers understood more

of its beautiful construction many of the little accidents which result

in deformed finger nails could be avoided. Mothers should attend most

carefully to the early cultivation of their children's finger nails, as

the habit of biting them is so easily formed and is sure to permanently

destroy their beauty.

A perfect hand is rounded and plump, soft, white and dimpled, with

tapering finger tips and filbert-shaped nails, snowing the little

half-moon.

It is possible for any woman to have such a hand if she is willing to

take time once a week to have the nails treated and to give them a

little personal attention each day. Great care should be taken in

washing the hands. A mild soap should be used, and particular attention

paid to the thorough drying of them, after which a good cuticle cream

should be applied and well rubbed in. The same cream may be used to

loosen the cuticle at the base of the nail, when it can be gently pushed

back, thus keeping the half-moon exposed. An orange-wood stick should

always be used to clean the nails.

Massaging the hands at least once a month aids wonderfully in making

them symmetrical and keeping the joints flexible and the skin free from

dark spots and wrinkles.

INFANT FEEDING AND MANAGEMENT.

It is of prime importance in feeding an infant to do this at regular

intervals, since during the first three months of its life the feeding

habits of the child should be established, and if care be used in this

regard the child will wake of its own accord at the proper time. The

last meal at night should be at 11 p. m., and if the child is healthy

and will sleep it need not be fed until 3 to 5 a. m. the following

morning. In both breast and artificial feeding the above applies, and

the same method should be employed; namely, the child should be held in

the arms during the meal, which should last from ten to fifteen minutes.

Both in breast and artificial feeding it is possible to overfeed the

child. Many infants are systematically overfed. The young mother should

understand how small an infant's stomach is. At birth it will hold a

little more than an ounce of fluid, or two tablespoonfuls, and at the

end of two months only three ounces. If, therefore, the mother persists

in trying to give the child four ounces of food, the child will suffer

from an excess. Many children during the first few mouths of life bring

up their food, and the mother fears that there is some inherited

tendency to weak digestion. It is wrong to feed a child simply because

it cries, as very frequently it is not a cry of hunger, but one caused

by indigestion from overfeeding.

If the child is being fed with the bottle it is important that the food

be given at a temperature of 100 deg. F., or as nearly that as possible;

never over; and if the child be fed out of doors in its carriage it is

well to have a flannel bag of some kind to slip over the bottle to keep

it at the same temperature until the meal is finished. Many cases of

colic are caused by inattention to this point.

It is a common mistake that when a child cries it needs additional food.

There are many cases where a little drink of water is the prime need of

the child, and great care should be taken that this is heated to the

proper temperature, and especially that no water be given to the child

except that which has been boiled. A few teaspoonfuls should be given to

the child, therefore, several times a day, but aside from that he should

have nothing but his regular food until he is at least a year old. For

the same reason, therefore, if a child be fed by the bottle, the water

used in preparing the food should have been previously boiled, and care

should be exercised not to expose the food to the air during or after

its preparation. It should be remembered that the food of a child must

be nutritious, and that in this food, especially when at the proper

temperature for the infant, bacteria from the air will flourish

wonderfully fast, and therefore the food should not be exposed to

possible contamination.

It is of very great importance that the feeding-bottles be always clean

and sweet. It is an advantage to have several bottles on hand, and also

two or three brushes for cleaning. Keep a special vessel, with water in

which there is a little bicarbonate of soda, so that the moment the

bottle is used it may be thoroughly washed and kept in the water. Do not

use a nipple with a rubber tube, but the short, black rubber nipples,

which fit over the mouth of the bottle. Do not enlarge the hole in the

nipple, so as to make it too easy for the baby to draw its food,

otherwise the food being taken so rapidly into the stomach will often

cause pain or vomiting. In washing the nipples turn them inside out and

see that they are as thoroughly cleaned as possible, and keep them for

use in a bottle filled with boiled water with a pinch of boric acid

added.

The First Nursing.

It is very important that the child should be put to the breast

immediately after it is washed. This is very necessary, both for the

mother and the child, and prevents subsequent troubles. The fluid

contained in the breast is at this stage called colostrum, and is

intended by Nature to act upon the child as a laxative. This first

nursing stimulates the secretion of the milk and causes uterine

contraction, which is very much needed at this time. It is well to wash

the infant's mouth out with sterilized water every time it feeds. For

this purpose use clean water which has been boiled and allowed to cool,

or a solution of boric acid in boiled water--5 grains to the ounce of

water.

Infants, as a rule, should be bathed once a day, but never immediately

after being nursed or fed. In very warm weather a child may be sponged

in the evening as well as in the morning. The water for the bath of a

young baby should be warm, and the temperature can be judged by testing

it with the elbow, which is more sensitive than the hand. Lay a small

blanket on the lap, cover the child with a flannel and sponge it under

the clothes. This prevents it from taking cold from exposure, The room

should not be cooler than 68 deg. F., and the door must be kept closed

to avoid drafts. Use only pure white soap, and a soft cloth is better

than a sponge. The body should be carefully dried and lightly powdered

to absorb any moisture that may remain.

THE NAMES OF THE MONTHS.

THE DERIVATIONS OF THE NAMES OF THE MONTHS.

January.--The Roman god Janus presided over the beginning of everything;

hence the first month of the year was called after him.

February.--The Roman festival Februs was held on the 15th day of this

month, in honor of Lupercus, the god of fertility.

March--Named from the Roman god of war, Mars.

April.--Latin, Aprilis, probably derived from aperire, to open; because

spring generally begins, and the buds open in this month.

May.--Lat. Maius, probably derived from Maia, a feminine divinity

worshiped at Rome on the first day of this month.

June.--Juno, a Roman divinity worshiped as the Queen of Heaven.

July (Julius)--Julius Caesar was born in this month.

August.--Named by the Emperor Augustus Caesar, B. C. 30, after himself,

as he regarded it as a fortunate month, being that in which he had

gained several victories.

September (septem, or 7).--September was the seventh month in the old

Roman calendar.

October (octo, or 8).--Eighth month of the old Roman year.

November (novem, or 9).-November was the ninth month in the old Roman

year.

December (decem, or 10).--December was the tenth month of the early

Roman year. About the 21st of this month the sun enters the Tropic of

Capricorn, and forms the winter solstice.

DAYS OF THE WEEK.

Sunday, (Saxon) Sunnandaed, day of the sun,

Monday, (German) Montag, day or the moon.

Tuesday, (Anglo-Saxon) Tiwesdaeg, from Tiw, the god of war.

Wednesday, (Anglo-Saxon) Wodnesdaeg, from Odin, the god of storms.

Thursday, (Danish) Thor, the god of thunder.

Friday, (Saxon) Frigedaeg, day of Freya, goddess of marriage.

Saturday, the day of Saturn, the god of time.

The names of the seven days of the week originated with the Egyptian

astronomers. They gave them the names of the sun, moon, and five

planets, viz.: Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus and Saturn.

WHAT HOUSEKEEPERS SHOULD REMEMBER.

That cold rain water and soap will remove machine grease from washable

fabrics.

That fish may be scaled much easier by first dipping them into boiling

water for a minute.

That fresh meat beginning to sour will sweeten if placed outdoors in the

cool air over night.

That milk which has changed may be sweetened or rendered fit for use

again by stirring in a little soda.

That a tablespoonful of turpentine boiled with your white clothes will

greatly aid the whitening process.

That kerosene will soften boots and shoes that have been hardened by

water and will render them as pliable as new.

That thoroughly wetting the hair once or twice with a solution of salt

and water will keep it from falling out.

That salt fish are quickest and best freshened by soaking in sour milk.