Grammar of the New Zealand language (2nd edition)

Muri { iho } afterwards.

ake

I } te aonga ake, next day.

No

No te atatu, early in the morning.

No reira, from that time, occasion, &c.

I tenei ra i tenei ra, (lit. this day, this day), } continually.

I te ao i te po, (lit. day and night),

Tena ano, do it again.

Ka { turua } waenga, at midnight.

turoto

Kahore i puta atu te kupu kua whakatika, I had not spoken, (i. e., immediately, as soon as I had spoken) he arose.

Haere po, go by night.

Haere awatea, go by day.

OF PLACE.

Ko hea, (whea Waikato), whither.

Hei hea, at what place (future).

No hea, } from what place, whence.

I hea,

Ki ko, thither.

No { konei,[20] } from this (and that) place.

I kona, & kora,

Kei reira te pakaru kei reira te paru: lit., there the broken place there the repair, wheresoever it is broken there coat with raupo.[20]

Kei waho e noho ana, he is sitting outside.

Note 2. Ki reira, no reira, hei reira, &c., correspond, in most cases, with ki kona, no kona, hei kona, with this difference, however, that the na and ra follow the rule already noticed. Vide tena, Pronouns.

Haere iho te tokitoki, haere iho te tahutahu, burn off the felled timber, and immediately as soon as it has been chopped up, (lit. go down the chopping, go down the burning).

Ko te tahutahu ko te ko, ko te tahutahu ko te ko, immediately as soon as, &c.

Tokitoki iho, ko atu, dig it immediately as soon as it is chopped up, (lit. chop downwards, dig forwards).

Ora noa, }

Me i kotahi, (lit. if it had been one), all but, &c.

Wahi iti, a little bit,

Whano,

He mea tatau a tau te utu, the payment is to be a thing counted per year; i. e. it is to be rented yearly.

I tenei tau i tenei tau, yearly.

He tau pea mahi atu, he tau pea mahi atu, this (manuring of the tree) is, perhaps, a work of every year, done yearly; kei te hauhake riwai, tuku iho kei te kumara, (we) are now (engaged) at digging up potatoes, afterwards (we shall be) at the kumara.

Ka maha nga haerenga, many have been his goings, i. e., he has gone frequently.

Hoki ake ko aua kupu, hoki ake ko aua kupu, he repeats the same words over and over again, (lit. return up, those very words, return up, those very words).

Na wai-a, at length, so it was, it came to pass.

Tatari noa, a, waited a long time.

A oti noa, until finished.

Kia tae mai ra ano, until he arrives.

Ka tahi ano, now for the first time.

Ka tahi ano he mea pai, it is a good thing indeed.

Ka tahi au ka mea atu, then I said.

OF ORDER.

I noho ai, he hau tetahi, he kai kore ka rua, (we) remained away 1st, (because of) the wind; 2ndly, (we) had no food.

Ka rua aku haerenga, I have gone twice, (lit. my goings have been two.)

Whakatepea te ko, kaua e pokapokaia, dig in regular progression, not here and there, (lit. ordina fossionem.)

Me haere wakatepe te korero, relate the matter in order, (lit. the speech must go in order.)

Hurihia ko roto, turn (it) inside out.

Hurihia kotuatia te papa, turn the board on the other side, upside down.

Matua, (Ngapuhi) first; kia matua keria, let it be first dug.

Mataati (Waikato) hopukia mataatitia, caught first.

Kua huri koaro te tangata wero,[21] the tangata wero has turned adversely.

Ho mai ki raro nei, give it down here.

Kei haere ki tawhiti, do not go far.

Whiua ki tua, throw it to the other side.

Neke atu ki tahaki, move to one side.

Kumea whakarunga, pull upwards.

Whakawaho, outwards.

Whakaroto, inwards.

A, tae noa ki te Pukatea, even to the Pukatea.

Haere iho, come down (to me).

Piki ake, climb up (to me).

Makā atu, thrown away.

Rukea ake e ahau, thrown away by me.

Makā mai, throw it here.

I te tahi taha i te tahi taha, }

(lit. on one side, on one side.)

A karapoi noa, (lit. until it surrounds) round about.

A porowhawhe noa, id.

A potaipotai, id.

Pehea te mataratanga? how far?

A, hea atu ra ano? How far will you go?

A, hea noa atu, one knows not where.

Tautauamoa rawa tana kai, tana kai, each man eats separately (i. e., by himself.)

Riri tautauamoa, fighting, each by himself.

Kaua e ururuatia te whangai, don't feed (the child) in rapid succession, without any stop (tout de suite.)

Me whakahipahipa etahi rangi, (lit. let some days be made uneven,) i. e., do it every alternate day, or, at irregular periods.

Haere tahi, go together.

A, te tukunga iho, (well, the letting down, at last, finally,) i. e., the issue of such conduct, &c.

E kore e roko kainga kua ruaki, he vomits immediately, as soon as he has eaten (it).

I te orokohangaanga o te ao, when first the world was made.

Kati inanahi ka haere mai koe, stop yesterday you came here; i. e., you started about this time yesterday.

OF QUANTITY.

Ho mai kia maha, give abundantly.

Ho mai katoa mai, give entirely, or wholly.

Tena hoki te tahi taro, give me also, or besides, some bread.

Ho mai kia iti, give me (let it be little), paululum.

Kia penei, let it be so much.

Poto rawa, consumed totally.

Koia ano te pai! how excellent!

Ano! &c., idem.

Roa poto nei ano, (long short,) i. e., moderately long.

Kahore atu, no other besides.

Tikina atu hoki, fetch another besides.

I ki mai ano hoki ia, he said moreover.

OF QUALITY.

Haere tupato, go cautiously.

Kia uaua ki te mahi, be strong to work, i. e., work industriously.

Kia kaha te hoe, pull (the oar) strong.

Noho whakaaro kore, sit without thought, i. e., thoughtlessly.

He aha i aweke ai to mahi? te tuku noa iho te tuku noa iho, why is the work done neatly and not (rather) heedlessly, (lit. and not rather let it down in any way, let it down in any way.)

Haere wehi, go fearfully.

Kai haere, go eating, i. e., eat as he walks.

Tu tahanga,[22] stand nakedly, i. e., naked.

- kau, idem.

Haere noa atu, go without guide, fear, &c., &c.

Tangohia huhua koretia iho, taken without cause, i. e. causelessly.

Ohia noa iho au ki te patu, I struck (him) unintentionally.

E hara i te mea totika, not intentionally.

Patua maoritia, killed intentionally, in the common way, &c.

- marietia, intentionally (sometimes).

I tukua whakareretia, let down by a dash, not with care.

Te kaha te tuku, don't let it down violently, i. e. do it gently.

Tukua marietia, let it down gently, peaceably.

Kia ata tuku, -- gently.

Kahore ano kia ata maoa, not quite done, (i. e. in cooking).

Te ata pai marie o te rangi i nanahi! what an exceedingly fine day was yesterday!

He pupuhi noa, firing without an object.

Tu kau ana, stand empty, idle, &c.

Marie ano ahau i haere mai ai i ora ai koe, I have come fortunately, by which you were saved; i. e. I have come just in time to save you, or, it is well that I came to, &c.

OF AFFIRMATION.

Maori is very well supplied with affirmative and negative particles, all of which differ by very slight shades of meaning from each other, and the uses of which will be best learned by practice.

Ae,[23] yes.

Ina, idem.

Aana, idem.

Koia, idem.

Ae ra, idem.

Ae ra hoki, yes truly, &c.

Ae ra pea, idem.

Koia ha hoki, idem.

Ae ko, yes (you are correct).

Koia pea, yes, perhaps; (sometimes used ironically for a negative) yes indeed!

OF NEGATION.

Negative adverbs partake of the nature of verbal particles. We have given some examples of them in chapter vii., (vid. paradigm of the tenses,) and we shall have occasion also to notice them in the Syntax.

Hore, no; hore rawa, by no means.

Kahore, not and no.

Kaho, } no.

Kao,

Kihai, not.

Kore, idem.

Tē, idem; tē whakaaro ia, who did not remember.

Aua, }

Auaka, do not.

Kaua,

Kauaka,

Kei, do not, and take care lest, or lest.

Aua hoki, (used in some parts of Waikato for) no, no; not at all.

E hara koe i te rangatira noku, you are not my master.

Kiano, (Ngapuhi) not yet.

Haunga,[24] not, (denoting exclusion, or exception); e. g.,

Haunga tena, not that, (but the other.)

Aratakina mai te poaka; haunga te mea purepure, lead the pig here; not the speckled, (but the other.)

Kahore haunga, (Waikato) used sometimes instead of haunga.

Aua, } I do not know.

Au,

Meho, (Waikato,) } not at all, (used in abrupt replies).

Hori,

OF COMPARISON.

Meatia, { peneitia, do it thus,

or penatia, } do it in that manner.

peratia,

Penei, kua ora, thus, (in that case, if that had been done) he would have been saved.

Koia ano tena, exactly so.

Me mahi motuhake, work separately.

Haere ana ia, ko tona kotahi, he went by himself, alone.

Waihoki, likewise, also.

Ano kua mate, as though he were dead.

Me te mea, &c. (Waikato) idem.

Koia ano kei te wai, exactly as if it were water.

Haere a parera, walk like a duck.[25]

Kia wakatangata nui, act manfully.

Wakatupu tangata, idem.

OF INTERROGATION.

Maori has many particles which indicate interrogation, and which correspond, in some particulars, with the enclitic particles ne and num of Latin; e. g.,

E pai ana? ne? are you inclined? are you?

Ine, (Waikato,) differs but little in its use from the above.

Ranei, ianei, iana, and iara, are always incorporated into the sentence, and generally denote a question, e. g.,

E pai ana ranei koe?

Koia?[26] Indeed? (when used by itself).

Oti, else.

Na-te-aha? why?

Me pehea? How must it be done?

Ranei is very frequently used in the sense of whether.

Ianei, iana, and iara, are sometimes pleonastic in Waikato.

OF INTENSITY.

Pai rawa, tino tika, tino pai rawa, kino whakaharahara, tika pu, he noa iho, tini whakarere, tika tonu; all these adverbs stand for very or some modification of it; e. g.,

I hoki rawa mai koe ihea? what is the exact, or last place from which you have returned?

Pokuru iho, pokuru iho te namu, densely clustered the sandflies.

Kahore kau, not at all.

Haere ra pea, go now, I say, &c.

Haere ra, idem.

Maori, as might be expected in the language of a rude people, abounds in adverbs of intensity. We shall have to mention some of these hereafter, (vid. adjective, comparative degree, Syntax.) They sometimes elegantly supply the place of verbal particles, as we shall have occasion to show when we treat on the Syntax of the verbs.

From the preceding table the student will see that Maori has the power of increasing its adverbs to any extent, and that the chief process by which a word may be converted into an adverb, is by placing it in immediate connexion with the verb or adjective.

It should, perhaps, be here noticed, 1st, that Maori inclines to this mode of construction. Thus, where we should say, the women and the children must all roll the log; a native would most probably employ the adverb; e. g., Huri tane huri wahine. Such a mode of construction, though loose, is, however, concise and emphatic.

2ndly. That the adverb, in this case, admits of the same variations as the verb-admits of number, voice, and the form of the verbal noun. For this, however, vid. Syntax.

3rdly. That another process for the creation of adverbs is by prefixing whaka, or a to the preposition, noun, or adverb.

4thly. That the compound prepositions, especially when time and place are denoted, will very often take the adverbial form.[27]

5thly and lastly. It would be a very useful exercise for the student to examine those sentences, the place of which would be supplied by an adverb in English, and notice the nature of their construction. Some, for example, he will find rendered by the verb, some by the verbal noun, some by the substantive in the possessive case, some by the pronoun, &c.

We have dwelt so long upon this subject, that we are unwilling to occupy his attention any further with it.

[18]? These adverbs of time are arranged according to their times, past present, and future. For the time of those adverbs which are compounded with prepositions, vid. the simple prepositions, chapter 8. The principal compound adverbs are hea, ahea, mua, muri, amata, apopo, reira, ko. They are chiefly adverbs of time and place. As they are of very common use, we shall give examples of their various combinations. Some of these combinations ought, perhaps, more properly to be considered as belonging to the class of substantives:

A hea?

Ko hea?

No hea?

Na hea?

I hea?

Mo hea?

Ma hea?

Ki hea?

Kei hea?

I hea?

O hea?

Hei hea?

A popo.

Ko apopo.

Mo apopo.

Hei apopo.

A mua.

Ko amua.

Ko mua.

No mua.

Na mua.

I mua.

Mo mua.

Mo a mua.

Ma mua.

Ki mua.

Kei mua.

I mua.

O mua.

Hei mua.

A hea?

Ko ahea?

Hei ahea?

Mo ahea?

No nahea?

I nahea?

A muri.

Ko muri.

No muri.

Na muri.

I muri.

Mo muri.

Ma muri.

Ki muri.

Kei muri.

I muri.

O muri.

Ko anaianei.

Hei anaianei.

Mo anaianei.

I naianei.

O naianei.

Reira, ko and konei, &c., will take the same combination as muri. It will be observed that some of the above adverbs take n between them and the preposition.

[19]? Ka mutu, and ka mea generally denote future time, and imply a short interval between the time of speaking and the act. Though the former expresses an ending of something else, it does not always intend it; for it is often used when the person addressed is not engaged at any thing. As there is nothing in Maori corresponding exactly to the Hebraic mode of phrase which is translated "it came to pass," "it shall come to pass," some have adapted ka mea as a substitute, and in some cases, perhaps, it must stand for want of better. There are, however, cases in which we think a more correct and idiomatic form might be adopted; viz.:-a simple a, or nawai a or tenei ake, &c. We, for example, should have no scruple in translating the following sentences "so it came to pass when all the men of war were consumed," &c., nawai a, ka poto nga tangata hapai patu katoa te mate, &c., "and it shall come to pass if ye hearken," &c., a tenei ake, ki te whakarongo koutou, &c., "and it came to pass when he heard," &c., a, te rongonga o, &c.

[20]? For the difference between nei, na, and ra, vid. pronouns, page 30.

[21]? The tangata wero, is the person who advances to meet a party, and throws a spear at them. If, in turning to retire, he turns to the side different from that from which the spear was darted, it is a huri koaro, and a bad omen.

[22]? Tahanga is only to be found as adverb.

[23]? Ae, and ina do not always strictly imply affirmation; e. g., Kahore he kete? He kete ano; ae ra, tikina atu. Is there no basket? There is a basket; yes, then, go fetch it. The word answer in Hebrew, and that corresponding to it in the Greek Testament and Septuagint, affords, we think, a parallel to this use of ae. (vid. Parkhurst's Greek Lexicon, by Rose.) It is putting a command, &c., into the form of an assent to some previous sentence.-N.B. Ina is often used to denote energy, certainty, &c.; e. g., ina ka riri au, certainly, in that case, I will be angry.

[24]? Some, we believe, maintain that the adverb besides should be always rendered by haunga. It is true that, wherever exclusion or negation is indicated by that word, haunga will generally answer; e. g., E rua tekau ratou, haunga nga wahine, they were twenty, besides (that is not counting) the women. In the leading sense, however, of besides, viz., that of moreover, addition to, haunga will, we are sure, seldom find an use; as in the following examples: "Besides you know," "nobody thinks so besides yourself," "there is nothing there besides the box," "besides her he had no child."

[25]? Some foreigners, we observe, give this adverb a more extensive meaning than we have allowed it. In such phrases, for example, as the following: "Held by the hand," "built by the hand," &c., they would say "purutia a ringaringatia," "hanga a ringaringa." We are, however, decidedly of opinion that such expressions are very rare in genuine Maori. "Purutia ringaringatia, hanga e te ringa," are, we consider, in every way preferable.

[26]? Koia, when part of an interrogative sentence, is, as far as we have observed, (although we are aware that some respectable speakers of Maori have not followed the rule,) almost always used in rejoinder; e. g., I pehea koia ahau? what then did I say? The speaker here supposes that the hearer had disputed his statement, and uses koia. Oti is used in a somewhat similar construction with the meaning of else, e. g., He aha oti? what else then is it?

[27]? It has been objected by a learned friend that the compound prepositions are more properly adverbs, and that in such a sentence as "kei roto i te whare," i is the governing preposition, and roto is an adverb. With all deference, however, to his very superior critical abilities, we submit, that if a preposition be "a particle denoting the relation of one substantive to another" then roto is a preposition; for it clearly indicates a local relation between roto (or i roto, if you please,) and the thing spoken of. Those who feel sceptical on this point, we would beg to examine the composite prepositions of Hebrew. For example, the Hebrew preposition under (tahath) is recognised as a preposition by grammarians, even though it may require the prepositions from and to in combination with it to exhibit its meaning. So also, in English, such prepositions as according to, out at, out of, &c., are not considered as disfranchised by the supplementary preposition annexed to them. At the same time it is to be noted, that where there is a break between the compound preposition and its supplement, then the former must be considered as an adverb; thus, in the sentence, "Kei raro, kei te whare," it is below, it is in the house; raro is here, as it is in English, an adverb joined to is; the line of connection being broken by a comma. In such a construction as this, the same preposition that precedes the compound preposition, (or rather, in this case, the adverb,) must also follow it.

We have thought it better to devote a separate chapter to the consideration of the following particles of Maori; first, because those words, though they strongly partake of the nature of adverbs, are yet sometimes used as conjunctions; secondly, because we are of opinion that a distinct consideration of them will be the best way to impart clear and comprehensive views of their nature.

An accurate acquaintance with these epea pteroenta "winged words" of discourse, is in most languages of very difficult attainment: but in Maori, particularly, do they require our study; that language not conceding to the verb the same prominent place that it occupies in other languages, and rather, (as we have already observed,) transacting the business of predication by pronouns, particles, &c.

They are mainly used for embellishing, defining, and impressing a sentence, and may, with the prepositions, be justly denominated the hinges of Maori.

To enumerate them all would be an endless task, and perhaps a useless one: for, in no part of Maori is there so great a discrepancy in the various districts. The following, we think, are the most general in use, and most deserving of notice: atu, mai, ake, iho, ai, ano, ra, koa, u, hoki, kau.

Atu and mai are, in most respects, exactly opposite; atu indicates an emanation forth of action from-the latter an approach or direction towards-the speaker.

E kore ahau e rongo atu, I do not hear forth. E kore e rongo mai, will not hear towards (me or us).

E rangona mai ranei tatou? shall we be heard towards (us)?

Tu atu, stand out of my way. Kati mai i kona, stand towards me there.

Tikina atu, go there and bring here, i. e., fetch thence. Tikina mai, fetch hence.

E tatari atu ana matou ki a koe, we are waiting forth to you.

E kore ahau e kaha atu, I shall not be strong forth, i. e., shall not be able to take it there. Mau mai ano, for you truly hither, i. e., it is for you to strike the first blow, &c.

N.B.-Atu will sometimes lose its peculiar meaning after a verb, (vid. verbs, S.) It will also occasionally stand for other: Tera atu ano, that is another; i. e., there are other besides.

Ake and Iho. The general uses of ake and iho are, of the former up, and of the latter down, to the speaker:

Haere ake, come up (to us).

Heke iho, come down (to us).

E tu iho, he stands up there, i. e., down towards (us).

Te mea e ngangautia ake, the thing about which there is that contention below, (lit. is contended up towards (us)).

Sometimes they will stand, the one for up, the other for down, to the object of the action; e. g.,

E kore ahau e roa ake, I am not tall enough to reach up (to it).

Ho ake ki a ia, give it up to him.

Pataia iho te mate, ask down (to him) his sickness.

Ake and iho will sometimes denote propriety, peculiarity, self-existence, &c.; e. g.,

Maku ake ano, for myself alone.

Mona iho ano tena, that is for himself alone.

E hara i te toka tu ake, not a rock that has stood of itself.

Ake will sometimes signify the other side of the speaker, whether it be before, behind, to one side of, above, below, &c.; e. g., haere ake to a hearer in front will mean come behind me: to a person behind, it will signify come to my front.

N.B.-Iho does not seem to have any corresponding opposite to this meaning of ake.

Sometimes, also, ake is employed to designate a motion by another towards some place with which the speaker is in connexion; e. g.,

Ka mea, ka haere ake ki Waitemata, follow me by and bye to Waitemata.

He aha te tikina ake ai he ti ma te turoro nei? why has not tea been fetched (from my residence) for this patient?

E puta mai, ka karanga ake ki a au, when he comes you will call to me, (who am now going away).

Under these two last rules should, perhaps, be mentioned the following examples:

Tangohia ake te ngarara i taku tuara, take the insect off my back.

Ma koutou e urunga ake, do you of the bow of the canoe steer, i. e., so paddle that the stern, where I am, may be directed rightly.

Note 1.-There are other subordinate meanings of ake and iho, of which examples have been given under the adverbs, and which do not, we think, require any further notice.

Note 2.-Ake and iho are often used after verbs, in a manner somewhat corresponding to that of the verbal particles. (vid. verbs. S.)

Ai is a particle of great use. It is chiefly employed as a substitute for the relatives who, which, what, and has reference to the time, place, manner, cause, means, intention, &c., of an action; as in the following examples:

No te ra horoi whare i haere mai ai, started for here on Saturday.

I tona kitenga ai, when it was seen.

Te whare i moe ai ia, the house in which he slept.

Te peheatanga i meatia ai, the way in which it was done.

Te take i patua ai, the cause for which he was beaten.

Ma te aha e ora ai? by what means be saved?

I tuhituhi ai au nau hoki i utu i ena riwai, I have written to you because you paid for the other potatoes.

Occasionally, however, it is heard as a simple expletive; e. g.,

I mua ai, formerly.

2ndly. It is employed with the verbs to denote a sequence and, occasionally, an opposition of action, and might be translated by "and then," "to," and sometimes "but."

Haere, ka hoki mai ai, go, and then return.

Haere ki reira noho ai, go there to stop.

Kua hereherea, noho ai, kawea atu ana ki a te Paki, she was enslaved, and remained such for some time, then was carried to Paki.

Ko te pa ano tera; noho ai ia ki Horotiu, that indeed is his village; but he dwells at Horotiu.

Sometimes, especially at Taupo, and, we understand, at the East Cape, ai is often used where the sequence or opposition of action is but faintly, if at all, expressed. The following is correct in Waikato: E pa, kei hea tetahi wahi mo matou? kokoa kotoatia ai e koe te whenua nei, friend where is there a portion for us? why you have monopolized the whole of the land.

Note 1.-The place of ai may be often supplied by nei, na, or ra; e. g., koia ahau i haere mai nei.

Note 2.-Ai is often erroneously omitted and erroneously introduced by foreigners, and those who wish to propound a statement accurately will do well to observe its use.

For ai, as used in connexion with the verbal particles, and the verbs. (See Syntax.)

Ano. This is a particle much used in assertions and replies. Its meaning will vary with that of the word to which it is postfixed.

Indeed; Tenei ano nga tangata o toku kainga te mahi nei i te kino, Here truly are the people, &c.

Ko ia ano te tikanga o te aroha, id demum est firma amicitia.

Naku ano taku, mine is my own.

Kati ano, stop I say, (or beg of you).

Also; No Waikato ahau, no Rotorua ano, I am from Waikato, from Rotorua also.

Only; Kotahi ano taku, one only is mine. (Anake would not here be used.)

Immediately, akuanei nei ano, now instantly.

Same; Ko nga kau ano nga kau, they are the very same cows.

Different; He tangata ano tena, that belongs to another person.

Again or another; Tikina ano, fetch another.

Same as; Ano e moe ana, as if he were sleeping.

Self; Mana ano, for himself.

I whakaae mai ranei? I whakaae ano. Was he willing? He was willing.

It is used in combination with other particles, as follows:

Heoi ano, that is all.

Ano hoki, also.

Ra ano, until.

Nei ano, this is it, or here it is, &c.

Koia ano! how (fine, &c.)!

A, e noho nei ano? and is he still here?

Ano ra, whakarongo mai, (yes, or no;) but listen to me; i. e., I do not deny what you say; only listen to me.

Ko tena ano ra, that one I say, or that also.

Ano, in the beginning of sentences, seems with Ngapuhi to admit of a wider application than what is generally heard in Waikato; e. g., Ano ka tae ki te whare, and when he came to the house.

N.B.-No, also, with the same people, seems to admit of a somewhat similar application.

Ra is a particle corresponding in its use with nei and ra, and is frequently used to supply the place of the relative which; e. g.,

I kite ra koe, which you saw.

There; e takoto mai ra, it lies there.

It is sometimes used in commands and energetic sentences, for Then.

Haere ra, go then.

Heoi ano ra, that is all about it then.

Often in replies; E pai ana? Ae ra.

Koa is a particle used mostly in correcting, &c., another speaker or oneself:

E pa, e he ana koa koe, O my friend you are wrong.

Aana koa, yes (you are right).

It is difficult to define its meaning in the following phrases:

Tena }

& koa, shew it here, or give it to me.

Na

E hara koa (iana or ianei or iara) ra? what else?

E ngaro hoki koa iana, &c., that, I confess, is (right, wrong, &c.)

Ra koa ka kai iho ia i te ata o tana kai, (even though the offering be devoured,) still (does the God) eat the shadow of the food;-yet, nevertheless.

U is often used as a mere expletive. Sometimes it has force in exculpatory sentences; e. g.,

E taea te aha u ana i te mamae? how could the poor fellow help it from the pain?

Note.-Though often used as an expletive, u will not, however, admit of being thrust into every sentence. Some foreigners seem peculiarly fond of using it. The following use of it is, at least in Waikato, erroneous: "A he tangata nui hoki a Hone, he rangatira hoki u a ratou." We are unable, we confess, to state the meaning of this last clause. The speaker, perhaps, intended the preposition no by u a, "a chief of their party."

Hoki; Some of the uses of hoki have been inserted under the adverbs. We shall give a brief view of the principal of them here. Its more general uses are, also, for, because:

He mea hoki ka tae mai ahau, in consideration of my having come.

Koia hoki, yes truly (he is right), &c.

Ina hoki, (the same as mei of Waikato,) viz., as you may judge from.

Kahore ano i tae mai, ina hoki te pu, te rangona, he has not arrived, as we may judge from the gun, its not being heard.

Nei hoki, and na, or ra, hoki; Hopukia te poaka; Kua mau ra hoki, oh, it has been caught.

Kati te tohe, kua riro atu nei hoki te utu, cease importuning; inasmuch as the payment has been given.

This form we approve much of for expressing the following: "for the death of the Lord Jesus Christ," kua mate nei hoki, &c., i. e., inasmuch as, &c.

Ki te titaha hoki ra, well then, (if you won't give that,) give me an axe.

Ho mai hoki, give it I say.

Kau; Riri kau, angry without cause.

E ngenge ana koe? Ngenge kau! Are you tired? Why should I be tired? (lit. tired at nothing!)

E mau kau ana te taura, is barely fastened, i. e., it has only the name of being fastened.

Ka mahi kau ahau, work without nothing.

Tu kau, stand idle, naked, &c.

Me, while; Me te hongi, me te tangi, and saluting, and crying; i. e., while saluting he is crying.

With; [28] E mahi ana me te whakaaro ano ki te utu, he is working, and is at the same time mindful of payment.

Inoi atu me te ngakau aroha, pray with a loving heart.

Haere tahi me ia, went together with him.

As; Me koutou hoki i wakarere i to koutou kainga, as ye also left your country.

{ o }

Me & mua, as formerly.

to

Me mua,[29] idem.

As far as; Me konei, me Waitemata, as far as from here to Waitemata.

If; Me he mea e pai ana, if he is willing. Me i kahore koe, if it had not been for you.

Ma, and, (a numeral conjunction.) vid. numerals, page 24.

Mei, (Waikato) inasmuch as, as you may judge from, (vid. hoki. Same as ina hoki of Ngapuhi.)

Koia, therefore; koia i riri ai, therefore was he angry.

Na and a. These particles are of very great use in Maori. They correspond very closely with particle vāhv of Hebrew, and may be recognised in our translations as occupying the place of and, then, therefore, but, &c. Those who have not access to Professor Gesenius' Hebrew Lexicon, will, we are sure, read with pleasure his remarks upon its parallel in Hebrew. "It was a part of the simplicity of ancient language to mark merely the connexion of ideas, without expressing those nice distinctions of thought, which are designated by the use of causal, adversative, disjunctive, and other conjunctions. The prefix vahv retains this variety of signification, though other more definite conjunctions are also in use." This is precisely the case with Maori.

Ina, ua, (ana, Waikato) when; Ina korero ahau, when I speak.

If, (occasionally,) chiefly in cases in which contingency is attached to when:

Ma wai e whai, ina tere? who is to follow it, (the canoe) if it drifts?

Heoi (Ngapuhi), and heoti (Waikato), is a particle which corresponds sometimes with a, and na, in its uses. It generally, however, implies opposition, and might be translated by but, &c. Sometimes also, it has the meaning of so, then, and sometimes, (particularly in Waikato,) it is, in the end of sentences, redundant.

Ara, and then, &c.; e. g.,

Ara te meatanga atu a Hone, and then John replied.

Note.-This particle is very often used as an adverb for videlicet, forsooth, &c.

Mo, } reira.

No, for that cause, therefore.[30]

Na,

Mona i tahae, because he stole.

Inake ano, Inake ano i kore ai e tupu, a good reason indeed why it did not grow (thence, from that cause.)

Ina whai ano (Waikato), idem.

Otira, }

Otiraia,

Ia, but, and nevertheless.

Raia,

Atiia, (Waikato)

Huatu, } All these belong to

Kaore, and kahore, the adversative class,

Tena ko tenei, and denote but with

Tena, } (sometimes) some peculiarity

Ko, however of the

E ngari, } (sometimes) meaning and

E rangi, construction which

E ngaro, can only be learned

E ao ia, by practice.

Ahakoa; although, ahakoa roa noa te tohe e kore e marere, although you importune long it will not be granted.

Note.-Ahakoa will almost always precede in the sentence, e. g., The following "though we were sinners he loved us," should thus be rendered ahakoa hara noa tatou arohaina ana tatou e ia.

Following are a few examples of phrases which supply the place of conjunctions:

Ki te kahore e pai, if he is not pleased.

Ki te wa haere, if you go.

Ka pa nau, if it had been yours.

Ka pa tao (Ngapuhi) or tau (Waikato) na tatou, if it had been we that had done it.

Patu, ka aha? If I beat him, what better will he be? lit. beat him, what is (effected?)

I tika ano i a au, titiro ana koe wahia iho, I had put it all to rights, and you go and break it in pieces.

E korerotia atu ana, e whakatika mai ana, he is spoken to, he rises up, i. e., when I speak to him, he rises up against me.

Pera hoki me Hana e whakatoi nei, just as Hana teases.

Mana ka tika, mana ka he, even though, (no matter whether,) it be right or wrong.

Ko reira, then.

The particle ai is very useful in supplying the place of conjunctions. (Vid. our remarks on it.)

[28]? This particle will often supply a good substitute for with, when it denotes connexion, &c., a meaning which we believe to be but seldom expressed by ki. (vid. prepositions, page 55.)

[29]? Some foreigners, we observe, use me i mua; this, however, is decidedly erroneous.

[30]? The learned student will, however, notice that these words, as well as keia, are only prefixed to conclusions which are the natural and necessary effect of a preceding proposition. For example, we might use mo reira, &c., in such a sentence as the following: "Men are sinners, therefore men are exposed to the wrath of God:" because the preceding proposition is clearly a cause of the latter.

We could not, however, use any of them in such propositions as the following: "the Tohungas are liars, therefore the New Zealander listens to liars;" "the Sun shines, therefore the sun is a luminous body;" "man is an animal, therefore man has sensation;" because it would not be true to say, that, because the Tohunga is a liar, he is therefore listened to; because the sun shines it is luminous; or, because man is an animal he has sensation.

Wherever, then, the connection with the preceding proposition is either accidental or abstract, we must have recourse to other words, such as na, a, ra, pea, &c., and these are largely used in our translations. (vid. Mat. 5, 37-24-42, and N. T. passim.)

The affirmative particles ina and ae ra will often supply a good substitute, and will perhaps be logically correct. For the conclusion is the proposition that we in principio affirm to be true, and having proved it, we then authoritatively pronounce it to be so. (vid. our remarks on ae, &c., note, under adverbs of affirmation.)