A Lie Never Justifiable: A Study in Ethics

Standards and Practices of Primitive Peoples.-Sayings and Doings of

Hindoos.-Teachings of the Mahabharata.-Harischandra and

Viswamitra, the Job and Satan of Hindoo Passion-Play.-Scandinavian

Legends.-Fridthjof and Ingeborg.-Persian Ideals.-Zoroastrian Heaven

and Hell.-"Home of Song," and "Home of the Lie."-Truth the Main

Cardinal Virtue with Egyptians.-No Hope for the Liar.-Ptah, "Lord

of Truth."-Truth Fundamental to Deity.-Relatively Low Standard

of Greeks.-Incidental Testimony of Herodotus.-Truthfulness of

Achilles.-Plato.-Aristotle.-Theognis.-Pindar.-Tragedy of

Philoctetes.-Roman Standard.-Cicero.-Marcus Aurelius.-German

Ideal.-Veracity a Primitive Conception.-Lie Abhorrent among Hill

Tribes of India.-Khonds.-Sonthals.-Todas.-Bheels.-Sowrahs.-

Tipperahs.-Arabs.-American Indians.-Patagonians.-Hottentots.-

East Africans.-Mandingoes.-Dyaks of Borneo,-"Lying Heaps."-Veddahs

of Ceylon.-Javanese.-Lying Incident of Civilization.-Influence of

Spirit of Barter.-"Punic Faith."-False Philosophy of Morals.

Importance of a Definition.-Lie Positive, and Lie Negative.-Speech

and Act.-Element of Intention.-Concealment Justifiable, and

Concealment Unjustifiable.-Witness in Court.-Concealment that is

Right.-Concealment that is Sinful.-First Duty of Fallen Man.-Brutal

Frankness.-Indecent Exposure of Personal Opinion.-Lie Never

Tolerable as Means of Concealing.-False Leg or Eye.-Duty of

Disclosure Conditioned on Relations to Others.-Deception Purposed,

and Resultant Deception.-Limits of Responsibility for Results of

Action.-Surgeon Refusing to Leave Patient.-Father with Drowning

Child.-Mother and Wife Choosing.-Others Self-Deceived concerning

Us.-Facial Expression.-"A Blind Patch."-Broken Vase.-Closed

Shutters in Midsummer.-Opened Shutters.-Absent Man's Hat in

Front Hall.-When Concealment is Proper.-When Concealment is

Wrong.-Contagious Diseases.-Selling a Horse or Cow.-Covering

Pit.-Wearing Wig.-God's Method with Man.-Delicate Distinction.-

Truthful Statements Resulting in False Impressions.-Concealing

Family Trouble.-Physician and Inquiring Patient.-Illustrations

Explain Principle, not Define it.

Wide Differences of Opinion.-Views of Talmudists.-Hamburger's

Testimony.-Strictness in Principle.-Exceptions in Practice.-Isaac

Abohab's Testimony.-Christian Fathers not Agreed.-Martyrdom Price

of Truthtelling.-Justin Martyr's Testimony.-Temptations of

Early Christians.-Words of Shepherd of Hermas.-Tertullian's

Estimate.-Origen on False Speaking.-Peter and Paul at Antioch.-

Gregory of Nyssa and Basil the Great.-Deceit in Interests of

Harmony.-Chrysostom's Deception of Basil.-Chrysostom's Defense

of Deceit.-Augustine's Firmness of Position.-Condemnation of

Lying.-Examination of Excuses.-Jerome's Weakness and Error.-Final

Agreement with Augustine.-Repetition of Arguments of Augustine and

Chrysostom.-Representative Disputants.-Thomas Aquinas.-Masterly

Discussion.-Errors of Duns Scotus.-John Calvin.-Martin Luther.-

Ignatius Loyola.-Position of Jesuits.-Protestants Defending Lying.

-Jeremy Taylor.-Errors and Inconsistencies.-Wrong Definitions.-

Misapplication of Scripture.-Richard Rothe.-Character, Ability,

and Influence. in Definition of Lie.-Failure to Recognize.-Error

Love to God as Only Basis of Love to Man.-Exceptions in Favor of

Lying.-Nitzsch's Claim of Wiser and Nobler Methods than Lying in

Love.-Rothe's Claim of Responsibility of Loving Guardianship-No

Countenance of Deception in Example of Jesus.-Prime Error of Rothe.

-Opinions of Contemporary Critics.-Isaac Augustus Dorner.-

Character and Principles.-Keen Definitions.-High Standards.-

Clearness and Consistency.-Hans Lassen Martensen.-Logic Swayed by

Feeling.-Right Premises and Wavering Reasonings.-Lofty Ideals.-

Story of Jeanie Deans.-Correct Conclusions.-Influence of Personal

Peculiarities on Ethical Convictions.-Contrast of Charles Hodge and

James H. Thornwell.-Dr. Hodge's Correct Premises and Amiable

Inconsistencies.-Truth the Substratum of Deity.-Misconceptions of

Bible Teachings.-Suggestion of Deception by Jesus Christ.-Error as

to General Opinion of Christians.-Dr. Hodge's Conclusions Crushed

by his Premises.-Dr. Thornwell's Thorough Treatment of Subject.-

Right Basis.-Sound Argument.-Correct Definitions.-Firmness for

Truth.-Newman Smyth's Manual.-Good Beginning and Bad Ending.-

Confusion of Terms.-Inconsistencies in Argument.-Loose Reasoning.

-Dangerous Teachings.-James Martineau.-Fine Moral Sense.-Conflict

between Feeling and Conviction.-Safe Instincts.-Thomas Fowler.-

Higher Expediency of Veracity.-Importance to General Good.-Leslie

Stephen.-Duty of Veracity Result of Moral Progress.-Kant and

Fichte.-Jacobi Misrepresented.-False Assumptions by Advocates of Lie

of Necessity.-Enemies in Warfare not Justified in Lying.-Testimony

of Cicero.-Macaulay on Lord Clive's Treachery.-Woolsey on

International Law.-No Place for Lying in Medical Ethics.-Opinions

and Experiences of Physicians.-Pliny's Story of Roman Matron.-Victor

Hugo's Sister Simplice.-Words of Abbé Sicard.-Tact and

Principle.-Legal Ethics.-Whewell's View.-Opinion of Chief-Justice

Sharswood.-Mistakes of Dr. Hodge.-Lord Brougham's Claim.-False

Charge against Charles Phillips.-Chancellor Kent on Moral

Obligations in Law and in Equity.-Clerical Profession Chiefly

Involved.-Clergymen for and against Lying.-Temptation to Lies of

Love.-Supreme Importance of Sound Principle.-Duty of Veracity to

Lower Animals.-Dr. Dabney's View.-Views of Dr. Newman Smyth.-Duty

of Truthfulness an Obligation toward God.-Lower Animals not Exempt

from Principle of Universal Application.-Fishing.-Hunting.-Catching

Horse.-Professor Bowne's Psychological View.-No Place for Lying

in God's Universe.-Small Improvement on Chrysostom's Argument for

Lying.-Limits of Consistency in Logical Plea.-God, or Satan.