Chapter 7 No.7

Practical Politics in the Fourth Century.

The practical politicians 131

Isocrates, his anti-Persian policy 131

No large ideas of spreading Hellenic culture 132

Who is to be the leader of Greece? 132

Demosthenes another ideal figure in this history 133

He sees the importance of a foreign policy for Athens 134

against Persia, or Macedonia 134

Grote on Demosthenes 135

A. Sch?fer on Demosthenes 135

Very different estimate of the ancients 136

Conditions of the conflict 136

made Philip's victory certain 137

Demosthenes fights a losing game 138

The blunders of his later policy 139

Compared with Phocion 139

Old men often ruinous in politics 139

Hellenism despised 140

The author feels he is fighting a losing game against democracy and its advocates 140

The education of small free States 141

Machiavelli and Aristotle 141

Greek democratic patriotism 141

Its splendid results 142

appear to be essentially transitory 142

from internal causes 143

The case of America 143

The demagogue 144

Internal disease the real cause of decadence 144

The Greek States all in this condition 144

as Phocion saw; but which Demosthenes ignored 145

The dark shadows of his later years 145

His professional character as an advocate 146

The affair of Harpalus 146

Was the verdict against Demosthenes just? 147

The modern ground of acquittal 148

Morality of politicians expounded by Hypereides 148

Modern sentiment at least repudiates these principles 149

As regards practice we have Walpole 149

and the Greek patriots of our own century 150

analogous to the case of Demosthenes 150

The end justified the means 151

Low average of Greek national morality 152

Demosthenes above it 152

Deep effect of his rhetorical earnestness 153

The perfection of his art is to be apparently natural 153