Chapter 6 No.6

Conclusion

Four centuries have elapsed since Conrad Gesner published the first modern bibliography of bibliographies in the Pandectae of 1548. Although it was only a section in a general subject index, it shows Gesner's clear understanding of the task and a competent choice and arrangement of materials. Few later efforts have been equally successful. His definition of a bibliography is both narrower and broader than the one that has since found general acceptance. He does not include, for example, biobibliographical accounts of religious orders and nations. He was familiar with them but probably looked upon them as historical rather than bibliographical compilations. Like most later bibliographers, he does not include publishers' catalogues and catalogues of books owned by institutions and individuals. In 1598 Israel Spach employed what is virtually the modern definition of a bibliography. Like Gesner, he includes bibliographers who wrote in classical times. In 1628 Francis Sweerts almost takes the decisive step of making an independent list composed of bibliographies of bibliographies. The three folio pages in his Athenae Belgicae on which this list appears have no organic connection with that biobibliographical dictionary. Sweerts includes, furthermore, no ancient bibliographers. His work has a modern look.

In 1643 the bibliography of bibliographies comes of age with the announcement of Jodocus a Dudinck, Bibliothecariographia. The book is lost or more probably was never published, but its subtitle shows a clear comprehension of the nature of a bibliography of bibliographies. Philip Labbé published a bibliography of bibliographies in 1653 and a new edition of it in 1664. His loyalty to Catholicism and his exclusively French associations hindered its wide acceptance and use. Few of his contemporaries understood what he had done, and few learned how to use his book. Even Antoine Teissier, who revised and enlarged it, showed an imperfect understanding of its nature. The age was not ready for a bibliography of bibliographies. Cornelius a Beughem, a man of many bibliographies, may have perceived the situation, for he never published the compilation that he had announced in 1680. With the publication of a supplement to Teissier's revision of Labbé, efforts to make a bibliography of bibliographies came to a dead stop in 1705. They had resulted in a formulation of the task.

After 1705 no bibliography of bibliographies appeared for more than a century. The fragmentary tradition of listing books entitled bibliotheca, i.e. bibliography or catalogue, that might have led to one produced only withered shoots and ended in 1758 with Durey de Noinville's wretched compilation. During the eighteenth century the bibliography of bibliographies is, at best, only a chapter in surveys of learning. No doubt the great encyclopedias of the time satisfied scholarly demands so well that men did not perceive the place that a bibliography of bibliographies might fill.

Conrad Gesner, whom I regard as the first modern writer of a bibliography of bibliographies, aimed at comprehensiveness and included works of all ages as far as they came to his knowledge. He named Amphicrates and his contemporary Jakob Rueff in the same list without making a distinction between them. Almost immediately the bibliography of bibliographies became a guide to currently useful reference works and it has retained that function. Writing in the early years of the seventeenth century, Paul Bolduan and Francis Sweerts took a step away from comprehensiveness. They included no classical Greek and Latin authorities and very few medieval ones. This exclusion of classical writers runs parallel to the similar treatment of classical writers of history. In a list of classical historians we no longer cite Xenophon and Caesar along with Grote and Gibbon. No one thinks of naming a bibliographer like Cicero, Suetonius, or St. Jerome in the company of Petzholdt and Brunet. Although this rejection of ancient bibliographers began in the early seventeenth century, neither Labbé in 1664 nor Teissier in 1705 fully accepted it.

By 1812 we find a completely modern conception of bibliography. Gabriel Peignot cites no bibliographer from classical times and names only such older writers of the Renaissance as have not been superseded by more recent authorities. This definition of the bibliography of bibliographies makes it practically useful to the writer's contemporaries. With the exception of Theodore Besterman, the subsequent writers of bibliographies of bibliographies have been practical men who see a modern librarian's needs and more especially, when that functionary is invented, the needs of a reference librarian. Julius Petzholdt admits many old bibliographies to his Bibliotheca bibliographica of 1866, but gives them room only for historical reasons or in the absence of a modern work. Joseph Sabin goes somewhat farther by restricting himself to British and American bibliographies with only a side glance at those in other than European languages. Léon Vallée, Henri Stein, W. P. Courtney, and those who come after show a more and more definitely acknowledged restriction to modern works and especially those within the easy reach of their readers. The bibliography of bibliographies becomes an ever more skilfully fashioned key to unlock modern learning and modern libraries. In the last two generations cooperative effort has become characteristic of much bibliographical work and the publication of periodical surveys limited to brief periods and cumulated for longer intervals reflect both the difficulty of the task and the emphasis on contemporary usefulness. The standards of accuracy and, within the limits that have been accepted, the standards of completeness have enormously improved.

This brief historical summary makes it plain that a bibliography is or, at least, it has become a reference work that gives a limited amount of information of a very special kind. It is immediately useful in an emergency and less likely to be helpful in surveying historically any particular field of study. A corollary is the fact that a bibliography of bibliographies will ordinarily give a student little or no new information about a subject with which he is familiar, but can be a valuable aid to him in an unfamiliar field. A student of Renaissance English literature will not consult a bibliography of bibliographies to learn of such works as the Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature or A. W. Pollard and G. R. Redgrave, A Short-Title Catalogue of Books Printed in England ... 1475-1640. He already knows them. He may be very glad to find the titles of bibliographies of theology, history, or science that meet his needs. He should consult, also, the older books that Besterman alone among modern writers of the bibliography of bibliographies is likely to cite. Joris Vorstius rightly emphasizes the fact that a bibliography of bibliographies serves primarily a reference librarian.[212] I should only enlarge upon his remark by saying that the older bibliographies of bibliographies are invaluable and all too little known aids to understanding the historical development of a discipline or the background of an earlier period.

With all their faults and insufficiencies-and what human works lack them?-bibliographies of bibliographies are very valuable aids to scholars. As an introduction to a strange field one will naturally consult only the most recently published examples, beginning with Julius Petzholdt, Bibliotheca bibliographica (1866) or perhaps even with Theodore Besterman, A World Bibliography of Bibliographies (2d ed., 1947-1949; 3d ed., 1955-). In studying the historical development of a discipline or subject one can neglect the four oldest bibliographies of bibliographies. Gesner's Pandectae, Spach's Nomenclator, and Bolduan's Bibliotheca philosophica are general subject bibliographies of a sort that I hope to discuss at another time. These books and Sweert's Athenae Belgicae contain little or nothing as far as bibliographies are concerned that cannot be more easily found in other books. With the sole exception of Labbé's Bibliotheca bibliothecarum, which was absorbed into Teissier's Catalogus auctorum, a student of the historical aspect of a subject must consult all the bibliographies of bibliographies printed after 1664. They are independent or almost independent compilations and supplement one another. Fortunately they are not extremely difficult to obtain. In consulting them the modern scholar should give thanks to those who have labored so diligently in his behalf.

Bibliography

I indicate the libraries where the rare books cited below may be found by the following abbreviations: CU (University of California, Berkeley); DLC (Library of Congress); ICN (The Newberry Library, Chicago); MH (Harvard University Library); NN (New York Public Library). Books for which no locations are given will be found in most large libraries. I have not tried to record all the copies owned in the United States.

Besterman, Theodore. A World Bibliography of Bibliographies. London, 1939-1940. Pp. xxiv, 588; [iv], 644. 2d ed.; London, 1947-1949. Pp. xxviii, cols. 1450; [i], cols. 1451-3196; [i], cols. 3197-4111. 3d ed.; Geneva, 1955-. The author index in the third volume of the second edition is printed in three columns. The second edition is cited as Besterman.

Reviewed: Vilhelm Grundtvig, "En Verdensbibliografi over Bibliografier," Nordisk tidskrift f?r bokv?sen, XXVII (1940), 58-65; Marc Jaryc, Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America, XXXVI (1942), 321-324.

Beughem, Cornelius a. Bibliotheca bibliothecarum. Never published.

Bibliographia bibliographica, I (1898)-VII (1904). Bibliographia universalis, Contribution No. 31. Brussels: Institut Internationale de Bibliographie, 1900-1906.

For a collation see Besterman, I, cols. 324-325 (only vols. I-VI). The first five volumes were issued with a new titlepage as Bibliotheca bibliographica universalis ... 1898-1902 (Brussels, 1904. DLC).

Bibliographic Index. A Cumulative Bibliography of Bibliographies. 1937-1942. New York, 1945. Pp. [xxxiii], 1780. Printed in two columns.

--. -- 1943-1946. New York, 1948. Pp. [xx], 831. Printed in two columns.

The Bibliographic Index appears in quarterly issues, which are cumulated in annual volumes. The first annual volume was that for 1937 and was issued in 1938. The annual volumes are cumulated in volumes of irregular extant. For a collation see Besterman, I, cols. 328-329.

Reviewed: H. B. Van Hoesen, The Library Quarterly, X (1940), 272-274.

Bibliographie des Bibliotheks- und Buchwesens. "Beihefte zum Zentralblatt für Bibliothekswesen," XXIX and subsequent issues (not continuously numbered). Bearbeitet von Albert Hortzschansky. Leipzig, 1905-1925.

There were no annual issues for 1913-1921. It was continued by the Internationale Bibliographie des Buch- und Bibliothekswesens (which see). For a collation see Besterman, I, cols. 325-326.

Bohatta, Hanns, Walter Funke, and Franz Hodes. Internationale Bibliographie der Bibliographien. Frankfurt a.M., 1939-1950. Pp. 652.

Reviewed: Theodore Besterman, The Library, 4th Ser., XXII (1943), 49-52.

Bolduanus, Paul. Bibliotheca philosophica. Jena, 1616. Pp. [xxiv], 647, [viii]. ICN; Library of Archer Taylor (enlargement of microfilm).

Collison, Robert L. Bibliographies Subject and National. A Guide to their contents, arrangement and use. London, 1951. Pp. xii, 172.

Courtney, W. P. A Register of National Bibliography, with a selection of the chief bibliographical books and articles printed in other countries. London, 1905-1912. Pp. viii, 314; [iv], 315-631; v, 340.

Delandine, Antoine Fran?ois. Bibliothèque de Lyon. Catalogue des livres qu'elle renferme dans la classe des belles-lettres. I (Paris, 1816).

Contains (pp. 108-176) "Bibliographie spéciale et chronologique des principaux ouvrages sur l'origine et l'histoire de l'imprimerie, les bibliothèques, et les premiers essais de l'art typographique dans les diverses villes de l'Europe."

Not seen; cited from Petzholdt, p. 444.

Dudinck, Jodocus a. Bibliothecariographia. Enumeratio omnium autorum, operumque, quae sub titulo Bibliothecae, catalogi, indicis, nomenclatoris, athenarum etc. prodierunt. Cologne, 1643.

A bibliographical ghost.

Durey de Noinville, J. B. Dissertation sur les bibliothèques. Paris, 1758. Pp. 156, [3]. ICN; MH; Library of Archer Taylor.

Ferguson, John. Some Aspects of Bibliography. Edinburgh, 1900. Pp. [8], 102, [2].

Gesner, Conrad. Pandectae sive partitionum universalium ... libri XXI. Zurich, 1548. Fols, [vi], 375. CU (photostat); DLC; ICN (lacking the section on law); MH (two copies); NN.

Godet, Marcel. See Index bibliographicus.

Hoecker, Rudolf. See Internationale Bibliographie.

Hortzschansky, Adelbert. See Bibliographie des Bibliotheks- und Buchwesens.

Index bibliographicus. Répertoire international des sources de bibliographie courante (périodiques et institutions). Ed. Marcel Godet. Geneva, 1925. Pp. xvi, 233. 2d ed. by Marcel Godet and Joris Vorstius. Berlin, 1931. Pp. xxiii, 420. 3d ed., with the subtitle Directory of Current Periodical Abstracts and Bibliographies, by Theodore Besterman. 2 v.; Paris: Unesco, 1952. Pp. xi, 52; pp. xi, 72.

For collations of the first two editions see Besterman, I, col. 327.

Internationale Bibliographie des Buch- und Bibliothekswesens mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Bibliographie. Bearbeitet von Rudolf Hoecker und Joris Vorstius. Neue Folge, I (1926)-XIII (1940).

For collation see Besterman, I, col. 326 (vols. I-X only).

Internationaler Jahresbericht der Bibliographie, I-XI. Ed. Joris Vorstius. Leipzig, 1930-1940.

For collation see Besterman, I, cols. 327-328 (vols. I-X only).

Josephson, Aksel G. S. "Bibliographies of Bibliographies," The Bulletin of the Bibliographical Society of America, II (1910), 21-24, 53-56; III (1911), 23-24, 50-53; IV (1912), 23-27; Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America, VII (1912-1913), 33-40, 115-124.

A revised, re-arranged, and enlarged edition of the following.

--. Bibliographies of Bibliographies, chronologically arranged with occasional notes and an index. "Bibliographical Society of Chicago. Contributions to Bibliography," No. 1. Chicago, 1901. Pp. 45.

Krüsike, Johannes Christophorus. Vindemiarum litterarium specimen. I. quo de re libraria universe agitur. Accedit appendix de scriptis rei bibliothecariae adfectis. II. quo index scriptorum exhibetur, qui de libris, illorumque scriptione, commentati sunt. Hamburg, 1727-1731. Pp. 40; [6], 64.

Cited from Josephson, "Bibliographies," The Bulletin of the Bibliographical Society of America, II (1910), 23; Vilhelm Grundtvig, Centralblatt für Bibliothekswesen, XX (1903), 435. Although Josephson refers to a copy in the United States, I have been unable to find it. Petzholdt's comment (p. 443) shows that he misunderstands the nature of this book. It is necessarily a very slight work because it is a supplement to Johannes Andreas Schmid (Schmidt) and J. J. Mader, De bibliothecis atque virorum clarissimorum libelli et commentationes (Helmstadt, 1702-1705). For the contents of Schmid-Mader, which was the standard eighteenth-century treatise on library science, see Peignot, Répertoire, pp. 34-35. Petzholdt does not mention it.

Labbé, Philip. Bibliotheca bibliothecarum. Paris, 1664. Pp. [32], 394. CU; ICN. Rouen, 1672. Pp. [32], 398. ICN. Rouen, 1678. Pp. 32, 398, 27. MH; Library of Archer Taylor. Leipzig, 1682. Pp. [72], 671, 38. ICN; Library of Archer Taylor.

Josephson suggests ("Bibliographies," II, 21-22) probably correctly that the 1678 edition consists of the sheets of the 1672 edition with a new title page and John Selden's numismatic bibliography.

--. Novae bibliothecae specimen. Paris, 1653. CU (positive microfilm); ICN (positive microfilm); NN.

The tenth appendix (pp. 389-428) is entitled "Supplementorum Novae bibliothecae, sive speciminis antiquarum lectionum, coronis libraria. Hoc est, Bibliotheca bibliothecarum & Catalogus catalogorum, nomenclatorum, indicum, elenchorum &c. quibus scriptores in quavis arte ac professione praecipui & libri ferme omnes, partim editi, partim inediti, representantur."

Josephson seems to have confused this book with Labbé, Nova bibliotheca MSS. librorum (Paris, 1657); see his "Bibliographies," II, 21.

--. Sexdecim librorum initia. Paris, 1662, 1664. CU, ICN. Microfilms of both editions in both libraries.

This work consists of the first eight pages of ten bibliographies on which Labbé was working and description of six more. The pagination is necessarily not continuous.

Literarisches Beiblatt zur Zeitschrift (later: zum Jahrbuch) des Deutschen Vereins für Buchwesen und Schrifttum, I-XIII. Leipzig, 1924-1936.

For a collation see Besterman, I, cols. 326-327.

Malclès, L.-N. Les Sources du travail bibliographique. I: Bibliographies générales. Geneva, 1950. Pp. xvi, 364. II: Bibliographies spécialisées (sciences humaines). Geneva, 1952. Pp. 954.

Reviewed: Joris Vorstius, Zentralblatt für Bibliothekswesen, LXV (1951), 460-463 (volume I).

Mo?tte, Charles. Bibliotheca alphabetica. A lost manuscript.

Namur, [Jean] Pie. Bibliographie paléographico-diplomatico-bibliographique générale ou Répertoire systématique indiquant 1o tous les ouvrages relatifs à la paléographie; à la diplomatique; à l'histoire de l'imprimerie et de la libraire; à la bibliographie; aux biobibliographies et à l'histoire des bibliothèques; 2o la notice des recueils périodiques, littéraires et critiques de différents pays. Liége, 1838. Pp. xxvii, 226, [2]; vi, 306.

Die neu-er?ffnete Bibliothec, worinnen der studirenden Jugend und deren curieusen Liebhabern guter Unterricht von Bibliothequen, nebenst bequemer Anleitung dieselben anzulegen, wohl zu unterhalten, und nützlich zu gebrauchen, an die Hand gegeben wird. Welchen angefügt die vornehmsten Bibliothequen in Europa und was Reisende vornehmlich bey deren Besichtigung zu beobachten haben. Hamburg, 1702. DLC; ICN. Hamburg, 1704. Library of Archer Taylor. Hamburg, 1711. CU. The Harvard copy is Theil 2 of Der ge?ffnete Ritterplatz (Hamburg, 1705-1706). The pagination of all copies is the same: pp. [x], 298.

Peignot, Gabriel. Répertoire bibliographique universel, contenant la notice raisonnée des bibliographies spéciales publiées jusqu'à ce jour, et d'un grand nombre d'autres ouvrages de bibliographie, relatifs à l'histoire littéraire, et à toutes les parties de la bibliologie. Paris, 1812. Pp. xx, 514.

Petzholdt, Julius. Bibliotheca bibliographica. Kritisches Verzeichnis der das Gesammtgebeit der Bibliographie betreffenden Litteratur des In- und Auslandes in systematischer Ordnung. Leipzig, 1866. Pp. xii, 939.

Psaume, Etienne. Dictionnaire bibliographique, ou Nouveau manuel du libraire et de l'amateur de livres. 2 v. Paris, 1824.

See "Appendice de l'Essai sur la bibliographie," I, 216-264.

Sabin, Joseph. A Bibliography of Bibliographies, or a handy book about books which relate to books. Being an alphabetical catalogue of the most important works descriptive of the literature of Great Britain and America, and more than a few relative to France and Germany. New York, 1877. Pp. cl, i.e. 150.

This was published as a supplement to the American Bibliopolist, VII (1875)-IX (1877).

San José, Michael de (Michael a S. Joseph). Bibliographia critica. Madrid, 1740-1742. 3 v. DLC; ICN; Library of Archer Taylor.

See the articles beginning with the word bibliotheca, I, 472-533.

Spach, Israel. Nomenclator philosophorum et philologicorum. Hoc est: succincta recensio eorum, quo philosophiam omnesque eius partes quovis tempore idiomateve usque ad annum 1597 descripserunt, illustrarunt, & exornarunt, methodo artificiosa secundum locos communes ipsius philosophiae. Strassburg, 1598. ICN (microfilm); Library of Archer Taylor (enlargement of microfilm).

Spizelius, Theophilus (Gottlieb Spitzel). Sacra bibliothecarum illustrium arcana retecta, sive MSS. theologicorum, in praecipuis Europae bibliothecis extantium designatio; cum preliminari dissertatione, specimine novae bibliothecae universalis, et coronide philologica. Augsburg, 1668. Pp. [200], 384. CU; ICN; MH; Library of Archer Taylor.

Spitzel's comments (pp. 344-355) on Labbé's Bibliotheca bibliothecarum were reprinted in J. A. Schmidt and J. J. Mader, De bibliothecis nova accessio collectioni Maderianae (Helmstadt, 1703), pp. 181-183. The reprint does not include Spitzel's additions to Labbé.

Stein, Henri. Manuel de bibliographie générale (Bibliotheca bibliographica nova). Manuels de bibliographie historique, 2. Paris, 1897. Pp. xx, 805.

For reviews see H. C. Bolton and Charles Martel, Publisher's Weekly, LV (1899), 386-389; F. J. Teggert, Library Journal, XXIV (1899), 73-75; Charles Martel, Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes, 1899, pp. 521-525.

Sweertius, Franciscus (Francis Sweerts). Athenae Belgicae. Antwerp, 1628. Pp. 16, 727. DLC.

See "Syllabus eorum qui bibliothecas, elogia, effigies vitasq. virorum litteraria illustrium scripserunt et evulgarunt," pp. 56-58.

Teissier, Antoine. Catalogi auctorum qui librorum catalogos, indices, bibliothecas, virorum litteratorum elogia, vitas aut orationes funebres, scriptis consignarunt auctuarium ... sive ejusdem Catalogi pars altera. Geneva, 1705. Pp. [6], 368. ICN; MH; Library of Archer Taylor. Cited as Teissier, Auctuarium.

--. Catalogus auctorum qui librorum catalogos, indices, bibliothecas, virorum litteratorum elogia, vitas, aut orationes funebres, scriptis consignarunt. Geneva, 1686. Pp. [6], 559, 27, 3. ICN; MH; Library of Archer Taylor. Cited as Teissier, Catalogus.

Totok, Wilhelm and Rolf Weitzel. Handbuch der bibliographischen Nachschlagewerke. Frankfurt a.M., 1954. Pp. xxii, 258.

Unger, Johannes Godofredus. De libris bibliothecarum nomine notatis, ubi centum et triginta libri antiqui pariter atque et novi secundum seriem facultatum ac disciplinarum, intermixtis ultro citroque virorum judiciis, exhibentur, atque ad illustrandum historiam litterariam operose collecti recensentur disserit.... Leipzig, [1734]. Pp. 24. CU (microfilm); ICN (enlargement).

Vallée, Léon. Bibliographie des bibliographies. Première partie. Catalogue des bibliographies générales et particulières, par ordre alphabétique d'auteurs.... Séconde partie. Répertoire des mêmes bibliographies par ordre alphabétique des matières. Paris, 1883. Pp. vi, [2], 773, [1].

--. --. Supplément. Paris, 1887. Pp. [2], 354.

For reviews see Phil. Min., Le Livre, IV (1883), 400-402, VIII (1887), 525-526; C. A. C[utter], Library Journal, VIII (1883), 104-105, XII (1887), 305; Henri Stein, Bulletin critique, V (1883), 265-269, IX (1888), 89-95; The Nation, XXXVI (June 21, 1883), 535-536; Zentralblatt für Bibliothekswesen, I (1884), 35-36.

Vorstius, Joris. See Index bibliographicus; Internationale Bibliographie des Buch- und Bibliothekswesens; Internationaler Jahresbericht der Bibliographie.

Index of Bibliographies of Bibliographies

Besterman, Theodore, 35, 114, 115-122, 123, 133, 134, 135, 137

Beughem, Cornelius a, 44-45, 134, 137

Bibliographia bibliographica, 105-106, 137

Bibliographic Index, 108, 138

Bibliographie des Bibliotheks- und Buchwesens, 106, 138

Bohatta, Hanns, Walter Funke, and Franz Hodes, 124-125, 138

Bolduan, Paul, 16-18, 19, 132, 135, 138

Collison, R. L., 127, 138

Courtney, W. P., 111-113, 116, 133, 139

Delandine, A. F., 71-72, 139

Dudinck, Jodocus a, 21-23, 131, 139

Durey de Noinville, J. D., 57-58, 124, 132, 139

Ferguson, John, 48, 110-111, 139

Funke, Walter. See Bohatta, Hanns

Gesner, Conrad, 4-13, 16, 19, 21, 80, 121, 123, 131, 132, 135, 139

Godet, Marcel. See Index bibliographicus

Grundtvig, Vilhelm, 95, 113-115, 118, 130

Hodes, Franz. See Bohatta, Hanns

Horne, T. H., 69-71, 72

Hoecker, Rudolf. See Internationale Bibliographie des Buch- und Bibliothekswesens

Hortzschansky, Adalbert. See Bibliographie des Bibliothek- und Buchwesens

Index bibliographicus, 107, 139-140

Internationale Bibliographie des Buch- und Bibliothekwesens, 106, 140

Internationaler Jahresbericht der Bibliographie, 107-108, 140

Jerome, St., 1-3

Josephson, A. G. S., 76-77, 95-96, 114, 123, 129-130, 140

Krüsike, J. C., 140-141

Labbé, Philip, 3-4, 21, 23-39, 47-50, 51, 80, 95, 98, 121, 123, 131-132, 135, 141-142

Literarisches Beiblatt der Zeitschrift (later: zum Jahrbuch) des deutschen Vereins für Buchwesen und Schrifttum, 106, 142

Malclès, L.-N., 125-127, 142

Mo?tte, Charles, 45, 63, 142

Namur, J. P., 72-76, 78, 98, 123, 142

Neu-er?ffnete Bibliothec, Die, 50-53, 59, 142-143

Peignot, Gabriel, 64-69, 72, 95, 98, 108, 109, 116, 121, 124, 133, 143

Petzholdt, Julius, 16, 77-91, 95, 100, 109, 110, 116, 121, 124, 133, 135, 143

Placcius, Vincent, 37

Psaume, Etienne, 71-72, 143

Sabin, Joseph, 91-95, 97, 98, 133, 143

San José, Michael a, 56-57, 124, 143

Spach, Israel, 13-16, 19, 131, 135, 143-144

Spitzel, Theophilus, 37-39, 144

Stein, Henri, 95, 100-103, 121, 133, 144

Sweerts, Francis, 18-19, 131-132, 135, 144

Teissier, Antoine, 4, 40-44, 80, 95, 98, 123, 132, 135, 144-145

Totok, Wilhelm and Rolf Weitzel, 127-129, 145

Unger, J. G., 53-56, 145

Vallée, Léon, 95-100, 133, 145

Vorstius, Joris, 107, 108, 114, 134, 144

Weitzel, Rolf. See Totok, Wilhelm

Wilson Co., H. W. See Bibliographic Index

FOOTNOTES:

[1] St. Jerome has in mind the De illustribus grammaticis and De rhetoribus by Suetonius. For a discussion of Latin writers of biobibliography see Wilhelm Ludwig Schmidt, De Romanorum imprimis Suetonii arte biographica (Diss.; Marburg, 1891).

[2] Hermippus of Smyrna wrote on legislators, the Seven Sages, and the pupils of Isocrates. He or another Hermippus wrote a De viris illustribus, which is probably the book intended by St. Jerome. For more information about Hermippus and the other writers mentioned in this passage see Joannes Jonsius, De scriptoribus historiae philosophiae (Frankfurt a.M., 1659) and such a modern authority as Wilhelm von Christ, Geschichte der griechischen Literatur (6th ed., Munich, 1920). I recommend Jonsius because he makes clear the bibliographical aspect of these writers. There is no adequate account of classical Greek and Latin bibliographical writings.

[3] Antigonus, who is often cited by Diogenes Laertius in his biobibliography of philosophers, wrote a general biobibliography that is now lost.

[4] Satyrus wrote a De viris illustribus in dialogue that may have been Plutarch's model.

[5] The polymath Aristoxenus is credited with a book on the writers of tragedy. This may be the book intended here. Plutarch admired his biographical dictionary. See Jonsius, pp. 73-78.

[6] Pliny (Natural History, 35.2) cites Varro's De imaginibus which contained five hundred or more imagines or characterizations, probably with illustrations. Varro also wrote accounts of poets, rhetoricians, and libraries.

[7] Like the following authors, Santra wrote a biobibliographical dictionary.

[8] Quoted from the edition of St. Jerome's De viris illustribus in J. A. Fabricius, Bibliotheca ecclesiastica, Hamburg, 1718, p. 13. I have used this edition because it contains useful notes on these authors.

[9] A pupil of the Milesian historian Hellanicus and author of an account of the ancestors of the men who fought at Troy, a catalogue of tribes and cities, and a book on poets and sophists.

[10] The author of various geographical treatises, among which I see nothing clearly bibliographical in nature. See a very interesting account in Jonsius, pp. 173-175, which begins by raising the question whether Agatharcides is to be considered a writer of bibliography.

[11] The author of a general biobibliography.

[12] The author of a book on famous women.

[13] The author of four books on famous men and four books on famous women.

[14] A disciple of Aristotle and the author of a collection of biographies.

[15] The author of a treatise on Heraclea in Pontus and its famous men. This is an early instance of a regional biobibliography.

[16] See Bibliotheca bibliothecarum (Rouen, 1672), p. 40, Leipzig, 1682, p. 67. I have not tried to run down Labbé's reference to "St. Jerome, p. 62." Something has gone wrong with Labbé's introductory words: "Ex antiquis Damastae Sigiaeo facile quoque fuerit plures qui de vitis Eruditorum Hominum scripserunt, puta Agatharcidem Cnidium,..." The sense is, however, obvious.

[16a] For the bibliographical details of the bibliographies of bibliographies cited in this essay see the "Bibliography."

[17] Fols. 1a-42b. This meaning of grammatica (grammar) is still seen in the titles of such books as Cardinal Newman's An Essay in Aid of a Grammar of Assent (London, 1870); Karl Pearson's The Grammar of Science (London, 1892); and Kenneth Burke's A Grammar of Motives (New York, 1945). For other references see A New English Dictionary, s.v. "grammar," 6.

[18] "De varijs," fols. 18a-30b.

[19] There is an unpublished translation by Conrad Clauser. Gesner gives this information and the information in the four following notes. I have quoted it to show his careful procedure as a bibliographer.

[20] Stephanus Niger (fl. 1498) has translated a large portion and there is also, it is said, a translation by Hieronymus Parisetus (1520-1600). A complete translation, which is said to exist in Italy, has not yet been printed.

[21] Fragments are extant, and scraps have been printed in Heraclides Ponticus, De furtis poetarum. [This is a reference to Heraclitus (sic) Ponticus, Allegoriae in Homeri fabulas ... Conradi Gesnero interprete (Basel, 1544. MH)].

[22] Except for Melanchthon's translation of Book VII, c. 6, this is not available in translation.

[23] Rodolfus Gualtherus has translated Pollux. Both the Latin and the Greek Onomasticon have been printed. The Greek Onomasticon has a Latin and a very rich Greek index.

[24] This is a reference to fols. 321a-322b.

[25] "Cur autem illorum, qui Varia scripserunt (quibus etiam Locos communes adnumero) potius quam illorum qui certum quodpiam argumentum tractaverunt, capita Pandectis nostris inseruerim, haec causa est: quoniam in uno argumento qui quaerendum sit facile intelligitur, in variis non idem."

[26] This is evidently the anonymous Miscellanea ex diversis historiographis, oratoribus et poetis excerptis (Paris: Joannes Gormont, 1519), which I cite from G. W. Panzer, Annales, VIII (Nuremberg, 1800), 59, No. 1122, or the [1520] edition, for which see Panzer, VIII, 69, No. 1230.

[27] He gives no precise reference, but intends the reader to turn to fols. 192b-194b.

[28] This is Ludovico Ricchieri (1450-1520), Lectionum antiquarum libri triginta (Basel, 1517). There are later editions.

[29] Again he gives no precise reference. The pertinent passage is Liber I, Titulus XVIII (fols. 32b-34b).

[30] I can find no reference to a publication of this book. See Conrad Gesner, Bibliotheca (ed. Josias Simler; Zurich, 1583), s.v. "Bassiani Landi," where we read "praeterea fertur scripsisse librum cui titulus est Epiphyllides."

[31] Hugh G. Dick calls attention to some interesting remarks on the development of pagination as an answer to the needs of scholars in P. S. Allen, Erasmus Lectures and Wayfaring Sketches (Oxford, 1934), pp. 32-34.

[32] He promises to give a longer list of library catalogues and redeems his promise on fols. 29a-29b, where he adds a reference to his discussion of libraries in classical antiquity in the preface to the Bibliotheca universalis. Such cross-references show Gesner's control of his materials.

[33] Fols. 22b-23a (misnumbered 24a).

[34] I do not find this book by Anton Rabe or Zythogallus (1501-1553) in the catalogues of the British Museum or the Bibliothèque Nationale. C. G. J?cher, Allgemeines Gelehrtenlexikon, I (Leipzig, 1750), cols. 2125-2126, cites "argutissima quaeque apophthegmata ex Erasmi operae selecta," without date or place of publication. For a reference to the edition of Magdeburg, 1534, see Bibliotheca Belgica, Series 2, Vol. VIII (Ghent, n.d. [1891-1923]), p. 377. I am indebted to Dr. Arnold Weinberger for these references.

[35] This is Thomas Palmer, Hibernicus, whose Flores omnium pene doctorum was published in several editions with varying titles in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth century.

[36] A short title for the Pandectarum Veteris et Novi Testamenti libri XXII (Strassburg, 1532). There are other editions.

[37] "De Bibliothecis, id est, catalogus scriptorum ordine literarum; deinde etiam de locis librorum [,] custodia, insignibus, & structoribus eorum." A literal translation of the first two words would be "Concerning Bibliographies," or "On Bibliographies," but this does not seem to me to be current English style and I have preferred to give a modern idiomatic rendering here and elsewhere of titles in foreign languages. I have also quoted the original titles.

[38] Compare such modern works as Arnim Graesel, Grundzüge der Bibliothekslehre (Leipzig, 1890 and later eds.); Svend Dahl (ed.), Haandbog i Bibliotekskundskab (Copenhagen, 1912 and later eds.); Fritz Milkau (ed.), Handbuch der Bibliothekswissenschaft (Leipzig, 1931-1940).

[39] For Albertus Magnus see George Sarton, Introduction to the History of Science, II (Baltimore, 1937), 937 and Lynn Thorndike, A History of Magic and Experimental Science, II (New York, 1923), 692-717. The Speculum astronomiae, which Gesner has in mind, has also been ascribed to Roger Bacon, but this is probably an error.

[40] See an important article on sixteenth-century legal bibliography: Wilhelm Fuchs, "Die Anf?nge der juristischen Bibliographie im 16. Jahrhundert," Archiv für Bibliographie, Buch- und Bibliothekswesen, II (1929), 44-54.

[41] These are bibliographies of Latin dialogues (a favorite Renaissance literary form for exposition and controversy), epistolographers, bilingual and multilingual dictionaries, Greek grammars, and Hebrew grammars.

[42] Spach knows only the editions of 1494 and 1531 and overlooks the largest and best edition of 1546.

[43] The date should be 1557. He does not know the first or the latest edition of this book.

[44] See above, n. 35.

[45] See "Joan. Castelli, Catal. officinae Goltzianae." For references to Hubert Goltzius, a famous printer at Bruges in the second half of the sixteenth century, see Adrien Baillet, Jugemens des savans (Amsterdam, 1725), V, ii, p. 66; Michael Maittaire, Annales typographicae (The Hague, 1719-1741), III, 568; H. Marcel, "Hubert Goltzius, éditeur et imprimeur," Annales de la Société d'émulation pour l'étude de l'histoire de la Flandre (Bruges), LXVIII (1925), 21-34. Spach also cites "Joan. Oporini, Exuviae," a publisher's catalogue that, like the Goltzius catalogue, often appears in lists of bibliographies; see J. W. Spargo, "Some Reference Books of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries," Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America, XXXI (1937), 145. Book titles in quotation marks indicate books that I have not examined.

[46] "Stephanus, Francofurdiense emporium," which was published at [Geneva] in 1574 and translated by James Westfall Thompson, The Frankfort Book Fair. The Francofordiense emporium of Henri Estienne (Chicago, 1911).

[47] Muzio Pansa (not Pensa), Della libraria Vaticana (Rome, 1590. ICN).

[48] Catalogus Graecorum Codicum qui sunt in Bibl. Reip. Augustanae Vindelicae (Augsburg, 1595). For a reference to it see J. M. Francke, Catalogus Bibliothecae Bunavianae, I (Leipzig, 1750), i, 840. David Hoeschel compiled this catalogue, which was four times as large as the catalogue made twenty years earlier by [Hieronymus Wolff].

[49] Published at Vienna, but Spach gives no date. For many studies of Lazius see Karl Schottenloher, Bibliographie zur deutschen Geschichte im Zeitalter der Glaubensspaltung, 1517-1585 (Leipzig, 1933-1940), I, 437-438 and V, 151. These do not seem to deal with the Catalogus.

[50] For an excellent account of this catalogue see E. A. Savage, "Notes on the Early Monastic Libraries of Scotland, with an account of the Registrum Librorum Angliae and of the Catalogus scriptorum of John Boston of Bury St Edmunds," Publications of the Edinburgh Bibliographical Society, XIV (1928), 1-46.

[51] See the edition entitled "Centum dicta, sive fructus librorum suorum" in Claudius Ptolemy, Opera (Basel, 1541. MH). The British museum, catalogue lists it as Centiloquium.

[52] I cannot follow further the only clue to information that I have discovered. In J. C. Fischer (ed.), B. G. Struve, Introductio in notitiam rei litterariae (Frankfurt a.M., 1754), p. 394, where libraries in Germany are discussed, I read "Stolpensis: Chr. August. Freybergii Programma de Bibliotheca Stolpensi, Dresdae 1723. Eiusdem Programmata VIII. de Scholarum praesertim Saxonicarum, hyeme, (in quibus simul Bibliothecae Stolpensis memorabilia sistit,) Dresdae, 1726. 1738. 4-to." No doubt Freyberg mentioned Bolduan.

[53] J. F. Jugler (ed.), B. G. Strove, Bibliotheca historiae litterariae selecta (4 v.; Jena 1754-1785), I, 88.

[54] Bibliotheca philosophica, pp. 644-648.

[55] 2d ed.; [Oxford] and London, [1936].

[56] See pp. 56-58.

[57] I am indebted to Johannes Vogt, Catalogus librorum rariorum (5th ed., Frankfurt a.M., 1793, p. 313) for these details. The reference to Groschufius is "Praefat. de Libris rarior. p. 16." This is the Nova librorum rariorum conlectio, qui vel integri inseruntur, vel adcurate recensentur (5 pts.; Halle, 1709-1716).

[58] Valerius Andreas, Bibliotheca Belgica (editio renovata; Louvain, 1643), p. 593.

[59] For references to the use of Kalcoven's name by the Blaeus see Emil Weller, Die falschen und fingirten Druckorte (Leipzig, 1858), p. v and "Jost Kalcoven," Serapeum, XXVIII (1867), 303-304. The subject needs more investigation.

[60] For the Latin title see the "Bibliography" below.

[61] Palatium Apollonis ac Palladis, h. e. [hoc est] Descriptio praecipuarum bibliothecarum veteris et novique seculi. Louis Jacob undertook and completed a book on this subject; see the Traicté des plus belles bibliothèques (Paris, 1644).

[62] Mundus Marianus, hoc est: Specificatio omnium mundi locorum, in quibus B. Virgo Deipara miraculose colitur. This work and Dudinck's promised Synopsis bibliothecae Marianae were duplicated by Hippolytus Marraccius (1604-1675). His Bibliotheca Mariana (Rome, 1648) filled the place of the Synopsis. Marraccius, who gave his life to the service of the Virgin, tried vainly to find Dudinck's books. He said in 1648 of his search for the Mundus and Synopsis: "Illa etenim licet ardentissima concupitata, videre adhuc non meruit" (Bibliotheca Mariana, p. 813). If Marraccius, whose brother listed one hundred and fifteen works from his pen, published and unpublished, all dealing with the Virgin, could not find Dudinck's books soon after their supposed appearance, we cannot hope to be more successful. The Mundus Marianus is now replaced by E. M. Oettinger, Iconographia Mariana oder Versuch einer Literatur der wunderth?tigen Marienbilder, geordnet nach alphabetischer Reihenfolge der Orte, in welchen sie verehrt werden (Leipzig, 1852). Only three fascicles of L. Clugnet, Bibliographie du culte local de la Vierge Marie. France (Paris, 1902-1903) were published.

[63] This publication in 1653 or, perhaps more correctly, 1652 explains why Labbé called the Bibliotheca bibliothecarum of 1664 a second edition. This designation confuses A. G. S. Josephson; see his Bibliographies of Bibliographies, p. 7. For the details of these publications see Augustin and Aloys de Backer and Carlos Sommervogel, Bibliothèque de la Compagnie de Jésus (nouvelle edition; Brussels, 1893), IV, cols. 1319-1320, No. 68 and cols. 1322-1323, No. 71.

[64] This and subsequent references will be found in the Bibliotheca bibliothecarum under the writer's Christian name. The pagination of the editions varies and a page reference would be useful for only one edition. I have usually made no effort to identify the authors and books, since the quotations concern Labbé's bibliographical technique and not the books.

[65] His name is often misspelled. He is the author of a famous catalogue of the Ingolstadt university library that employed a novel scheme of classification. All or almost all the references to Ferg and the catalogue have been made at second-hand. I have seen half a dozen different dates of publication. I believe it was never published. At any rate, the manuscript catalogue by Ferg was carried off in 1945 "by unknown persons in an unknown direction" from the place where the manuscripts belonging to the library of the University of Munich were stored.

[66] Typical examples are the entries in the eighth index, where one should supply the name Arnoldus Wion in the blank space after "Benedictina" and Christophorus Ferg in the blank space after "Ingolstadiensis." I have not discovered what name Labbé meant to put in the blank space after "Philologica."

[67] I cannot find Thomas de Malvenda among the bibliographers of the Dominicans, Thomas De Minis among the bibliographers of the Camaldolese order, and Thomas Reinesius, the polymath, in the places where they should respectively appear. They are in the text.

[68] See, for example, the article "Juris Auctores."

[69] For example, the reference to "Thomas Reinesius ep. 38" in the article Joannes Frinsheimius was not very difficult to find in 1664. Only the Epistolae addressed to Caspar Hoffmann and C. A. Rupert (Leipzig, 1660) were then in print. Henri Stegemeier has kindly verified the reference, which will be found on p. 311, in the copy at the University of Illinois. There are, to be sure, other collections of letters by Reinesius, but these were published after 1664.

[70] For the reference to "Theatri" see Bibliotheca bibliothecarum, ed. 1688, p. 217 and ed. 1682, p. 366.

[71] See the previously cited entry under Joannes Frinsheimius (sic). It concerns Freinsheim's edition of Quintus Curtius Rufus. The editor gives a bibliography of recent studies on Alexander the Great.

[72] See as examples the entries Bostonus; Buriensis; Martinus Salius; and Claudius Flemmus.

[73] The authority cited in the article on Claudius Flemmus is "in Parnasso Euganeo," which a modern reader will probably find difficult to identify immediately. Labbé is referring to Jacobus Philippus Tomasinus (Jacopo Filippo Tomasini, 1597-1654), Parnassus Euganeus sive de scriptoribus ac literatis huius aevi claris (Padua, 1647. 28 leaves). In the article on Tomasinus Labbé damns the Parnassus wholeheartedly: "In fact, this book is so full of errors [I use the modern bibliographer's cliché] that one scarcely finds three or four articles correct and complete. (Verum hic liber mendosissimus est, ut vix tria quatuorve nomina sincera atque integra reperias)." This Parnassus, which is the only one that Labbé knew or, at least, chose to cite, is different from Tomasini's Parnassus Euganeus sive museum clarissimorum virorum et antiquorum monumentorum simulacris exornatum (Padua, 1647. 10 leaves). The first is a collection of biobibliographies, and the second is an account of the portraits on the walls of Tomasini's villa. For comment on these works see Christian Bruun's essay on Tomasini's friend, Johan Rode, in Paa Hundrede-aarsdagen efter at det store kongelige bibliothek blev erklaeret for at vaere et offentligt bibliothek (Copenhagen, 1893), p. 45.

[74] This remark shows that Meibom did not understand the subject indexes. Meibom's review does not display any clear understanding of what Labbé had written. It is perhaps pertinent to say that Vogler's book is not a bibliography of bibliographies, although Theodore Besterman includes it in A World Bibliography of Bibliographies, 2d ed., I, 322. There are copies of the 1670 edition in ICN, NN, and my own library. This passage is quoted from the edition published at Helmstadt in 1691, of which there is an enlargement from a microfilm in my library; see pp. 160-161.

[75] Meibom is correct in his objection, but (it seems to me) somewhat captious. The title of the book is deceptive and if Labbé had cited it in full, he would have given his reader some useful information and would have made clear that the book belonged to a class that his contemporaries often regarded as closely akin to bibliographies. The title is: Bibliotheca, seu cynosura peregrinantium, hoc est, Viatorium ... in duas partes digestum: quarum prior ... complectitur I. Centuriam cum decuria problematum apodemicorum. II. Multiplicia peregrinationis praecepta. III. Methodum rerum explorandum. IV. Indicem viarum, etc. Posterior pars exhibet I. Geographiam apodemicam. II. Historiographicam apodemicam. III. Diarium apod[emicum] perpetuum, etc. IV. Precationes et hymnos apodemicas (Ulm, 1643-1644. MH [Prior Pars only]). The book is curious and little-known.

[76] Vestibulum ante ipsum nobis hic quasi Hodegeta & Janus Patulcis excubat Philippus Labbaeus. Quoted from Morhof, Polyhistor, I, c. 18 (ed. Lübeck, 1747, I, 196). The first edition of the Polyhistor appeared in 1688.

[77] See Baillet, Jugemens des savans (Amsterdam, 1725), IIA, p. 24. This book was first published in 1685-1686. For Sallo's review see Le Journal des s?avans, Feb. 2, 1665.

[78] Morhof cites Placcius's plan in the passage quoted in n. 76 above.

[79] Sacra bibliothecarum illustrium arcana retecta (Augsburg, 1668. ICN), p. 344. He says of his additions: "Quam multa in ea [Bibliotheca bibliothecarum] Bibliothecarum pariter ac Authorum qui de iisdem scripsere nomina desideruntur, ex nostro hocce supplemento apparebit" (p. 351).

[80] A copy in the Bibliothèque nationale. For a bibliographical description see Augustin and Aloys De Backer and Carlos Sommervogel, Bibliothèque de la Compagnie de Jésus (nouvelle édition; Brussels, 1894), V, col. 1535, No. 44.

[81] See Reimann, Versuch, I, 227 and 229. There are copies of this book in the University of Chicago Library (in part, at least, a later edition) and my own library. Reimann's mention of the wretched Bibliographia shakes one's faith in his critical judgment. The Bibliographia, an unauthorized edition of J. H. Boecler's orientation lectures at Strassburg, was first printed in 1677 and reprinted in 1696. It deserved neither publication nor reprinting. In 1715 J. G. Krause added new materials from Boecler's lecture notes and improved the quality of the critical remarks without remedying the bibliographical defects. This new edition was entitled Bibliographica critica (Leipzig, 1715). There are copies of the 1677 and 1715 editions in the Newberry Library and in my own library.

[82] See Catalogus, p. [4]. He estimates the number of bibliographies in the Bibliotheca bibliothecarum at eight hundred and in his own book at fifteen hundred.

[83] See as examples the entries Rudolphus Hospinianus (Catalogus, p. 285) and Samuel Rachelius (Catalogus, p. 287).

[84] He writes Guilielmus Ersengrenius (Catalogus, p. 187). The name is Eysengreinus. He omits Labbé's incomplete reference to a philological bibliography; see note 10 in this chapter.

[85] In casually turning the pages of the Catalogus, I note Moroffius for Morhoffius (p. 39), the omission of Claudius Chelemont (p. 49) in the list of Cistercian bibliographers (p. 296), Christophorus Hemdrich for C. Hendreich (p. 45), Ioannes Seldemel for Ioannes Seldenus (p. 361). Alfonsus de Roxas (p. 9) and the Orden de la Merced are not mentioned in the bibliographies of religious orders (pp. 295-296).

[86] Theodore Besterman estimates the number at 3000, but this must include the biographies. A generous guess would be 1500.

[87] See A. W. Pollard and G. R. Redgrave, A Short-Title Catalogue (London, 1926), No. 13582. Teissier calls him Hugo Hollandus for some reason. Since the Auctuarium is arranged according to first names, this is an annoying mistake.

[88] Ioannis Rossi Antiquarii Warwicensis historia Regum Angliae. E codice MS. in Bibliotheca Bodleiana descripsit, notisque & indice adornauit Thom. Hearne (Oxford, 1716).

[89] The numbers are actually much larger because I have, for convenience, cited either the Catalogus or the Auctuarium as an illustration and the work that I do not cite gives more references in all these categories, except the last.

[90] See Auctuarium, p. 297, citing a book by Christian Serpitius. H. B. Wheatley overlooked it in his excellent study, Of Anagrams (London, 1862).

[91] For references to these books see Theodore Besterman, The Beginnings of Systematic Bibliography (2d ed.; [Oxford] and London, [1936]) and A World Bibliography of Bibliographies (2d ed.; [Oxford] and London, 1947-1949).

[92] For a contemporary reference to the book see Teissier, Auctuarium, p. 53. Beughem made the announcement in his Bibliotheca juridica & politica (Amsterdam, 1680), p. [vii]. The subtitle translated above reads in the original: Enarratio ac plenior Enumeratio, omnium Librorum, Operumque quae sub titulo Bibliothecae, Catalogi, Indicis, Anthenarum &c. hactenus typis prodierunt. I have used a copy of the Bibliotheca juridica in my own library.

[93] See ed. 1664, pp. 21-22, eds. 1672 and 1678, pp. 30-31, ed. 1682, pp. 50-51.

[94] The only parallel that occurs to me is in John Ferguson's book that is discussed below.

[95] The noun "bibliotheca" is to be understood here and in conjunction with the following proper adjectives in his list. By Bibliotheca Augustana Labbé meant the library at Augsburg. At the time when he was writing, several catalogues of manuscripts and books in this library had been published. He could have referred to them by this short title made up for the purpose.

[96] Labbé refers to the library at Fleury and, in particular, to Joannes a Bosco (Jean du Bois-Olivier), Floriacensis vetus bibliotheca benedictina (3 pts; Lyons, 1605. Copy in the Bibliothèque nationale). For accounts of this library see Edward Edwards, Memoirs of Libraries (London, 1859), I, 281-287, 2d ed. (Newport, Isle of Wight, 1885), pp. 54-60; E. G. Vogel, "Die Bibliothek der Benediktinerabtei Saint Benoit oder Fleury an der Loire," Serapeum, V (1844), 17-29, 46-49.

[97] For the unpublished catalogue of the university library at Ingolstadt see Chapter II, n. 65.

[98] I am not sure what Labbé means. He may be referring to the Ambrosian Library or to Cardinal Federicus Borromaeus, Meditamenta literaria (Milan, 1613), which contains an autobibliography. I cite this book, which I have not seen, from the Bibliotheca Cyprianica, sive Catalogus liborum historico-theologicorum, quos Ern. Sal. Cyprianus ... conquisivit (Gotha, 1726), p. 66.

[99] There were several early catalogues of the Bodleian Library.

[100] The library of Jacques de Thou and the De Thou family; see J. Quesnel (comp.), Bibliotheca Thuana (2 v.; Paris, 1679. ICN).

[101] The Royal Library at Paris.

[102] The Imperial Library at Vienna.

[103] The ducal library at Munich. See, for example, the Catalogus graecorum codicum manuscriptorum, qui adservantur in inclyta serenissimi utriusque Bavarice Ducis Bibliotheca (Ingolstadt, 1602. CS).

[104] Perhaps Labbé is referring to Thomas Gratianus (d. 1627), Anastasis Augustiniana in qua scriptores ordinis eremitarum s. [sive] qui abhinc saeculis aliquot vixerunt, una cum neotericis, in seriem digesti sunt (Antwerp, 1613) or Cornelius Curtius, Virorum illustrium ex ordine eremitarum D. Augustini elogia (Antwerp, 1636). I have not seen the first of these and a copy of the second is in my library. I do not find any bibliography of the Augustinians that might have been available to Labbé was entitled bibliotheca.

[105] Petrus Lucius (Pierre de Licht, d. 1603), Carmelitana bibliotheca, sive Illustrium aliquot Carmelitanae religionis scriptorum, & eorum operum cathalogus (Florence, 1593).

[106] Petrus Borellus (Pierre Borel, ca. 1620-1689), Bibliotheca chimica (Paris, 1654).

[107] Labbé is probably referring to one or another of the preacher's guides by such men as Louis (or Jean) Bayl, Pierre Blanchot, Francois Combefis, and G. B. Pontanus, all of whom wrote before the publication of the Bibliotheca bibliothecarum in 1664. Their works were entitled Bibliotheca concionatoria.

[108] Labbé is referring to various early legal bibliographies by such men as Laurent Bochel, Henri Justel, and Guillaume Voel.

[109] Georg Draud (d. 1635), Bibliotheca classica (Frankfurt a.M., 1611, 2d ed., 1625). See a copy of the first edition of this classified universal bibliography with an index of authors' names in the Newberry Library and copies of both editions in my library. The date of Draud's death is disputed, but Richard Browne, who has investigated it, prefers 1635.

[110] Antonius Possevinus (Antonio Possevino, 1534-1611), Bibliotheca selecta, qua agitur de ratione studiorum in historia, in disciplinis, in salute omnium procuranda (Rome, 1593). There are copies of this or a later edition in the Newberry Library and my own library.

[111] Conrad Gesner (1516-1565), Bibliotheca universalis (Zurich, 1545-1555). The identification of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century books that are cited by title only is often very difficult. I do not feel sure that I have always hit upon the book that Labbé was thinking of.

[112] See ed. 1704, pp. 294-298. Die neu-er?ffnete Bibliothec has a title of a sort that was popular at this time. The earliest parallel that I have noted is J. U. M., Neu-er?ffnete Schaz-Kammer verschiedener Natur- und Kunst-Wunder (Nuremberg, 1689). See also P. I. M. [Paul Jacob Marperger], Die neu-er?ffnete Kauffmanns-B?rse (Hamburg, 1704) and I. M. P. a W., Die neu-er?ffnete Berg-Werck (Hamburg, 1704). The latest example that I have found is the anonymous Neu-er?ffnete Vorraths-Kammer allerhand rarer und nützlicher Kunst-Stücke (Frankfurt a.M., 1760). Die neu-er?ffnete Bibliothec is obviously a piracy containing an unnamed professor's lectures on the history of scholarship.

[113] For a description of this book see Jakob Burckhard, Historia Bibliothecae Augustae (Leipzig, [1744]), I, 148-150. For an ascription to Samuel Clodius see Otto von Heinemann, Die herzogliche Bibliothek zu Wolfenbüttel (2d ed.; Wolfenbüttel, 1894), p. 72, n. 2 and Adelung's supplement to C. G. J?cher, Gelehrtenlexikon, II (Leipzig, 1787), 376-377. I am indebted to Dr. Arnold Weinberger and Professor Heinrich Schneider for these references. The date 1650 is probably wrong. The foregoing authorities give the date 1660. The Catalogi Bibliothecae Thottianae, VI (Copenhagen, 1798), 386, No. 972, cites a copy with the date 1659. The Sciagraphia is strangely lacking in the first book to which one turns: Hermann Conring, De Bibliotheca Augusta (Helmstadt, 1661; "editio nova," 1684), which is reprinted in J. A. Schmid and J. J. Mader, De bibliothecis atque archivis (Helmstadt, 1702-1705). In this famous letter Conring discusses a proposal to make a catalogue of the books at Wolfenbüttel and reaches the conclusion that it cannot be executed. His neglect of his predecessor is curious.

[114] For a reference to this book see Petzholdt, p. 584 (he did not see the book). The author's name is Fuiren. There is a copy in the Royal Library at Copenhagen.

[115] This is Michael Kirsteinius (Michael Kirsten), Memoria bibliothecae Hamburgensis (Hamburg, [1651]). There are folio and quarto editions. For references to it see J. F. Jugler (ed.), B. G. Struve, Bibliotheca historiae litterariae selecta (Jena, 1754-1763), pp. 483-484 and the British Museum catalogue.

[116] This book, if it was ever printed, has probably disappeared. I can find no reference to a copy of it. In his Bibliotheca bibliothecarum, Philip Labbé continues the title as follows: "quarum prima omnium Scriptorum qui artem Medicam excoluerunt nomina, aetatem, libros, &c. continet; secunda per classes rerum praecipuas ac titulos artium digesta cujuvis materiae Medicae, &c. Dilingiae apud Gaspardum Sutorem in folio." I do not know where he found this information. Dr. Arnold Weinberger tells me that Bartholom?us Moser (d. 1678), "fürstlich augsburgischer Rat und Leibmedikus," wrote a biography of Francis Bacon (1645) and made a gift to the University of Dillingen in 1676. See Thomas Specht, Geschichte der ehemaligen Universit?t Dillingen (Freiburg i.B., 1902), I, 405.

[117] Cunibert Mohlberg collects information about this catalogue; see "Nachrichten von belgischen Sammelkatalogen des 15./16. Jahrhunderts," Historisches Jahrbuch, XXXIII (1912), 365-375. In "Quellen zur Feststellung und Geschichte mittelalterlicher Bibliotheken, Handschriften und Schriftsteller," Historisches Jahrbuch, XL (1920), 44-106, Paul Lehmann adds more information and corrects Mohlberg in some details. Lehmann makes a very interesting attempt to reconstruct the catalogue from quotations.

[118] I have been unable to see any books by this author and have been unable to collect much information about them or the author. Groeningius announced a Polyhistor bibliothecarius in 1700, which was to deal with law after the fashion of Morhof's "Polyhistor." He planned the Fasti rei litterariae as a continuation of Morhof and published it in 1702 under the title of Relationes rei publicae litterariae, but this was only a sample of what he had in his mind. See J. F. Jugler (ed.), B. G. Struve, Bibliotheca historiae litterariae selecta (Jena, 1754-1763), pp. 52-54. Petzholdt cites (p. 658) legal bibliographies by Groeningius and a Bibliotheca universalis, of which they formed a part.

[119] The book is in two parts. The list of dictionaries in the second part will not be discussed here, but see a contemporary parallel cited by Léon Vallée (p. 268, No. 3145: Joh. Heumann) and earlier bibliographers of dictionaries as cited by Teissier. The preface (pp. 1-66) to the Dissertation sur les bibliothèques is an account of ancient and modern libraries. I do not recommend it.

An excellent survey of theological reference works in the preface to J. G. Walch, Bibliotheca theologica selecta (Jena, 1757-1765) is sometimes called a list of books entitled bibliotheca. It contains many such books, but is not a list of them.

[120] "Table alphabétique tant des Ouvrages publiés sous le titre de Bibliothèque; que des Catalogues imprimés des Cabinets de France & des Pays étrangers," pp. 67-156.

[121] See pp. 75, 93-96, and 101-102, respectively.

[122] See pp. 114-116.

[123] See pp. 127-130.

[124] A few examples will suffice. Bucardi (i.e., Burkhardi) Gotthelffi Struvii appears under the letter "B" (p. 81) and later ("Philosophique," p. 137) loses his family name. In the entry "Belgique" (p. 75) the third item is credited to "id." which refers back to Valerius Andreas, but the book meant is by J. F. Foppens, whose name does not appear at all. A line or more has dropped out at the bottom of p. 83. The dates of publication are unreliable: Borellus, 1754 should be 1654 (p. 78); Justinianus, 1712 should be 1612 (p. 117); and Lambecius, 1610 should be 1710 (p. 118). Labbé's Bibliotheca bibliothecarum was printed in 1664, not 1674 (p. 118).

[125] I note (p. 155) a reference to an article on universal bibliographies in the Journal de Verdun, February, 1749, p. 89. I have not verified the reference.

[126] For identification and description of these bibliographies see Theodore Besterman, The Beginnings of Systematic Bibliography (2d ed.; [Oxford] and London, [1936]) and Petzholdt.

[127] He probably consulted the many treatises on what was then called historia litteraria, but these were historical accounts of the development of the various disciplines rather than bibliographies. Two brief guides to these great specialized bibliographies are well hidden. They are Benjamin Hederich, Notitia auctorum antiqua & media, oder Leben, Schrifften, Editiones und Censuren der Biblischen und entweder noch gantz oder auch nur in considerablen Fragmentis vorhandenen fürnehmsten Griechischen und Lateinischen Kirchen-Scholastischen- und Profan-Scribenten (Wittenberg, 1714), "Einleitung," pp. 2-144 and G. C. Hamberger, Zuverl?ssige Nachrichten von den vornehmsten Schriftstellern vom Anfange der Welt bis 1500 (4 v.; Lemgo, 1756-1764), I, 1-54, "Erste vorl?ufige Abhandlung. Von der Kentnis der Schriftsteller." These very interesting and instructive compilations are selective guides to the best bibliographies and are intended to aid students. They are limited almost exclusively to bibliographies of classical Greek and Latin literature, church history, and the related disciplines. Since the books in which they appear deal only with authors and subjects belonging to the period before 1500 and the bibliographies are similarly limited in scope, the usefulness of the bibliographies is obviously confined to giving information about the best current reference works in a few fields. No doubt the abundant bibliographical information in such a work as Heinrich Zedler, Grosses vollst?ndiges Universal Lexikon aller Wissenschaften und Künste (68 v.; Halle, 1732-1754) was sufficient for most scholarly needs.

[128] See Bibliotheca selectissima (Amsterdam, 1743), I, 340, No. 2985. There is a copy of this catalogue in the Newberry Library.

[129] For a discussion of these difficulties see H. B. Van Hoesen's review of the Bibliographic Index in the Library Quarterly, X (1940), 272-274.

[130] See a review by A. S., Heidelbergische Jahrbücher der Literatur, 1812, pp. 644-656. The reviewer points out inaccuracies of various kinds, complains bitterly about the inconveniences of the alphabetical arrangement, and cites many lacking titles.

[131] Pp. 232-236.

[132] Pp. 249-252.

[133] Pp. 275-286.

[134] Pp. 470-472.

[135] Pp. 450-452.

[136] Pp. 263-274.

[137] Pp. 409-419.

[138] P. 427.

[139] He would have removed publishers' catalogues (p. 97 [Estienne] and p. 118 [Plantin]), a weekly catalogue of the booktrade (p. 103), various catalogues of libraries owned by institutions (pp. 101, 105). The last of these should have been put in the list on pp. 40-75.

[140] This section, which does not include biobibliographies, contains 1861 titles. There are 586 biobibliographies in the following, fifth section.

[141] For a description of this book, which was published in only twelve copies, see Petzholdt, p. 113. See an enlargement of a microfilm in the Newberry Library.

[142] See II, 26, No. 483; II, 131, No. 390; II, 121, No. 378.

[143] See II, 119, No. 7, where he cites "Sanderus, A. de scriptoribus Flandriae lib. III. Antv. 1624, in.-4.," but omits De Brugensibus eruditionis fama claris libri duo (Antwerp, 1624) and De Gandavensibus eruditionis fama claris libri tres (Antwerp, 1624).

[144] See II, 14-17, & 4, Nos. 268-312.

[145] See II, 140-167, Nos. 131-720.

[146] See "Bibliographies of Bibliographies," The Bulletin of the Bibliographical Society of America, III (1911), 50-53.

[147] For brief comment on these bibliographies see below.

[148] In the eighteenth century J. M. Francke, who compiled the great Catalogus Bibliothecae Bunavianae (3 v.; Leipzig, 1750-1756), came, with the Bünau library, to the Dresden library. In the first quarter of the nineteenth century F. A. Ebert completed the Allgemeines bibliographisches Lexikon in the same library.

[149] Pp. 20-65.

[150] Leipzig, 1850; 2d ed., Brussels, 1854. These are many later indexes to biographies. See, as examples, Max Arnim, Internationale Personalbiographie, 1850-1935 (Leipzig, 1936) and a second edition (Leipzig, 1944-1952) that has been expanded backwards and forwards to cover the years between 1800 and 1943 and Luigi Ferrari, Onomasticon. Repertorio biobibliografico degli scrittori italiani dal 1500 al 1850 (Milan, 1947).

[151] I do not see what principle guides him in the choice of bibliographies published in the editions of an author's works. He does not include, for example, a very curious bibliography in Marcus Meibomius (ed.), Diogenes Laertius, De vitis, dogmatibus et apophthegmatibus clarorum philosophorum (Amsterdam, 1692). It is the first bibliography, as far as I know, to give systematically the locations of the books cited. The first example of a reference to the place where a book may be found is, I believe, in Giovanni Nevizzano (Johannes Nevizzanus), Quaestiones (ed. L. Gómez; Venice, 1525). I quote it from Wilhelm Fuchs, "Die Anf?nge juristischer Fachbibliographie," Archiv für Bibliographie, Buch- und Bibliothekswesen, II (1929), 49.

[152] See, for example, a list of men named Alard (p. 167).

[153] "Petzholdt redivivus. Zur Theorie und Praxis eines allgemeinen internationalen Bibliographienverzeichnisses," Zentralblatt für Bibliothekswesen, LXIV (1950), 413-438.

[154] I am of course aware that the Guide to Reference Books originally written by Alice Kroeger has passed through many editions and has had two subsequent editors. Its well-deserved success is no very strong argument for the usefulness of a classified arrangement. The Guide is, it must be recognized, a very special sort of reference work. It has been intended from the beginning to serve reference librarians and has been improved and enlarged for that use. In other words, it has always had very limited and highly trained readers familiar with its special methods. The latest edition is by Constance M. Winchell (7th ed.; Chicago, 1951).

[155] Prosopographia & heroum atque illustrium virorum totius Germaniae (Basel, 1656-1566); Teutscher Nation Heldenbuch (Basel, 1567-1570). The two editions differ somewhat in contents.

[156] Third ed.; Berlin, 1930, pp. 186-200.

[157] Arnold Kuczynski, Thesaurus libellorum reformationis illustrantium (Leipzig, 1870. ICN; MH. Supplement, 1874. MH); Oswald Weigel (comp.), Bibliothek J. K. F. Knaake. Katalog der Sammlung von Reformationsschriften des Begründers der Weimarer Lutherausgabe (6 pts. and list of prices. Leipzig, 1908. DLC [6 pts.]; ICN [complete]; MH [pt. 1]).

[158] These are, respectively: Bücherschatz der deutschen National-Litteratur des XVI. und XVII. Jahrhunderts (Berlin, 1854. CU; MH); Verzeichniss von Büchern vorzüglich aus der Freih. v. Meuse-bach'schen Bibliothek (2 v.; Berlin, 1855, 1856. CU; MH); Karl Faber und Emil Hirsch, Sammlung Viktor Manheimer. Deutsche Barockliteratur von Opitz bis Brockes (Munich, 1927). The Prussian state library bought the Heyse and Meusebach collections.

[159] Examples of catalogues used for such purposes are the Bibliotheca Heberiana (13 pts.; London, 1834-1837. The thirteenth part was published in Brussels. ICN [pts. 1-12]); the Robert Hoe catalogue (5 v.; New York, 1911-1912); and the A. H. Huth catalogue (6 v.; London, 1911-1920).

[160] Illustrated Catalogue of the Notable Collection of Miss Susan Minns... (New York: American Art Association, 1922. ICN; MH). There are several other important catalogues of this sort in the bibliography of the Dance of Death.

[161] A Bibliography of Emblem Books, Studies in Seventeenth-Century Imagery, 2=Studies of the Warburg Institute, 3 (London, 1947).

[162] Historisches Jahrbuch, XL (1920), 49.

[163] See p. 712. This pamphlet (ICN) is an anonymous catalogue of the library of Tommaso Giuseppe Farsetti. G. A. E. Bogeng calls it a model piece of work; see Jahrbuch für Bücherkunde und Liebhaberei, II (1910), 44. In his treatise Die grossen Bibliophilen. Geschichte der Büchersammler und ihre Sammlungen (Leipzig, 1922), III, 30, Bogeng names Giacomo or Jacopo Morelli (1745-1819) as the author. Gustave Brunet, who has seen the Catalogo, says: "Ce petit volume de 207 pages offre l'inventaire raisonnée d'une collection fort importante de rarétés dramatiques appartenant au bailli Farsetti. De notes nombreuses et parfois d'une certain étendue lui donnent du prix" (Dictionnaire de bibliographie catholique [Paris, 1860], col. 631). Curiously enough, Frati's account of Italian book-collectors, bibliographers, and librarians does not include Farsetti and makes no mention of this and other catalogues of the Farsetti library in the article on Jacopo Morelli; see Dizionario biobibliografico dei bibliotecari e bibliofili italiani dal sec. XIV al XIX (Florence, 1933), pp. 379-384.

[164] Bibliography of Bibliographies (Chicago, 1901), pp. 25-26.

[165] Centralblatt für Bibliothekswesen, XX (1903), 406-407.

[166] Biblioteca bibliografica antica e moderna d'ogni classe e d'ogni natione (2 v.; Guastella, 1782-1783: MH). Those who cite this as a bibliography of bibliographies cannot have looked beyond the title page.

[167] He cites this book by the title Speciminis antiquarum lectionum supplementa decem, which is the title of the appendix to Labbé's book. See Chapter II, n. 63. Did Vallée actually see the work that he is citing?

[168] See, as examples, a list of characters performed on the stage by Jehn Bannister (No. 31) and a book on how to tell a Caxton (No. 844). Checklists of batrachia (No. 1687 bis) and other zoological genera (several entries after No. 1712) are accepted by Besterman, although he does not include these particular works because they are not separately published books.

[169] The description of the Catalogue de la bibliothèque du roy (No. 1336) is incorrect and incomplete, Nos. 2307 and 2398 bis should have been entered under the author's or the compiler's names. Francesco Agostino della Chiesa di Saluzzo (No. 2526) should not be under "F." Growaeus Sudovolgiensis (No. 2875) is William Crowe; see Donald Wing, A Short-Title Catalogue, C 7868. A cross-reference to Danz (No. 783) is needed under Walch (No. 6631).

[170] Bibliographies of classical authors found in standard editions might have been omitted; see No. 2652 (Aulus Gellius), Nos. 5897 and 5898 (Seneca). Bibliographies found in biographies (No. 4048) and bibliographies in doctoral dissertations (No. 2923) could be omitted without serious loss.

[171] See "Allemagne" (pp. 600-602), "Amérique" (pp. 603-604), and "Imprimerie" (pp. 685-687).

[172] Cited in the Bibliography below.

[173] "La synthèse de toutes les bibliographies publiées jusqu'à la fin de l'année 1896" (Introduction, p. [i]).

[174] See pp. 637-710. For a bibliography of such indexes see Vilhelm Grundtvig, Centralblatt für Bibliothekswesen, XX (1903), 428-430, 438-439. See such recent compilations as Norma Olin Ireland, An Index to Indexes. A subject bibliography of published indexes. Useful Reference Series, No. 67 (Boston, 1942); D. C. Haskell, Checklist of Cumulative Indexes to Individual Periodicals in the New York Public Library. (New York, 1942).

[175] See pp. 711-768. See a list of similar bibliographies in Grundtvig, pp. 439-440.

[176] See pp. 497-554. Compare my criticism of Petzholdt's list of bibliographies of individual authors, pp. 79-81, above.

[177] See Vilhelm Grundtvig, Centralblatt für Bibliothekswesen, XX (1903), 409, n. 2.

[178] Grundtvig, pp. 409-411.

[179] For example, he calls Bigmore and Wyman, A Bibliography of Printing, a rather poor piece of work (p. 438), but it has not yet been replaced and was recently found worthy of reprinting.

[180] He commends Johann Albert Fabricius, but fails to note that the last three volumes of the Bibliotheca graeca were not included in Harles's edition and that the first edition of the Bibliotheca latina was published in 1697 and not in 1728. See Stein, pp. 244-245. Petzholdt gives full and accurate information about these books.

[181] See p. 302. He might have added a reference to Enrico Narducci, "Intorno alia vita del conte Giammaria Mazzuchelli ed alla collezione de' suoi manoscritti ora posseduta della biblioteca vaticana," Giornale Arcadico, N.S. LII (1867). I have not seen this article, which is said to extend to sixty-four pages.

[182] Vorstius rightly believed in 1948 that the Index bibliographicus was entirely out of date; see his Ergebnisse und Fortschritte der Bibliographie in Deutschland seit dem ersten Weltkrieg, Zentralblatt für Bibliothekswesen, Beiheft 74 (Leipzig, 1948), p. 36. Besterman's third edition goes far to meet Vorstius's objections.

[183] The biographies of Enselin and Engelmann in the Allgemeine deutsche Biographie are quite inadequate, and Wilhelm Müldener is not included in it. See several references to the Enslin and Engelmann firms in the Katalog der Bibliothek des B?rsenvereins der deutschen Buchh?ndler (2 v.; Leipzig, 1885-1902), I, 221, II, 880.

[184] The United States Government might also be mentioned as a major supporter of bibliography.

[185] He is referring to lists of books printed on vellum or colored paper.

[186] He cites no example of such a bibliography.

[187] He is referring to lists of miniature books.

[188] He probably means bibliographies of religious orders but some of the examples could be put in other classes.

[189] Examples are bibliographies of editions of the Bible, the Imitatio Christi, Ariosto's Orlando Furioso, and Tasso's Gerusaleme liberata.

[190] He includes dictionaries of pseudonyma.

[191] He includes bibliographies of obscene books here, but might perhaps have set up a separate class for them.

[192] This book by Ralph Thomas does not appear in the article "Pseudonyms."

[193] This does not appear in the list of bibliographical journals at the end of the article.

[194] I mention here Winslow L. Webber (b. 1898), Books about Books (Boston, 1937), primarily because of its title. This annotated list of books and articles useful to collectors of incunabula, English and American first editions and rarities, and Americana does not intend to be a general bibliography of bibliographies. Webber's comments are occasionally instructive or entertaining, but his references are distressingly careless. "Pretsholdt's" (p. 19) for "Petzholdt's" speaks for itself. The chapter "Magazine References" (pp. 136-162), which contains a survey of articles published in British and American journals between 1900 and 1937, is perhaps the most useful part of the book.

[195] "Bibliographie der Bibliographien-eine internationelle Angelegenheit," Archiv für Bibliographie, Buch- und Bibliothekswesen, I (1926), 188-200.

[196] Nordisk tidskrift f?r bok- und bibliotheksv?sen, XXVII (1940), 61.

[197] Centralblatt für Bibliothekswesen, XX (1903), 405-444.

[198] See R. C. Christie's important remarks in "Biographical Dictionaries" in his Selected Essays and Papers (London, 1902), pp. 1-57.

[199] Nordisk tidskrift f?r bok- och biblioteksv?sen, XXVII (1940), 65.

[200] See Joannes Rhodius's list of pseudonyms (col. 130). For the identification of this see Taylor and Mosher, p. 262.

[201] The example readiest to hand is a dissertation by Hugo Paas cited in Taylor and Mosher, p. 84, n. 14. This contains a good bibliography of German studies in the law of pseudonyms.

[202] The quoted passages will be found in the Preface to the Second Edition (I, p. [vii]) and the Introduction (I, p. xxiii).

[203] I choose examples from the first fascicle. The later fascicles do not rise above it in quality. Among general works on bibliography (pp. 3-4) the authors should have mentioned John Ferguson (see above, pp. 110-111) and David Murray, "Bibliography: its scope and method with a view of the work of a local bibliographical society," Records of the Glasgow Bibliographical Society, I (1912-1913), 1-105.

[204] Durey de Noinville might have been omitted.

[205] The category of bibliographies of bibliographies (pp. 3-4) includes bibliographical journals, general bibliographies, special bibliographies (which should have been put in later sections), and lists of medieval catalogues of libraries.

[206] For example, "J. B. Childs, Sixteenth-century books. Chicago, 1923" is inaccurate in details and lacks the essential information that it appeared in the Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America, XVII (1923), 73-152. Olga Pinto, Repertori bibliografici nazionali is a reprint from a journal and has been replaced by Le bibliografie nazionali (Milan, 1935), which is now in turn replaced by a second edition. The books by Alice B. Kroeger and Isadore G. Mudge are cited separately, but Miss Mudge's Guide to Reference Works is a revision of the earlier work. The earlier work need not have been mentioned.

[207] See references to an article on printed catalogues of Scotch libraries (p. 3), a Russian bibliography of library catalogues (p. 3), and several obscure studies of anonyma and pseudonyma (pp. 19-22).

[208] Bibliographies of bibliographies found in handbooks of library science and bibliographies of reference works (which may often be bibliographies) have not been included in this essay. There are good books of these kinds that might seem to have been overlooked. For example, Georg Schneider, Handbuch der Bibliographie (4th ed.; Leipzig, 1930) names only currently useful lists of books and no bibliographies of subjects. His account of the bibliographies of incunabula (pp. 85-103) is an excellent introduction to a difficult subject, but gives no idea of the historical development of these works and cites the earliest bibliographies (p. 92, n. 1) in such a way that only an expert can interpret the references. A good American parallel to Schneider's book is H. B. van Hoesen and F. K. Walter, Bibliography, practical, enumerative, historical: an introductory manual (New York, 1928); a new edition is in preparation. John Minto, Reference Books (2 v.; London, 1929-1931) and Constance M. Winchell, Guide to Reference Books (7th ed.; Chicago, 1951) are guides to reference books, not bibliographies of bibliographies, Frantz Calot and Georges Thomas, Guide practique de bibliographie (Paris, 1936; 2d ed., Paris, 1950) is often a helpful guide to information, but it is not a bibliography of bibliographies.

[209] The numbers refer to the edition of 1901.

[210] See especially Nos. 153-157. The section "Literatur und Miscellen" (No. 86) in the Neuer Anzeiger should have been listed under 1856, when the journal began, rather than under 1886, when it ceased to appear.

[211] Tosselli (No. 8) is Tonnelli. The description of F. Perennès, Dictionnaire de bibliographie catholique (No. 33) is incomplete.

[212] See his important article, "Petzholdt redivivus. Zur Theorie und Praxis eines allgemeinen internationalen Bibliographienverzeichnisses," Zentralblatt für Bibliothekswesen, LXIV (1950), 413-438.

Transcriber's Note

Obvious typographical errors have been repaired.

P. 130: "criticism by Vilhelm Grundtvig that we have already discussed"; original displayed a footnote anchor after this text ([33]), for which there was no corresponding footnote. The anchor has been removed.

Footnote 202 had no anchor in the original text. Anchor placement assumed after block quote.