Chapter 8 FREE FIGURES AND SLAVE.

Under this heading we propose to introduce the remainder of the more important statistics of the Free and of the Slave States;-especially those that relate to Commerce, Manufactures, Internal Improvements, Education and Religion. Originally it was our intention to devote a separate chapter to each of the industrial and moral interests above-named: but other considerations have so greatly encroached on our space, that we are compelled to modify our design.

To the thoughtful and discriminating reader, however, the chief statistics which follow will be none the less interesting for not being the subjects of annotations.

At present, all we ask of pro-slavery men, no matter in what part of the world they may reside, is to look these figures fairly in the face. We wish them to do it, in the first instance, not on the platforms of public debate, where the exercise of eloquence is too often characterized by violent passion and subterfuge, but in their own private apartments, where no eye save that of the All-seeing One will rest upon them, and where, in considering the relations which they sustain to the past, the present, and the future, an opportunity will be afforded them of securing that most valuable of all possessions attainable on earth, a conscience void of offence toward God and man.

Each separate table or particular compilation of statistics will afford food for at least an hour's profitable reflection; indeed, the more these figures are studied, and the better they are understood, the sooner will the author's object be accomplished,-the sooner will the genius of Universal Liberty dispel the dark clouds of slavery.

TABLE NO. XXVI.

TONNAGE, EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF THE FREE STATES-1855.

States. Tonnage. Exports. Imports.

California 92,623 $8,224,066 $5,951,379

Connecticut 137,170 878,874 636,826

Illinois 53,797 547,053 54,509

Indiana 3,698

Iowa

Maine 806,587 4,851,207 2,927,443

Massachusetts 970,727 28,190,925 45,113,774

Michigan 69,490 568,091 281,379

New Hampshire 30,330 1,523 17,786

New Jersey 121,020 687 1,473

New York 1,404,221 113,731,238 164,776,511

Ohio 91,607 847,143 600,656

Pennsylvania 397,768 6,274,338 15,300,935

Rhode Island 51,038 336,023 536,387

Vermont 6,915 2,895,468 591,593

Wisconsin 15,624 174,057 48,159

4,252,615 $167,520,693 $236,847,810

TABLE NO. XXVII.

TONNAGE, EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF THE SLAVE STATES-1855.

States. Tonnage. Exports. Imports.

Alabama 36,274 $14,270,585 $619,964

Arkansas

Delaware 19,186 68,087 5,821

Florida 14,835 1,403,594 45,998

Georgia 29,505 7,543,519 273,716

Kentucky 22,680

Louisiana 204,149 55,367,962 12,900,821

Maryland 234,805 10,395,984 7,788,949

Mississippi 2,475 1,661

Missouri 60,592

North Carolina 60,077 433,818 243,083

South Carolina 60,935 12,700,250 1,588,542

Tennessee 8,404

Texas 8,812 916,961 262,568

Virginia 92,788 4,379,928 855,405

855,517 $107,480,688 $24,586,528

TABLE NO. XXVIII.

PRODUCT OF MANUFACTURES IN THE FREE STATES-1850.

States. Val. of Annual

products. Capital

invested. Hands

employed.

California $12,862,522 $1,006,197 3,964

Connecticut 45,110,102 23,890,348 47,770

Illinois 17,236,073 6,385,387 12,065

Indiana 18,922,651 7,941,602 14,342

Iowa 3,551,783 1,292,875 1,707

Maine 24,664,135 14,700,452 28,078

Massachusetts 151,137,145 83,357,642 165,938

Michigan 10,976,894 6,534,250 9,290

New Hampshire 23,164,503 18,242,114 27,092

New Jersey 39,713,586 22,184,730 37,311

New York 237,597,249 99,904,405 199,349

Ohio 62,647,259 29,019,538 51,489

Pennsylvania 155,044,910 94,473,810 146,766

Rhode Island 22,093,258 12,923,176 20,881

Vermont 8,570,920 5,001,377 8,445

Wisconsin 9,293,068 3,382,148 6,089

$842,586,058 $430,240,051 780,576

TABLE NO. XXIX.

PRODUCT OF MANUFACTURES IN THE SLAVE STATES-1850.

States. Val. of Annual

products. Capital

invested. Hands

employed.

Alabama $4,538,878 $3,450,606 4,936

Arkansas 607,436 324,065 903

Delaware 4,649,296 2,978,945 3,888

Florida 668,338 547,060 991

Georgia 7,086,525 5,460,483 8,378

Kentucky 24,588,483 12,350,734 24,385

Louisiana 7,320,948 5,318,074 6,437

Maryland 32,477,702 14,753,143 30,124

Mississippi 2,972,038 1,833,420 3,173

Missouri 23,749,265 9,079,695 16,850

North Carolina 9,111,245 7,252,225 12,444

South Carolina 7,063,513 6,056,865 7,009

Tennessee 9,728,438 6,975,279 12,032

Texas 1,165,538 539,290 1,066

Virginia 29,705,387 18,109,993 29,108

$165,413,027 $95,029,879 161,733

TABLE NO. XXX.

MILES OF CANALS AND RAILROADS IN THE FREE STATES-1854-1857.

States. Canals, miles,

1854. Railroads,

miles, 1857. Cost of Railroads,

1855.

California 22

Connecticut 61 600 $25,224,191

Illinois 100 2,524 55,663,656

Indiana 367 1,806 29,585,923

Iowa 253 2,300,000

Maine 50 442 13,749,021

Massachusetts 100 1,285 59,167,781

Michigan 600 22,370,397

New Hampshire 11 645 15,860,949

New Jersey 147 472 13,840,030

New York 989 2,700 111,882,503

Ohio 921 2,869 67,798,202

Pennsylvania 936 2,407 94,657,675

Rhode Island 85 2,614,484

Vermont 515 17,998,835

Wisconsin 629 5,600,000

3,682 17,855 $538,313,647

TABLE NO. XXXI.

MILES OF CANALS AND RAILROADS IN THE SLAVE STATES-1854-1857.

States. Canals, miles,

1854. Railroads,

miles, 1857. Cost of Railroads,

1855.

Alabama 51 484 $3,986,208

Arkansas

Delaware 14 120 600,000

Florida 86 250,000

Georgia 28 1,062 17,034,802

Kentucky 486 306 6,179,072

Louisiana 101 263 1,731,000

Maryland 184 597 12,654,333

Mississippi 410 4,520,000

Missouri 189 1,000,000

North Carolina 13 612 6,847,213

South Carolina 50 706 13,547,093

Tennessee 508 10,436,610

Texas 57 16,466,250

Virginia 184 1,479

1,110 6,859 $95,252,581

TABLE NO. XXXII.

BANK CAPITAL IN THE FREE AND IN THE SLAVE STATES-1855.

Free States. Slave States.

California Alabama $2,296,400

Connecticut $15,597,891 Arkansas

Illinois 2,513,790 Delaware 1,393,175

Indiana 7,281,934 Florida

Iowa Georgia 13,413,100

Maine 7,301,252 Kentucky 10,369,717

Massachusetts 54,492,660 Louisiana 20,179,107

Michigan 980,416 Maryland 10,411,874

New Hampshire 3,626,000 Mississippi 240,165

New Jersey 5,314,885 Missouri 1,215,398

New York 83,773,288 North Carolina 5,205,073

Ohio 7,166,581 South Carolina 16,603,253

Pennsylvania 19,864,825 Tennessee 6,717,848

Rhode Island 17,511,162 Texas

Vermont 3,275,656 Virginia 14,033,838

Wisconsin 1,400,000

Total $230,100,340 Total $102,078,948

TABLE NO. XXXIII.

MILITIA FORCE OF THE FREE AND THE SLAVE STATES-1852.

Free States. Slave States.

California Alabama 76,662

Connecticut 51,649 Arkansas 17,137

Illinois 170,359 Delaware 9,229

Indiana 53,918 Florida 12,122

Iowa Georgia 57,312

Maine 62,588 Kentucky 81,840

Massachusetts 119,690 Louisiana 43,823

Michigan 63,938 Maryland 46,864

New Hampshire 32,151 Mississippi 36,084

New Jersey 39,171 Missouri 61,000

New York 265,293 North Carolina 79,448

Ohio 176,455 South Carolina 55,209

Pennsylvania 276,070 Tennessee 71,252

Rhode Island 14,443 Texas 19,766

Vermont 23,915 Virginia 125,128

Wisconsin 32,203

Total 1,381,843 Total 792,876

TABLE NO. XXXIV.

POST OFFICE OPERATIONS IN THE FREE STATES-1855.

States. Stamps

sold. Total Postage

collected. Cost of Trans.

the mails.

California $81,437 $234,591 $135,386

Connecticut 79,284 179,230 81,462

Illinois 105,252 279,887 280,038

Indiana 60,578 180,405 190,480

Iowa 28,198 82,420 84,428

Maine 60,165 151,358 82,218

Massachusetts 259,062 532,184 153,091

Michigan 49,763 142,188 148,204

New-Hampshire 38,387 95,609 46,631

New-Jersey 31,495 109,697 80,084

New-York 542,498 1,383,157 481,410

Ohio 167,958 452,643 421,870

Pennsylvania 217,293 583,013 251,833

Rhode Island 30,291 58,624 13,891

Vermont 36,314 92,816 64,437

Wisconsin 33,538 112,903 92,842

$1,719,513 $4,670,725 $2,608,295

TABLE NO. XXXV.

POST OFFICE OPERATIONS IN THE SLAVE STATES-1855.

States. Stamps

sold. Total Postage

collected. Cost of Trans.

the mails.

Alabama $44,514 $104,514 226,816

Arkansas 8,941 30,664 117,659

Delaware 7,298 19,644 9,243

Florida 8,764 19,275 77,553

Georgia 73,880 149,063 216,003

Kentucky 55,694 130,067 144,161

Louisiana 50,778 133,753 133,810

Maryland 77,743 191,485 192,743

Mississippi 31,182 78,739 170,785

Missouri 53,742 139,652 185,096

North Carolina 34,235 72,759 148,249

South Carolina 47,368 91,600 192,216

Tennessee 48,377 103,686 116,091

Texas 24,530 70,436 209,936

Virginia 96,799 217,861 245,592

$666,845 $1,553,198 $2,385,953

TABLE NO. XXXVI.

PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF THE FREE STATES-1850.

States. Number. Teachers. Pupils.

California 2 2 49

Connecticut 1,656 1,787 71,269

Illinois 4,052 4,248 125,725

Indiana 4,822 4,860 161,500

Iowa 740 828 29,556

Maine 4,042 5,540 192,815

Massachusetts 3,679 4,443 176,475

Michigan 2,714 3,231 110,455

New Hampshire 2,381 3,013 75,643

New Jersey 1,473 1,574 77,930

New York 11,580 13,965 675,221

Ohio 11,661 12,886 484,153

Pennsylvania 9,061 10,024 413,706

Rhode Island 416 518 23,130

Vermont 2,731 4,173 93,457

Wisconsin 1,423 1,529 58,817

62,433 72,621 2,769,901

TABLE NO. XXXVII.

PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN THE SLAVE STATES-1850.

States. Number. Teachers. Pupils.

Alabama 1,152 1,195 28,380

Arkansas 353 355 8,493

Delaware 194 214 8,970

Florida 69 73 1,878

Georgia 1,251 1,265 32,705

Kentucky 2,234 2,306 71,429

Louisiana 664 822 25,046

Maryland 898 986 33,111

Mississippi 782 826 18,746

Missouri 1,570 1,620 51,754

North Carolina 2,657 2,730 104,095

South Carolina 724 739 17,838

Tennessee 2,680 2,819 104,117

Texas 349 360 7,946

Virginia 2,930 2,997 67,353

13,507 19,307 581,801

TABLE NO. XXXVIII.

LIBRARIES OTHER THAN PRIVATE IN THE FREE STATES-1850.

States. Number. Volumes.

California

Connecticut 164 165,318

Illinois 152 62,486

Indiana 151 68,403

Iowa 32 5,790

Maine 236 121,969

Massachusetts 1,462 684,015

Michigan 417 107,943

New Hampshire 129 85,759

New Jersey 128 80,885

New York 11,013 1,760,820

Ohio 352 186,826

Pennsylvania 393 363,400

Rhode Island 96 104,342

Vermont 96 64,641

Wisconsin 72 21,020

14,911 3,888,234

TABLE NO. XXXIX.

LIBRARIES OTHER THAN PRIVATE IN THE SLAVE STATES-1850.

States. Number. Volumes.

Alabama 56 20,623

Arkansas 3 420

Delaware 17 17,950

Florida 7 2,660

Georgia 38 31,788

Kentucky 80 79,466

Louisiana 10 26,800

Maryland 124 125,042

Mississippi 117 21,737

Missouri 97 75,056

North Carolina 38 29,592

South Carolina 26 107,472

Tennessee 34 22,896

Texas 12 4,230

Virginia 54 88,462

695 649,577

TABLE NO. XL.

NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS PUBLISHED IN THE FREE STATES-1850.

States. Number. Copies Printed

annually.

California 7 761,200

Connecticut 46 4,267,932

Illinois 107 5,102,276

Indiana 107 4,316,828

Iowa 29 1,512,800

Maine 49 4,203,064

Massachusetts 202 64,820,564

Michigan 58 3,247,736

New Hampshire 38 3,067,552

New Jersey 51 4,098,678

New York 428 115,385,473

Ohio 261 30,473,407

Pennsylvania 309 84,898,672

Rhode Island 19 2,756,950

Vermont 35 2,567,662

Wisconsin 46 2,665,487

1,790 334,146,281

TABLE NO. XLI.

NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS PUBLISHED IN THE SLAVE STATES-1850.

States. Number. Copies Printed

annually.

Alabama 60 2,662,741

Arkansas 9 377,000

Delaware 10 421,200

Florida 10 319,800

Georgia 51 4,070,868

Kentucky 62 6,582,838

Louisiana 55 12,416,224

Maryland 68 19,612,724

Mississippi 50 1,752,504

Missouri 61 6,195,560

North Carolina 51 2,020,564

South Carolina 46 7,145,930

Tennessee 50 6,940,750

Texas 34 1,296,924

Virginia 87 9,223,068

704 81,038,693

TABLE NO. XLII.

ILLITERATE WHITE ADULTS IN THE FREE STATES-1850.

States. Native. Foreign. Total.

California 2,201 2,917 5,118

Connecticut 826 4,013 4,739

Illinois 34,107 5,947 40,054

Indiana 67,275 3,265 70,540

Iowa 7,043 1,077 8,120

Maine 1,999 4,148 6,147

Massachusetts 1,055 26,484 27,539

Michigan 4,903 3,009 7,912

New Hampshire 893 2,064 2,957

New Jersey 8,370 5,878 14,248

New York 23,241 68,052 91,293

Ohio 51,968 9,062 61,030

Pennsylvania 41,944 24,989 66,928

Rhode Island 981 2,359 3,340

Vermont 565 5,624 6,189

Wisconsin 1,459 4,902 6,361

248,725 173,790 422,515

TABLE NO. XLIII.

ILLITERATE WHITE ADULTS IN THE SLAVE STATES-1850.

States. Native. Foreign. Total.

Alabama 33,618 139 33,757

Arkansas 16,792 27 16,819

Delaware 4,132 404 4,536

Florida 3,564 295 3,859

Georgia 40,794 406 41,200

Kentucky 64,340 2,347 66,687

Louisiana 14,950 6,271 21,221

Maryland 17,364 3,451 20,815

Mississippi 13,324 81 13,405

Missouri 34,420 1,861 36,281

North Carolina 73,226 340 73,566

South Carolina 15,580 104 15,684

Tennessee 77,017 505 77,522

Texas 8,037 2,488 10,525

Virginia 75,868 1,137 77,005

493,026 19,856 512,882

TABLE NO. XLIV.

NATIONAL POLITICAL POWER OF THE FREE STATES-1857.

States. Senators. Rep. in lower

House Cong. Electoral

votes.

California 2 2 4

Connecticut 2 4 6

Illinois 2 9 11

Indiana 2 11 13

Iowa 2 2 4

Maine 2 6 8

Massachusetts 2 11 13

Michigan 2 4 6

New Hampshire 2 3 5

New Jersey 2 5 7

New York 2 33 35

Ohio 2 21 23

Pennsylvania 2 25 27

Rhode Island 2 2 4

Vermont 2 3 5

Wisconsin 2 3 5

32 141 176

TABLE NO. XLV.

NATIONAL POLITICAL POWER OF THE SLAVE STATES-1857.

States. Senators. Rep. in lower

House Cong. Electoral

votes.

Alabama 2 7 9

Arkansas 2 2 4

Delaware 2 1 3

Florida 2 1 3

Georgia 2 8 10

Kentucky 2 10 12

Louisiana 2 4 6

Maryland 2 6 8

Mississippi 2 5 7

Missouri 2 7 9

North Carolina 2 8 10

South Carolina 2 6 8

Tennessee 2 10 12

Texas 2 2 4

Virginia 2 13 15

30 90 120

TABLE NO. XLVI.

POPULAR VOTE FOR PRESIDENT BY THE FREE STATES-1856.

States. Republican.

Fremont. American.

Fillmore. Democratic.

Buchanan. Total.

California 20,339 35,113 51,925 107,377

Connecticut 42,715 2,615 34,995 80,325

Illinois 96,189 37,444 105,348 238,981

Indiana 94,375 22,386 118,670 235,431

Iowa 43,954 9,180 36,170 89,304

Maine 67,379 3,325 39,080 109,784

Massachusetts 108,190 19,626 39,240 167,056

Michigan 71,762 1,660 52,136 125,558

New Hampshire 38,345 422 32,789 71,556

New Jersey 28,338 24,115 46,943 99,396

New York 276,907 124,604 195,878 597,389

Ohio 187,497 28,126 170,874 386,497

Pennsylvania 147,510 82,175 230,710 460,395

Rhode Island 11,467 1,675 6,580 19,722

Vermont 39,561 545 10,569 50,675

Wisconsin 66,090 579 52,843 119,512

1,340,618 393,590 1,224,750 2,958,958

TABLE NO. XLVII.

POPULAR VOTE FOR PRESIDENT BY THE SLAVE STATES-1856.

States. Republican.

Fremont. American.

Fillmore. Democratic.

Buchanan. Total.

Alabama 28,552 46,739 75,291

Arkansas 10,787 21,910 32,697

Delaware 308 6,175 8,004 14,487

Florida 4,833 6,358 11,191

Georgia 42,228 56,578 98,806

Kentucky 314 67,416 74,642 142,372

Louisiana 20,709 22,164 42,873

Maryland 281 47,460 39,115 86,856

Mississippi 24,195 35,446 59,641

Missouri 48,524 58,164 106,688

North Carolina 36,886 48,246 85,132

South Carolina[3]

Tennessee 66,178 73,638 139,816

Texas 15,244 28,757 44,001

Virginia 291 60,278 89,826 150,395

1,194 479,465 609,587 1,090,246

TABLE NO. XLVIII.

VALUE OF CHURCHES IN THE FREE AND IN THE SLAVE STATES-1850.

Free States. Slave States.

California $288,400 Alabama $1,244,741

Connecticut 3,599,330 Arkansas 149,686

Illinois 1,532,305 Delaware 340,345

Indiana 1,568,906 Florida 192,600

Iowa 235,412 Georgia 1,327,112

Maine 1,794,209 Kentucky 2,295,353

Massachusetts 10,504,888 Louisiana 1,940,495

Michigan 793,180 Maryland 3,974,116

New Hampshire 1,433,266 Mississippi 832,622

New Jersey 3,712,863 Missouri 1,730,135

New York 21,539,561 North Carolina 907,785

Ohio 5,860,059 South Carolina 2,181,476

Pennsylvania 11,853,291 Tennessee 1,246,951

Rhode Island 1,293,600 Texas 408,944

Vermont 1,251,655 Virginia 2,902,220

Wisconsin 512,552

Total $67,773,477 Total $21,674,581

TABLE NO. XLIX.

PATENTS ISSUED ON NEW INVENTIONS IN THE FREE AND IN THE SLAVE STATES-1856.

Free States. Slave States.

California 13 Alabama 11

Connecticut 142 Arkansas

Illinois 93 Delaware 8

Indiana 67 Florida 3

Iowa 14 Georgia 13

Maine 42 Kentucky 26

Massachusetts 331 Louisiana 30

Michigan 22 Maryland 49

New Hampshire 43 Mississippi 8

New Jersey 78 Missouri 32

New York 592 North Carolina 9

Ohio 139 South Carolina 10

Pennsylvania 267 Tennessee 23

Rhode Island 18 Texas 4

Vermont 35 Virginia 42

Wisconsin 33

Total 1,929 Total 268

TABLE NO. L.

BIBLE CAUSE AND TRACT CAUSE IN THE FREE STATES-1855.

States. Contribu. for

the Bible Cause. Contribu. for

the Tract Cause.

California $1,900 $ 5

Connecticut 24,528 15,872

Illinois 28,403 3,786

Indiana 6,755 1,491

Iowa 4,216 2,005

Maine 5,449 2,981

Massachusetts 43,444 11,492

Michigan 5,554 1,114

New-Hampshire 6,271 1,288

New-Jersey 15,475 3,546

New-York 123,386 61,233

Ohio 25,758 9,576

Pennsylvania 25,360 12,121

Rhode Island 2,669 2,121

Vermont 5,709 2,867

Wisconsin 4,790 474

$319,667 $131,972

TABLE NO. LI.

BIBLE CAUSE AND TRACT CAUSE IN THE SLAVE STATES-1855.

States. Contribu. for

the Bible Cause. Contribu. for

the Tract Cause.

Alabama $3,351 477

Arkansas 2,950 110

Delaware 1,037 163

Florida 1,957 5

Georgia 4,532 1,468

Kentucky 5,956 1,366

Louisiana 1,810 1,099

Maryland 8,909 5,365

Mississippi 1,067 267

Missouri 4,711 936

North Carolina 6,197 1,419

South Carolina 3,984 3,222

Tennessee 8,383 1,807

Texas 3,985 127

Virginia 9,296 6,894

$68,125 $24,725

TABLE NO. LII.

MISSIONARY CAUSE AND COLONIZATION[4] CAUSE IN THE FREE STATES-1855-1856.

States. Contributions for

Miss'y purposes, 1855. Contributions for

Coloniza. pur., 1856.

California $ 192 $ 1

Connecticut 48,044 9,233

Illinois 10,040 543

Indiana 4,705 34

Iowa 1,750 3

Maine 13,929 1,719

Massachusetts 128,505 1,422

Michigan 4,935 4

New Hampshire 11,963 1,130

New Jersey 19,946 3,261

New York 172,115 24,371

Ohio 19,890 2,687

Pennsylvania 43,412 4,287

Rhode Island 9,440 2,125

Vermont 11,094 304

Wisconsin 2,216 806

$502,174 $51,930

TABLE NO. LIII.

MISSIONARY CAUSE AND COLONIZATION[4] CAUSE IN THE SLAVE STATES-1855-1856.

States. Contributions for

Miss'y purposes, 1855. Contributions for

Coloniza. pur., 1856.

Alabama $5,963 $1,113

Arkansas 455 1

Delaware 1,003 250

Florida 340 13

Georgia 9,846 5,323

Kentucky 6,953 4,436

Louisiana 334 871

Maryland 20,677 406

Mississippi 4,957 2,177

Missouri 2,712 313

North Carolina 6,010 969

South Carolina 15,248 129

Tennessee 4,971 1,611

Texas 349 6

Virginia 22,106 10,000

$101,934 $27,618

TABLE NO. LIV.

DEATHS IN THE FREE STATES-1850.[5]

States. Number of

deaths. Ratio to the

Number living.

California

Connecticut 5,781 64.13

Illinois 11,619 73.28

Indiana 12,728 77.65

Iowa 2,044 94.03

Maine 7,545 77.29

Massachusetts 19,414 51.23

Michigan 4,520 88.19

New Hampshire 4,268 74.49

New Jersey 6,467 75.70

New York 44,339 69.85

Ohio 28,949 68.41

Pennsylvania 28,318 81.63

Rhode Island 2,241 65.83

Vermont 3,132 100.13

Wisconsin 2,884 105.82

184,249 72.91

TABLE NO. LV.

DEATHS IN THE SLAVE STATES-1850.[5]

States. Number of

deaths. Ratio to the

Number living.

Alabama 9,084 84.94

Arkansas 2,987 70.18

Delaware 1,209 75.71

Florida 933 93.67

Georgia 9,920 91.93

Kentucky 15,206 64.60

Louisiana 11,948 42.85

Maryland 9,594 60.77

Mississippi 8,711 69.93

Missouri 12,211 55.81

North Carolina 10,207 85.12

South Carolina 7,997 83.59

Tennessee 11,759 85.34

Texas 3,046 69.79

Virgina 19,053 74.61

133,865 71.82

TABLE NO. LVI.

FREE WHITE MALE PERSONS OVER FIFTEEN YEARS OF AGE

ENGAGED IN AGRICULTURAL AND OTHER OUT-DOOR LABOR IN THE SLAVE-STATES-1850.

States. No. engaged

in

Agriculture. No. engaged

in other

out-door labor. Total.

Alabama 67,742 7,229 74,971

Arkansas 28,436 5,596 34,032

Delaware 6,225 4,184 10,409

Florida 5,472 2,598 8,070

Georgia 82,107 11,054 93,161

Kentucky 110,119 26,308 136,427

Louisiana 11,524 13,827 25,351

Maryland 24,672 17,146 41,818

Mississippi 50,028 5,823 55,851

Missouri 64,292 19,900 84,192

North Carolina 76,338 21,876 98,214

South Carolina 37,612 6,991 44,603

Tennessee 115,844 16,795 132,639

Texas 24,987 22,713 47,700

Virginia 97,654 33,928 131,582

803,052 215,968 1,019,020

Too hot in the South, and too unhealthy there-white men "can't stand it"-negroes only can endure the heat of Southern climes! How often are our ears insulted with such wickedly false assertions as these! In what degree of latitude-pray tell us-in what degree of latitude do the rays of the sun become too calorific for white men? Certainly in no part of the United States, for in the extreme South we find a very large number of non-slaveholding whites over the age of fifteen, who derive their entire support from manual labor in the open fields. The sun, that bugbear of slaveholding demagogues, shone on more than one million of free white laborers-mostly agriculturists-in the slave States in 1850, exclusive of those engaged in commerce, trade, manufactures, the mechanic arts, and mining. Yet, notwithstanding all these instances of exposure to his wrath, we have had no intelligence whatever of a single case of coup de so-leil. Alabama is not too hot; sixty-seven thousand white sons of toil till her soil. Mississippi is not too hot; fifty-five thousand free white laborers are hopeful devotees of her out-door pursuits. Texas is not too hot; forty-seven thousand free white persons, males, over the age of fifteen, daily perform their rural vocations amidst her unsheltered air.

It is stated on good authority that, in January, 1856, native ice, three inches thick, was found in Galveston Bay; we have seen it ten inches thick in North Carolina, with the mercury in the thermometer at two degrees below zero. In January, 1857, while the snow was from three to five feet deep in many parts of North Carolina, the thermometer indicated a degree of coldness seldom exceeded in any State in the Union-thirteen degrees below zero. The truth is, instead of its being too hot in the South for white men, it is too cold for negroes; and we long to see the day arrive when the latter shall have entirely receded from their uncongenial homes in America, and given full and undivided place to the former.

Too hot in the South for white men! It is not too hot for white women. Time and again, in different counties in North Carolina, have we seen the poor white wife of the poor white husband, following him in the harvest-field from morning till night, binding up the grain as it fell from his cradle. In the immediate neighborhood from which we hail, there are not less than thirty young women, non-slaveholding whites, between the ages of fifteen and twenty-five-some of whom are so well known to us that we could call them by name-who labor in the fields every summer; two of them in particular, near neighbors to our mother, are in the habit of hiring themselves out during harvest-time, the very hottest season of the year, to bind wheat and oats-each of them keeping up with the reaper; and this for the paltry consideration of twenty-five cents per day.

That any respectable man-any man with a heart or a soul in his composition-can look upon these poor toiling white women without feeling indignant at that accursed system of slavery which has entailed on them the miseries of poverty, ignorance, and degradation, we shall not do ourself the violence to believe. If they and their husbands, and their sons and daughters, and brothers and sisters, are not righted in some of the more important particulars in which they have been wronged, the fault shall lie at other doors than our own. In their behalf, chiefly, have we written and compiled this work; and until our object shall have been accomplished, or until life shall have been extinguished, there shall be no abatement in our efforts to aid them in regaining the natural and inalienable prerogatives out of which they have been so infamously swindled. We want to see no more plowing, or hoeing, or raking, or grain-binding, by white women in the Southern States; employment in cotton-mills and other factories would be far more profitable and congenial to them, and this they shall have within a short period after slavery shall have been abolished.

Too hot in the South for white men! What is the testimony of reliable Southrons themselves? Says Cassius M. Clay, of Kentucky:-

"In the extreme South, at New Orleans, the laboring men-the stevedores and hackmen on the levee, where the heat is intensified by the proximity of the red brick buildings, are all white men, and they are in the full enjoyment of health. But how about Cotton? I am informed by a friend of mine-himself a slaveholder and therefore good authority-that in Northwestern Texas, among the German settlements, who true to their national instincts, will not employ the labor of a slave-they produce more cotton to the acre, and of a better quality, and selling at prices from a cent to a cent and a half a pound higher than that produced by slave labor."

Says Gov. Hammond, of South Carolina:-

"The steady heat of our summers is not so prostrating as the short, but frequent and sudden, bursts of Northern summers."

In an extract which may be found in our second chapter, and to which we respectfully refer the reader, it will be seen that this same South Carolinian, speaking of "not less than fifty thousand" non-slaveholding whites, says-"most of these now follow agricultural pursuits."

Says Dr. Cartwright of New Orleans:-

"Here in New Orleans, the larger part of the drudgery-work requiring exposure to the sun, as railroad-making, street-paving, dray-driving, ditching and building, is performed by white people."

To the statistical tables which show the number of deaths in the free and in the slave States in 1850, we would direct special attention. Those persons, particularly the propogandists of negro slavery, who, heretofore, have been so dreadfully exercised on account of what they have been pleased to term "the insalubrity of Southern climes," will there find something to allay their fearful apprehensions. A critical examination of said tables will disclose the fact that, in proportion to population, deaths occur more frequently in Massachusetts than in any Southern State except Louisiana; more frequently in New York than in any of the Southern States, except Maryland, Missouri, Kentucky, Louisiana, and Texas; more frequently in New Jersey, in Pennsylvania, and in Ohio, than in either Georgia, Florida, or Alabama. Leaving Wisconsin and Louisiana out of the account, and then comparing the bills of mortality in the remaining Northern States, with those in the remaining Southern States, we find the difference decidedly in favor of the latter; for, according to this calculation, while the ratio of deaths is as only one to 74.60 of the living population in the Southern States, it is as one to 72.39 in the Northern.

Says Dr. J. C. Nott, of Mobile:-

"Heat, moisture, animal and vegetable matter are said to be the elements which produce the diseases of the South, and yet the testimony in proof of the health of the banks of the lower portion of the Mississippi River, is too strong to be doubted,-not only the river itself but also the numerous bayous which meander through Louisiana. Here is a perfectly flat alluvial country, covering several hundred miles, interspersed with interminable lakes, lagunes and jungles, and still we are informed by Dr. Cartwright, one of the most acute observers of the day, that this country is exempt from miasmatic disorders, and is extremely healthy. His assertion has been confirmed to me by hundreds of witnesses, and we know from our own observation, that the population present a robust and healthy appearance."

But the best part is yet to come. In spite of all the blatant assertions of the oligarchy, that the climate of the South was arranged expressly for the negroes, and that the negroes were created expressly to inhabit it as the healthful servitors of other men, a carefully kept register of all the deaths that occurred in Charleston, South Carolina, for the space of six years, shows that, even in that locality which is generally regarded as so unhealthy, the annual mortality was much greater among the blacks, in proportion to population, than among the whites. Dr. Nott himself shall state the facts. He says:-

"The average mortality for the last six years in Charleston for all ages is 1 in 51, including all classes. Blacks alone 1 in 44; whites alone, 1 in 58-a very remarkable result, certainly. This mortality is perhaps not an unfair test, as the population during the last six years has been undisturbed by emigration and acclimated in a greater proportion than at any former period."

Numerous other authorities might be cited in proof of the general healthiness of the climate south of Mason and Dixon's line. Of 127 remarkable cases of American longevity, published in a recent edition of Blake's Biographical Dictionary, 68 deceased centenarians are credited to the Southern States, and 59 to the Northern-the list being headed with Betsey Trantham, of Tennessee-a white woman, who died in 1834, at the extraordinarily advanced age of 154 years.

TABLE NO. LVII.

NATIVES OF THE SLAVE STATES IN THE FREE STATES, AND NATIVES OF THE FREE STATES IN THE SLAVE STATES.-1850.

States. Natives of the

Slave States. States. Natives of the

Free States.

California 24,055 Alabama 4,947

Connecticut 1,390 Arkansas 7,965

Illinois 144,809 Delaware 6,996

Indiana 176,581 Florida 1,718

Iowa 31,392 Georgia 4,219

Maine 458 Kentucky 31,340

Massachusetts 2,980 Louisiana 14,567

Michigan 3,634 Maryland 23,815

New-Hampshire 215 Mississippi 4,517

New-Jersey 4,110 Missouri 55,664

New-York 12,625 North Carolina 2,167

Ohio 152,319 South Carolina 2,427

Pennsylvania 47,180 Tennessee 6,571

Rhode Island 982 Texas 9,982

Vermont 140 Virginia 28,999

Wisconsin 6,353

609,223 205,924

This last table, compiled from the 116th page of the Compendium of the Seventh Census, shows, in a most lucid and startling manner, how negroes, slavery and slaveholders are driving the native non-slaveholding whites away from their homes, and keeping at a distance other decent people. From the South the tide of emigration still flows in a westerly and north-westerly direction, and it will continue to do so until slavery is abolished. The following remarks, which we extract from an editorial article that appeared in the Memphis (Tenn.) Bulletin near the close of the year 1856, are worth considering in this connection:-

"We have never before observed so large a number of immigrants going westward as are crossing the river at this point daily, the two ferry boats-sometimes three-going crowded from early morn until the boats cease making their trips at night. It is no uncommon sight to see from twenty to forty wagons encamped on the bluff for the night, notwithstanding there has been a steady stream going across the river all day, and yet the cry is, still they come."

About the same time the Cassville (Geo.) Standard spoke with surprise of the multitude of emigrants crowding the streets of that town bound for the far West.

Prof. B. S. Hedrick, late of Chapel Hill, North Carolina, says:-

"Of my neighbors, friends and kindred, nearly one-half have left the State since I was old enough to remember. Many is the time I have stood by the loaded emigrant wagon, and given the parting hand to those whose faces I was never to look upon again. They were going to seek homes in the free West, knowing, as they did, that free and slave labor could not both exist and prosper in the same community. If any one thinks that I speak without knowledge, let him refer to the last census. He will there find that in 1850 there were fifty-eight thousand native North Carolinians living in the free States of the West-thirty-three-thousand in Indiana alone. There were, at the same time, one hundred and eighty thousand Virginians living in the free States. Now, if these people were so much in love with the 'institution,' why did they not remain where they could enjoy its blessings?

"From my knowledge of the people of North Carolina, I believe that the majority of them who will go to Kansas during the next five years, would prefer that it should be a free State. I am sure that if I were to go there I should vote to exclude slavery."

For daring to have political opinions of his own, and because he did not deem it his duty to conceal the fact that he loved liberty better than slavery, the gallant author of the extract above quoted was peremptorily dismissed from his post of analytical and agricultural chemist in the University of North Carolina, ignominiously subjected to the indignities of a mob, and then savagely driven beyond the borders of his native State. His villainous persecutors, if not called to settle their accounts in another world within the next ten years, will probably survive to repent of the enormity of their pro-slavery folly.

TABLE NO. LVIII.

VALUE OF THE SLAVES AT $400 PER HEAD.-1850.[6]

States. Value of the Slaves

at $400 per head. Value of Real and Per.

Estate, less the val. of

slaves at $400 p. head.

Alabama $137,137,600 $81,066,732

Arkansas 18,840,000 21,001,025

Delaware 916,000 17,939,863

Florida 15,724,000 7,474,734

Georgia 152,672,800 182,752,914

Kentucky 84,392,400 217,236,056

Louisiana 97,923,600 136,075,164

Maryland 36,147,200 183,070,164

Mississippi 123,951,200 105,000,000

Missouri 34,968,800 102,278,907

North Carolina 115,419,200 111,381,272

South Carolina 153,993,600 134,264,094

Tennessee 95,783,600 111,671,104

Texas 23,264,400 32,097,940

Virginia 189,011,200 202,634,638

$1,280,145,600 $1,655,945,137

Tables 34 and 35 show that, on account of the pitiable poverty and ignorance of slavery, the mails were transported throughout the Southern States, during the year 1855, at an extra cost to the General Government of more than six hundred thousand dollars! In the free States, postages were received to the amount of more than two millions of dollars over and above the cost of transportation.

To Dr. G. Bailey, editor of the National Era, Washington city, D. C., we are indebted for the following useful and interesting statistics, to which some of our readers will doubtless have frequent occasion to refer:-

PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Appointed.

March 4, 1789

" 3, 1797 } George Washington, Virginia.

March 4, 1797

" 3, 1801 } John Adams, Massachusetts.

March 4, 1801

" 3, 1809 } Thomas Jefferson, Virginia.

March 4, 1809

" 3, 1817 } James Madison, Virginia.

March 4, 1817

" 3, 1825 } James Monroe, Virginia.

March 4, 1825

" 3, 1829 } John Q. Adams, Massachusetts.

March 4, 1829

" 3, 1837 } Andrew Jackson, Tennessee.

March 4, 1837

" 3, 1841 } Martin Van Buren, New York.

March 4, 1841

" 3, 1845 } William H. Harrison, Ohio.

March 4, 1845

" 3, 1849 } James K. Polk, Tennessee.

March 4, 1849

" 3, 1853 } Zachary Taylor, Louisiana.

March 4, 1853

" 3, 1857 } Franklin Pierce, New Hampshire.

March 4, 1857

" 3, 1861 } James Buchanan, Pennsylvania.

At the close of the term for which Mr. Buchanan is elected, it will have been seventy-two years since the organization of the present Government.

In that period, there have been eighteen elections for President, the candidates chosen in twelve of them being Southern men and slaveholders, in six of them Northern men and non-slaveholders.

No Northern man has ever been re-elected, but five Southern men have been thus honored.

Gen. Harrison, of Ohio, died one month after his inauguration. Gen. Taylor, of Louisiana, about four months after his inauguration. In the former case, John Tyler, of Virginia, became acting President, in the latter, Millard Fillmore, of New York.

Of the seventy-two years, closing with Mr. Buchanan's term, should he live it out, Southern men and slaveholders have occupied the Presidential chair forty-eight years and three months, or a little more than two-thirds of the time.

THE SUPREME COURT.

The judicial districts are organized so as to give five judges to the slave States, and four to the free, although the population, wealth, and business of the latter are far in advance of those of the former. The arrangement affords, however, an excuse for constituting the Supreme Court, with a majority of judges from the slaveholding States.

MEMBERS.

Chief Justice- R. B. Taney, Maryland.

Associate Justice- J. M. Wayne, Georgia.

" " John Catron, Tennessee.

" " P. V. Daniel, Virginia.

" " John A. Campbell, Alabama.

" " John McLean, Ohio.

" " S. Nelson, New York.

" " R. C. Grier, Pennsylvania.

" " B. R. Curtis, Massachusetts.

Reporter- B. C. Howard, Maryland.

Clerk- W. T. Carroll, D. C.

SECRETARIES OF STATE.

The highest office in the Cabinet is that of Secretary of State, who has under his charge the foreign relations of the country. Since the year 1789, there have been twenty-two appointments to the office-fourteen from slave States, eight from free. Or, counting by years, the post has been filled by Southern men and slaveholders very nearly forty years out of sixty-seven, as follows:

Appointed.

Sept. 26, 1789, Thomas Jefferson, Virginia.

Jan. 2, 1794, E. Randolph, Virginia.

Dec. 10, 1795, T. Pickering, Massachusetts.

May 13, 1800, J. Marshall, Virginia.

March 5, 1801, James Madison, Virginia.

March 6, 1809, R. Smith, Maryland.

April 2, 1811, James Monroe, Virginia.

Feb. 28, 1815, """

March 5, 1815, J. Q. Adams, Massachusetts.

March 7, 1825, Henry Clay, Kentucky.

March 6, 1829, Martin Van Buren, New York.

May 24, 1831, E. Livingston, Louisiana.

May 29, 1833, Louis McLane, Delaware.

June 27, 1834, J. Forsyth, Georgia.

March 5, 1841, Daniel Webster, Massachusetts.

July 24, 1843, A. P. Upshur, Virginia.

March 6, 1844, J. C. Calhoun, South Carolina.

March 5, 1845, James Buchanan, Pennsylvania.

March 7, 1849, J. M. Clayton, Delaware.

July 20, 1850, Daniel Webster, Massachusetts.

Dec. 9, 1851, E. Everett, Massachusetts.

March 5, 1853, W. L. Marcy, New York.

PRESIDENTS PRO TEM. OF THE SENATE.

Since the year 1809, every President pro tem. of the Senate of the United States has been a Southern man and slaveholder, with the exception of Samuel L. Southard, of New Jersey, who held the office for a very short time, and Mr. Bright, of Indiana, who has held it for one or two sessions, we believe, having been elected, however, as a known adherent of the slave interest, believed to be interested in slave "property."

SPEAKERS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.

April, 1789

March 3, 1791 } F. A. Muhlenberg, Penn.

Oct. 24, 1791

March 2, 1793 } J. Trumbull, Connecticut.

Dec. 2, 1793

March 3, 1795 } F. A. Muhlenberg, Penn.

Dec. 7, 1795

March 3, 1797 } Jonathan Dayton, New Jersey.

May 15, 1797

March 3, 1799 } """

Dec. 2, 1799

March 3, 1801 } Theodore Sedgwick, Mass.

Dec. 7, 1801

March 3, 1807 } Nathaniel Macon, N. Car.

Oct. 26, 1807

March 3, 1811 } J. B. Varnum, Massachusetts.

March 4, 1811

Jan. 19, 1814 } Henry Clay, Kentucky.

Jan. 19, 1814

March 2, 1815 } Laugdon Cheves, S. Car.

Dec. 4, 1815

Nov. 13, 1820 } Henry Clay, Kentucky.

Nov. 15, 1820

March 3, 1821 } J. W. Taylor, New-York.

Dec. 3, 1821

March 3, 1823 } P. B. Barbour, Virginia.

Dec. 1, 1823

March 3, 1825 } Henry Clay, Kentucky.

Dec. 5, 1825

March 3, 1827 } J. W. Taylor, New-York.

Dec. 3, 1827

June 2, 1834 } A. Stevenson, Virginia.

June 2, 1834

March 3, 1835 } John Bell, Tennessee.

Dec. 7, 1835

March 3, 1839 } James K. Polk, Tennessee.

Dec. 16, 1839

March 3, 1841 } R. M. T. Hunter, Virginia.

May 31, 1841

March 3, 1843 } John White, Tennessee.

Dec. 4, 1843

March 3, 1845 } J. W. Jones, Virginia.

Dec. 1, 1845

March 3, 1847 } J. W. Davis, Indiana.

Dec. 6, 1847

March 3, 1849 } R. C. Winthrop, Mass.

Dec. 22, 1849

March 3, 1851 } Howell Cobb, Georgia.

Dec. 1, 1851

March 3, 1853 } Linn Boyd, Kentucky.

Dec. 1 1853

March 3, 1855 } """

Feb. 28, 1856

March 3, 1857 } Nathaniel P. Banks, Mass.

POSTMASTERS-GENERAL.

Appointed-

Sept. 26, 1789, S. Osgood, Massachusetts.

Aug. 12, 1791, T. Pickering, Massachusetts.

Feb. 25, 1795, J. Habersham, Georgia.

Nov. 28, 1801, G. Granger, Connecticut.

March 17, 1814, R. J. Meigs, Ohio.

June 25, 1823, John McLean, Ohio.

March 9, 1829, W. T. Barry, Kentucky.

May 1, 1835, A. Kendall, Kentucky.

May 18, 1840, J. M. Niles, Connecticut.

March 6, 1841, F. Granger, New York.

Sept. 13, 1841, C. A. Wickliffe, Kentucky.

March 5, 1845, C. Johnson, Tennessee.

March 7, 1849, J. Collamer, Vermont.

July 20, 1850, N. K. Hall, New York.

Aug. 31, 1852, S. D. Hubbard, Connecticut.

March 5, 1853, J. Campbell, Pennsylvania.

Sectionalism does not seem to have had much to do with this Department or with that of the Interior, created in 1848-'49.

SECRETARIES OF THE INTERIOR.

Appointed-

March 7, 1849, T. Ewing, Ohio.

July 20, 1850, J. A. Pearce, Maryland.

Aug. 15, 1850, T. M. T. McKennon, Pennsylvania.

Sept. 12, 1850, A. H. H. Stuart, Virginia.

March 5, 1853, R. McClelland, Michigan.

ATTORNEYS-GENERAL.

Appointed-

Sept. 26, 1789, E. Randolph, Virginia.

June 27, 1794, W. Bradford, Pennsylvania.

Dec. 10, 1795, C. Lee, Virginia.

Feb. 20, 1801, T. Parsons, Massachusetts.

March 5, 1800, L. Lincoln, Massachusetts.

March 2, 1805, R. Smith, Maryland.

Dec. 23, 1805, J. Breckinridge, Kentucky.

Jan. 20, 1807, C. A. Rodney, Pennsylvania.

Dec. 11, 1811, W. Pinkney, Maryland.

Feb. 10, 1814, R. Rush, Pennsylvania.

Nov. 13, 1817, W. Wirt, Virginia.

March 9, 1829, J. McPherson Berrien, Georgia.

July 20, 1831, Roger B. Taney, Maryland.

Nov. 15, 1833, B. F. Butler, New York.

July 7, 1838, F. Grundy, Tennessee.

Jan. 10, 1840, H. D. Gilpin, Pennsylvania.

March 5, 1841, J. J. Crittenden, Kentucky.

Sept. 13, 1841, H. S. Legare, South Carolina.

July 1, 1843, John Nelson, Maryland.

March 5, 1845, J. Y. Mason, Virginia.

Oct. 17, 1846, N. Clifford, Maine.

June 21, 1848, Isaac Toucey, Connecticut.

March 7, 1849, R. Johnson, Maryland.

July 20, 1850, J. J. Crittenden, Kentucky.

March 5, 1853, C. Cushing, Massachusetts.

SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY.

The post of Secretary of the Treasury, although one of great importance, requires financial abilities of a high order, which are more frequently found in the North than in the South, and affords little opportunity for influencing general politics, or the questions springing out of Slavery. We need not therefore be surprised to learn that Northern men have been allowed to discharge its duties some forty-eight years out of sixty-seven, as follows:

Appointed-

Sept. 11, 1789, A. Hamilton, New York.

Feb. 3, 1795, O. Wolcott, Connecticut.

Dec. 31, 1800, S. Dexter, Massachusetts.

May 14, 1801, A. Gallatin, Pennsylvania.

Feb. 9, 1814, G. W. Campbell, Tennessee.

Oct. 6, 1814, A. J. Dallas, Pennsylvania.

Oct. 22, 1816, W. H. Crawford, Georgia.

March 7, 1825, R. Rush, Pennsylvania.

March 6, 1829, S. D. Ingham, Pennsylvania.

Aug. 8, 1831, L. McLane, Delaware.

May 29, 1833, W. J. Duane, Pennsylvania.

Sept. 23, 1833, Roger B. Taney, Maryland.

June 27, 1834, L. Woodbury, New Hampshire.

March 5, 1841, Thomas Ewing, Ohio.

Sept. 13, 1841, W. Forward, Pennsylvania.

March 3, 1843, J. C. Spencer, New York.

June 15, 1844, G. M. Bibb, Kentucky.

March 5, 1845, R. J. Walker, Mississippi.

March 7, 1849, W. M. Meredith, Pennsylvania.

June 20, 1850, Thomas Corwin, Ohio.

March 5, 1843, James Guthrie, Kentucky.

SECRETARIES OF WAR AND THE NAVY.

The Slaveholders since March 8th, 1841, a period of nearly sixteen years, have taken almost exclusive supervision of the Navy. Northern men having occupied the Secretaryship only two years. Nor has any Northern man been Secretary of War since 1849. Considering that nearly all the shipping belongs to the free States, which also supply the seamen, it does seem remarkable that Slaveholders should have monopolized for the last sixteen years the control of the Navy.

SECRETARIES OF WAR.

Appointed-

Sept. 12, 1789, Henry Knox, Massachusetts.

Jan. 2, 1795, T. Pickering, Massachusetts.

Jan. 27, 1796, J. McHenry, Maryland.

May 7, 1800, J. Marshall, Virginia.

May 13, 1800, S. Dexter, Massachusetts.

Feb. 3, 1801, R. Griswold, Connecticut.

March 5, 1801, H. Dearborn, Massachusetts.

March 7, 1802, W. Eustis, Massachusetts.

Jan. 13, 1813, J. Armstrong, New York.

Sept. 27, 1814, James Monroe, Virginia.

March 3, 1815, W. H. Crawford, Georgia.

April 7, 1817, G. Graham, Virginia.

March 5, 1817, J. Shelby, Kentucky.

Oct. 8, 1817, J. C. Calhoun, South Carolina.

March 7, 1825, J. Barbour, Virginia.

May 26, 1828, P. B. Porter, Pennsylvania.

March 9, 1829, J. H. Eaton, Tennessee.

Aug. 1, 1831, Lewis Cass, Ohio.

March 3, 1837, B. F. Butler, New York.

March 7, 1837, J. R. Poinsett, South Carolina.

March 5, 1841, James Bell, Tennessee.

Sept. 13, 1841, John McLean, Ohio.

Oct. 12, 1841, J. C. Spencer, New York.

March 8, 1843, J. W. Porter, Pennsylvania.

Feb. 15, 1844, W. Wilkins, Pennsylvania.

March 5, 1845, William L. Marcy, New York.

March 7, 1849, G. W. Crawford, Georgia.

July 20, 1850, E. Bates, Missouri.

Aug. 15, 1850, C. M. Conrad, Louisiana.

March 5, 1853, Jefferson Davis, Mississippi.

SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY.

Appointed-

May 3, 1798, G. Cabot, Massachusetts.

May 21, 1798, B. Stoddart, Massachusetts.

July 15, 1801, R. Smith, Maryland.

May 3, 1805, J. Crowninshield, Massachusetts.

March 7, 1809, P. Hamilton, South Carolina.

Jan. 12, 1813, W. Jones, Pennsylvania.

Dec. 17, 1814, B. W. Crowninshield, Massachusetts.

Nov. 9, 1818, Smith Thompson, New York.

Sept. 1, 1823, John Rogers, Massachusetts.

Sept. 16, 1823, S. L. Southard, New Jersey.

March 9, 1829, John Branch, North Carolina.

May 23, 1831, L. Woodbury, New Hampshire.

June 30, 1834, M. Dickerson, New Jersey.

June 20, 1838, J. K. Paulding, New York.

March 5, 1841, G. F. Badger, North Carolina.

Sept. 13, 1841, A. P. Upshur, Virginia.

July 24, 1843, D. Henshaw, Massachusetts.

Feb. 12, 1844, T. W. Gilmer, Virginia.

March 14, 1844, James Y. Mason, Virginia.

March 10, 1845, G. Bancroft, Massachusetts.

Sept. 9, 1846, James Y. Mason, Virginia.

March 7, 1849, W. B. Preston, Virginia.

July 20, 1850, W. A. Graham, N. Carolina.

July 22, 1852, J. P. Kennedy, Maryland.

March 3, 1853, J. C. Dobbin, N. Carolina.

RECAPITULATION.

Presidency.-Southern men and Slaveholders, 48 years 3 months; Northern men, 23 years 9 months.

Pro. Tem. Presidency of the Senate.-Since 1809, held by Southern men and Slaveholders, except for three or four sessions by Northern men.

Speakership of the House.-Filled by Southern men and Slaveholders forty-three years, Northern men, twenty-five.

Supreme Court.-A majority of the Judges, including Chief Justice, Southern men and Slaveholders.

Secretaryship of State.-Filled by Southern men and Slaveholders forty years, Northern, twenty-seven.

Attorney Generalship.-Filled by Southern men and Slaveholders forty-two years, Northern men, twenty-five.

War and Navy.-Secretaryship of the Navy, Southern men and Slaveholders, the last sixteen years, with an interval of two years.

William Henry Hurlbut, of South Carolina, a gentleman of enviable literary attainments, and one from whom we may expect a continuation of good service in the eminently holy crusade now going on against slavery and the devil, furnished not long since, to the Edinburgh Review, in the course of a long and highly interesting article, the following summary of oligarchal usurpations-showing that slaveholders have occupied the principal posts of the Government nearly two-thirds of the time:-

Presidents 11 out of 16

Judges of the Supreme Court 17 out of 28

Attorneys General 14 out of 19

Presidents of the Senate 61 out of 77

Speakers of the House 21 out of 33

Foreign Ministers 80 out of 134

As a matter of general interest, and as showing that, while there have been but 11 non-slaveholders directly before the people as candidates for the Presidency, there have been at least 16 slaveholders who were willing to serve their country in the capacity of chief magistrate, the following table may be here introduced:-

RESULT OF THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES FROM 1796 TO 1856.

Year. Name of Candidate. Elect'l vote.

1796 { John Adams 71

Thomas Jefferson 68

1800 { Thomas Jefferson 73

John Adams 64

1804 { Thomas Jefferson 162

Charles C. Pinckney 14

1808 { James Madison 128

Charles C. Pinckney 45

1812 { James Madison 122

De Witt Clinton 89

1816 { James Monroe 183

Rufus King 34

1820 { James Monroe 218

No opposition but one vote

1824 {

{ Andrew Jackson[7] 99

John Q. Adams 84

W. H. Crawford 41

Henry Clay 37

1828 { Andrew Jackson 178

John Q. Adams 83

1832 {

{ Andrew Jackson 219

Henry Clay 49

John Floyd 11

William Wirt 7

1836

{ Martin Van Buren 170

William H. Harrison 73

Hugh L. White 26

{ Willie P. Mangum 11

Daniel Webster 14

1840 { William H. Harrison 234

Martin Van Buren 60

1844 { James K. Polk 170

Henry Clay 105

1848 { Zachary Taylor 163

Lewis Cass 127

1852 { Franklin Pierce 254

General Winfield Scott 42

1856 { James Buchanan 174

John C. Fremont 114

Millard Fillmore 8

AID FOR KANSAS.

As a sort of accompaniment to tables, 50, 51, 52 and 53, we will here introduce a few items which will more fully illustrate the liberality of Freedom and the niggardliness of Slavery.

From an editorial article that appeared in the Richmond (Va.,) Dispatch, in July, 1856, bewailing the close-fistedness of slavery, we make the following extract:-

"Gerrit Smith, the Abolitionist, has just pledged himself to give $1,500 a month for the next twelve months to aid in establishing Freedom in Kansas. He gave, but a short time since, at the Kansas relief meeting in Albany, $3,000. Prior to that, he had sent about $1,000 to the Boston Emigrant Committee. Out of his own funds, he subsequently equipped a Madison county company, of one hundred picked men, and paid their expenses to Kansas. At Syracuse he subscribed $10,000 for Abolition purposes, so that his entire contributions amount to at least $40,000."

An Eastern paper says:-

"The sum of $500 was contributed at a meeting at New Bedford on Monday evening, to make Kansas free. The following sums have been contributed for the same purpose: $2,000 in Taunton: $600 in Raynham: $800 in Clinton: $300 in Danbury, Ct. In Wisconsin, $2,500 at Janesville: $500 at Dalton: $500 at the Women's Aid Meeting in Chicago: $2,000 in Rockford, Ill."

A telegraphic dispatch, dated Boston, January 2, 1857, informs us that-

"The Secretary of the Kansas Aid Committee acknowledges the receipt of $42,678."

Exclusive of the amounts above, the readers of the New-York Tribune have contributed about $30,000 for the purpose of securing Kansas to Freedom; and, with the same object in view, other individuals and societies have, from time to time, made large contributions, of which we have failed to keep a memorandum. The legislature of Vermont has appropriated $20,000; and other free State legislatures are prepared to appropriate millions, if necessary. Free men have determined that Kansas shall be free, and free it soon shall be, and ever so remain. Harmoniously the work proceeds.

Now let us see how slavery has rewarded the poor, ignorant, deluded, and degraded mortals-swaggering lickspittles-who have labored so hard to gain for it "a local habitation and a name" in the disputed territory. One D. B. Atchison, Chairman of the Executive Committee of Border Ruffians, shall tell us all about it. Over date of October 13th, 1856, he says:

"Up to this moment, from all the States except Missouri, we have only received the following sums, and through the following persons:-

A. W. Jones, Houston, Miss., $152

H. D. Clayton, Eufala, Ala., 500

Capt. Deedrick, South Carolina, 500

$1,152."

On this subject, further comment is unnecessary.

Numerous other contrasts, equally disproportionate, might be drawn between the vigor and munificence of freedom and the impotence and stinginess of slavery. We will, however, in addition to the above, advert to only a single instance. During the latter part of the summer of 1855, the citizens of the niggervilles of Norfolk and Portsmouth, in Virginia, were sorely plagued with yellow fever. Many of them fell victims to the disease, and most of those who survived, and who were not too unwell to travel, left their homes, horror-stricken and dejected. To the horror of mankind in general, and to the glory of freemen in particular, contributions in money, provisions, clothing, and other valuable supplies, poured in from all parts of the country, for the relief of the sufferers. Portsmouth alone, according to the report of her relief association, received $42,547 in cash from the free States, and only $12,182 in cash from all the slave States, exclusive of Virginia, within whose borders the malady prevailed. Including Virginia, the sum total of all the slave State contributions amounted to only $33,398. Well did the Richmond Examiner remark at the time-"we fear that generosity of Virginians is but a figure of speech." Slavery! thy name is shame!

In connection with tables 44 and 45 on page 292, it will be well to examine the following statistics of Congressional representation, which we transcribe from Reynold's Political Map of the United States;-

UNITED STATES SENATE.

16 free States, with a white population of 13,238,670, have 32 Senators.

15 slave States, with a white population of 6,186,477, have 30 Senators.

So that 413,708 free men of the North enjoy but the same political privileges in the U. S. Senate as is given to 206,215 slave propagandists.

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.

The free States have a total of 144 members.

The slave States have a total of 90 members.

One free State Representative represents 91,935 white men and women.

One slave State Representative represents 68,725 white men and women.

Slave Representation gives to slavery an advantage over freedom of 30 votes in the House of Representatives.

CUSTOM-HOUSE RECEIPTS.-1854.

Free States, $60,010,489

Slave States, 5,136,969

Balance in favor of the Free States, $54,873,520

A contrast quite distinguishable!

That the apologists of slavery cannot excuse the shame and the shabbiness of themselves and their country, as we have frequently heard them attempt to do, by falsely asserting that the North has enjoyed over the South the advantages of priority of settlement, will fully appear from the following table:-

FREE STATES.

1614. New-York first settled by the Dutch.

1620. Massachusetts settled by the Puritans.

1623. New-Hampshire settled by the Puritans.

1624. New-Jersey settled by the Dutch.

1635. Connecticut settled by the Puritans.

1636. Rhode Island settled by Roger Williams.

1682. Pennsylvania settled by William Penn.

1791. Vermont admitted into the Union.

1802. Ohio admitted into the Union.

1816. Indiana admitted into the Union.

1818. Illinois admitted into the Union.

1820. Maine admitted into the Union.

1836. Michigan admitted into the Union.

1846. Iowa admitted into the Union.

1848. Wisconsin admitted into the Union.

1850. California admitted into the Union.

SLAVE STATES.

1607. Virginia first settled by the English.

1627. Delaware settled by the Swedes and Fins.

1635. Maryland settled by Irish Catholics.

1650. North Carolina settled by the English.

1670. South Carolina settled by the Huguenots.

1733. Georgia settled by Gen. Oglethorpe.

1782. Kentucky admitted into the Union.

1796. Tennessee admitted into the Union.

1811. Louisiana admitted into the Union.

1817. Mississippi admitted into the Union.

1819. Alabama admitted into the Union.

1821. Missouri admitted into the Union.

1836. Arkansas admitted into the Union.

1845. Florida admitted into the Union.

1846. Texas admitted into the Union.

In the course of an exceedingly interesting article on the early settlements in America, R. K. Browne, formerly editor and proprietor of the San Francisco Evening Journal, says:-

"Many people seem to think that the Pilgrim Fathers were the first who settled upon our shores, and therefore that they ought to be entitled, in a particular manner, to our remembrance and esteem.

"This is not the case, and we herewith present to our readers a list of settlements made in the present United States, prior to that of Plymouth:

1564. A Colony of French Protestants under Ribault settled in Florida.

1565. St. Augustine[8] founded by Pedro Melendez.

1584. Sir Walter Raleigh obtains a patent and sends two vessels to the American coast, which receives the name of Virginia.

1607. The first effectual settlement made at Jamestown, Va., by the London Company.

1614. A fort erected by the Dutch upon the site of New-York.

1615. Fort Orange built near the site of Albany, N. Y.

1619. The first General Assembly called in Virginia.

1620. The Pilgrims land on Plymouth Rock."

FREEDOM AND SLAVERY AT THE FAIR.

WHAT FREEDOM DID.

At an Agricultural Fair held at Watertown, in the State of New-York, on the 2d day of October, 1856, two hundred and twenty premiums, ranging from three to fifty dollars each, were awarded to successful competitors-the aggregate amount of said premiums being $2,396, or an average of $10.89 each. From the proceedings of the Awarding Committee we make the following extracts:-

Best Horse Colt, George Parish, $25.00

Best Filly, J. Staplin, 20.00

Best Brood Mare, A. Blunt, 25.00

Best Bull, Wm. Johnson, 25.00

Best Heifer, A. M. Rogers, 20.00

Best Cow, C. Baker, 25.00

Best Stall-fed Beef, J. W. Taylor, 10.00

Best sample Wheat, Wm. Ottley, 5.00

Best sample Flaxseed, H. Weir, 3.00

Best sample Timothy Seed, E. S. Hayward 3.00

(Highest) Best Team of Oxen, Hiram Converse, 50.00

(Lowest) Best sample Sweet Corn, L. Marshall, 3.00

Aggregate amount of twelve premiums, $214.00

An average of $17.83 each.

WHAT SLAVERY DID.

At the Rowan County Agricultural Fair, held at Mineral Springs, in North Carolina, on the 13th day of November, 1856, thirty premiums, ranging from twenty-five cents to two dollars each, were awarded to successful competitors-the aggregate amount of said premiums being $42, or an average of $1.40 each. From the proceedings of the Awarding Committee we make the following extracts:-

Best Horse Colt, T. A. Burke, $2.00

Best Filly, James Cowan, 2.00

Best Brood Mare, M. W. Goodman, 2.00

Best Bull, J. F. McCorkle, 2.00

Best Heifer, J. F. McCorkle, 2.00

Best Cow, T. A. Burke, 2.00

Best Stall-fed Beef, S. D. Rankin, 1.00

Best Sample Wheat, M. W. Goodman, 50

Best lot Beefs, J. J. Summerell, 25

Best lot Turnips, Thomas Barber, 25

(Highest) Best pair Match Horses, R. W. Griffith, 2.00

(Lowest) Best lot Cabbage, Thomas Hyde, 25

Aggregate amount of twelve premiums, $16.25

An average of $1.36 each.

Besides the two hundred and twenty premiums, amounting in the aggregate to $2,396, freedom granted several diplomas and silver medals; besides the thirty premiums amounting in the aggregate to $42, slavery granted none-nothing. While examining these figures, it should be recollected that agriculture is the peculiar province of the slave States. If commerce or manufactures had been the subject of the fair, the result might have shown even a greater disproportion in favor of freedom, and yet there would have been some excuse for slavery, for it makes no pretensions to either the one or the other; but as agriculture was the subject, slavery can have no excuse whatever, but must bear all the shame of its niggardly and revolting impotence; this it must do for the reason that agriculture is its special and almost only pursuit.

The reports of the Comptrollers of the States of New York and North Carolina, for the year 1856, are now before us. From each report we have gleaned a single item, which, when compared, the one with the other, speaks volumes in favor of freedom and against slavery. We refer to the average value per acre of lands in the two States; let slavocrats read, reflect, and repent.

In 1856, there were assessed for taxation in the State of

NEW YORK,

Acres of land 30,080,000

Valued at $1,112,133,136

Average value per acre $36.97

In 1856, there were assessed for taxation in the State of

NORTH CAROLINA,

Acres of land 32,450,560

Valued at $98,800,636

Average value per acre $3.06

It is difficult for us to make any remarks on the official facts above. Our indignation is struck almost dumb at this astounding and revolting display of the awful wreck that slavery is leaving behind it in the South. We will however, go into a calculation for the purpose of ascertaining as nearly as possible, in this one particular, how much North Carolina has lost by the retention of slavery. As we have already seen, the average value per acre of land in the State of New York is $36.97; in North Carolina it is only $3.06; why is it so much less, or even any less, in the latter than in the former? The answer is, slavery. In soil, in climate, in minerals, in water-power for manufactural purposes, and in area of territory, North Carolina has the advantage of New York, and, with the exception of slavery, no plausible reason can possibly be assigned why land should not be at least as valuable in the valley of the Yadkin as it is along the banks of the Genesee.

The difference between $36.97 and $3.06 is $33.91, which, multiplied by the whole number of acres of land in North Carolina, will show, in this one particular, the enormous loss that Freedom has sustained on account of Slavery in the Old North State. Thus:-

32,450,560 acres a $33,91 $1,100,398,489.

Let it be indelibly impressed on the mind, however, that this amount, large as it is, is only a moity of the sum that it has cost to maintain slavery in North Carolina. From time to time, hundreds upon hundreds of millions of dollars have left the State, either in search of profitable, permanent investment abroad, or in the shape of profits to Northern merchants and manufactures, who have become the moneyed aristocracy of the country by supplying to the South such articles of necessity, utility, and adornment, as would have been produced at home but for the pernicious presence of the peculiar institution.

A reward of Eleven Hundred Millions of Dollars is offered for the conversion of the lands of North Carolina into free soil. The lands themselves, desolate and impoverished under the fatal foot of slavery, offer the reward. How, then, can it be made to appear that the abolition of slavery in North Carolina, and, indeed, throughout all the Southern States-for slavery is exceedingly inimical to them all-is not demanded by every consideration of justice, prudence, and good sense? In 1850, the total value of all the slaves of the State, at the rate of four hundred dollars per head, amounted to less than one hundred and sixteen millions of dollars. Is the sum of one hundred and sixteen millions of dollars more desirable than the sum of eleven hundred millions of dollars? When a man has land for sale, does he reject thirty-six dollars per acre and take three? Non-slaveholding whites! look well to your interests! Many of you have lands; comparatively speaking, you have nothing else. Abolish slavery, and you will enhance the value of every league, your own and your neighbors', from three to thirty-six dollars per acre. Your little tract containing two hundred acres, now valued at the pitiful sum of only six hundred dollars, will then be worth seven thousand. Your children, now deprived of even the meagre advantages of common schools, will then reap the benefits of a collegiate education. Your rivers and smaller streams, now wasting their waters in idleness, will then turn the wheels of multitudinous mills. Your bays and harbors, now unknown to commerce, will then swarm with ships from every enlightened quarter of the globe. Non-slaveholding whites! look well to your interests!

Would the slaveholders of North Carolina lose anything by the abolition of slavery? Let us see. According to their own estimate, their slaves are worth, in round numbers, say, one hundred and twenty millions of dollars. There are in the State twenty-eight thousand slaveholders, owning, it may be safely assumed, an average of at least five hundred acres of land each-fourteen millions of acres in all. This number of acres, multiplied by thirty-three dollars and ninety-one cents, the difference in value between free soil and slave soil, makes the enormous sum of four hundred and seventy-four millions of dollars-showing that, by the abolition of slavery, the slaveholders themselves would realize a net profit of not less than three hundred and fifty-four millions of dollars!

Compensation to slaveholders for the negroes now in their possession! The idea is preposterous. The suggestion is criminal. The demand is unjust, wicked, monstrous, damnable. Shall we pat the bloodhounds of slavery for the sake of doing them a favor? Shall we fee the curs of slavery in order to make them rich at our expense? Shall we pay the whelps of slavery for the privilege of converting them into decent, honest, upright men? No, never! The non-slaveholders expect to gain, and will gain, something by the abolition of slavery; but slaveholders themselves will, by far, be the greater gainers; for, in proportion to population, they own much larger and more fertile tracts of land, and will, as a matter of course, receive the lion's share of the increase in the value of not only real estate, but also of other genuine property, of which they are likewise the principal owners. How ridiculously absurd, therefore, is the objection, that, if we liberate the slaves, we ruin the masters! Not long since, a gentleman in Baltimore, a native of Maryland, remarked in our presence that he was an abolitionist because he felt that it was right and proper to be one; "but," inquired he, "are there not, in some of the States, many widows and orphans who would be left in destitute circumstances, if their negroes were taken from them?" In answer to the question, we replied that slavery had already reduced thousands and tens of thousands of non-slaveholding widows and orphans to the lowest depths of poverty and ignorance, and that we did not believe one slaveholding widow and three orphans were of more, or even of as much consequence as five non-slaveholding widows and fifteen orphans. "You are right," exclaimed the gentleman, "I had not viewed the subject in that light before; I perceive you go in for the greatest good to the greatest number." Emancipate the negroes, and the ex-slaveholding widow would still retain her lands and tenements, which, in consequence of being surrounded by the magic influences of liberty, would soon render her far more wealthy and infinitely more respectable, than she could possibly ever become while trafficking in human flesh.

The fact is, every slave in the South costs the State in which he resides at least three times as much as he, in the whole course of his life, is worth to his master. Slavery benefits no one but its immediate, individual owners, and them only in a pecuniary point of view, and at the sacrifice of the dearest rights and interests of the whole mass of non-slaveholders, white and black. Even the masters themselves, as we have already shown, would be far better off without it than with it. To all classes of society the institution is a curse; an especial curse is it to those who own it not. Non-slaveholding whites! look well to your interests!

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