Chapter 7 ARTIFICIAL SOMNAMBULISM OR HYPNOTISM.

There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio,

Than are dreamt of in your philosophy.

-Hamlet.

The phenomena of somnambulism are of apparently spontaneous origin, during ordinary sleep. But from the remotest antiquity it has been known that certain persons may be thrown into an artificial sleep which closely resembles the condition of the somnambulist. Such a degree of susceptibility is not common to all persons. Heidenhain, experimenting upon his class of medical students, found only one in twelve who was thus susceptible. My own experiments lead me to think that American medical students are less easily influenced in this direction. Charcot, whose field of observation covers the inmates of the Salpêtrière Hospital, finds the best examples of the hypnotic state among the hystero-epileptic females in that asylum. To the experiments of Heidenhain, in Germany, of Braid, in England, and of Charcot, in France, we are indebted for the most thoroughly scientific observation and interpretation of the phenomena of hypnotism.

The antecedent physical condition most favorable to the development of the hypnotic state is a highly unstable constitution of the nervous system. For this reason the larger number of qualified subjects is furnished by the female sex-especially by those who possess the hysterical temperament. Frequent repetition of hypnotic exercises renders the subject still more susceptible. Heidenhain was, at first, inclined to the belief that such experiences were not prejudicial to the health of the subject, but the observations of Harting, in the University of Utrecht, and of Milne-Edwards, in Paris,[91] have demonstrated the fact of danger to the health of animals subjected to similar experiments. Hysterical patients have often exhibited considerable exhaustion after hypnotic exhibition in the hospitals of Paris (Charcot and Richer), consequently, it cannot be admitted that the practice is devoid of risk to the health of the individual.

Numerous methods of inducing the hypnotic state have been employed. The greater number consist in artificial modification of the condition of the brain through the agency of sensory impressions originated upon the periphery of the body. The simplest form of such influence is presented by the results of gentle friction of the skin with the palm of the hand or the tips of the fingers. Many an aching head has thus been relieved, many a restless sufferer soothed to sleep. In like manner, a susceptible subject may be hypnotized by any continuous and gentle excitement of the senses of sight, hearing, and touch. Concentration of the attention upon a brilliant object, like a piece of polished metal or a small mirror, especially if it be placed a little above the level of the eyes, and so near that considerable convergence of the eyeballs is necessary for distinct vision, affords a very efficient means of inducing artificial somnambulism. Certain persons may be readily hypnotized by gently pressing the eyelids together, and at the same time making slight pressure upon the eyeballs. Others pass into this condition by merely closing their eyes, and remaining motionless in a quiet room.

The phenomena of artificial somnambulism are frequently developed through the agency of impressions derived directly from the sphere of consciousness. The intellectual effort of trying to sit still and think of nothing is sometimes sufficient to induce the hypnotic state. The ordinary devices by means of which wakeful people are taught to beguile sleep, by counting, or by repeating long lists of names, etc., all belong to this category. Compulsory attention to any continuous intellectual process, like adding up a column of figures, or trying to read a dull book, is sometimes effectual. If, with these, or with similar acts of attention, be associated the expectation that something unusual is about to occur, as when the individual is aware of being the subject of an experiment, the evolution of the somnambulic condition is greatly facilitated. Thus, one of the most recent methods, consists in merely sitting, for half an hour or more, with the back towards the patient. Attention, curiosity, and expectation, are thus excited, and a susceptible person soon begins to manifest some of the numerous and various forms of the hypnotic state. Heidenhain caused one of his students thus to go to sleep in broad daylight, by simply assuring him that he should hypnotize him from a distance at a particular hour of the afternoon. The monks of Mt. Athos were accustomed to hypnotize themselves by fixing their eyes and their thoughts upon the navel; hence the reputation of omphaloscopy as an aid to ecstatic meditation.

The duration of hypnotic sleep is as variable as that of its prototype in natural somnambulism. The patient usually wakes spontaneously, after a few minutes or hours. Sometimes, however, the period of insensibility is greatly prolonged. If it be desirable to awaken the subject of experiment, a simple reversal of the movements by which sleep was induced may suffice. The paroxysm may be terminated by almost any sudden and energetic appeal to the senses, like an electric shock, a sudden illumination of the eye with vivid light, or a sharp puff of air upon the face.

The simplest phenomena connected with the hypnotic state are those transferences of cerebral perceptions which have been investigated by the Society for Psychical Research.[92] Certain sensitive persons, when blindfolded, are capable of reproducing with considerable accuracy visual images that have been impressed upon the mind of another. The sensitive subject is blindfolded and placed before a table with pencil and paper. Another person then goes out of the room, and gazes at some kind of drawing, geometrical figure, or other object selected without possibility of collusion with the subject of experiment. This person then returns to the room, and places his hand upon the head of the subject, at the same time fixing his attention upon the mental picture of the object. Presently the blindfolded subject takes the pencil and reproduces on paper a rough drawing of the object in question. In some cases it is found possible to effect this transfer of impressions without actual physical contact,-the agent merely standing behind the sensitive subject and concentrating his thought upon the selected object. Closely akin to this is the method of muscle-reading, popularly known as mind-reading. The sensitive is blindfolded, and then presses against his forehead the hand of the person by whom he is to be guided. Almost immediately a tremor pervades his muscles, and he yields all his movements to the guiding influence of the individual with whom he is in contact. If now an object be concealed in any place that is known to the agent, the concentration of that person's attention upon the hiding place suffices to direct the "mind-reader," who immediately drags his companion to the given locality.

The explanation of these phenomena consists in a recognition of the fact that certain persons are gifted with nervous organs which are sensitive and responsive to nervous impulses and muscular movements that are too delicate for recognition by the percipient apparatus of ordinary mankind. The more complicated forms of artificial somnambulism result from the complication and exaggeration of the results of this inordinate sensitiveness through the agency of artificial sleep. As in natural somnambulism, so in the hypnotic state, certain organs become totally an?sthetic, while the sensibility of others is wonderfully exalted. Cutaneous sensation may be completely abolished, and the patient may become utterly insensible to every painful impression. The reflex functions may be either suppressed or exaggerated, and the special senses of sight and hearing may be exalted to the highest degree. While in this condition the hyper?sthetic condition of the brain renders the subject peculiarly susceptible to impressions from the will of another, so that all his actions are obedient to the guiding influence of the person under whose control he has passed.

According to Charcot,[93] three principal types of artificial somnambulism may be remarked among the hysterical subjects upon whom he experimented: (1) the cataleptic, (2) the lethargic, and (3) the somnambulic. Of these the first may be developed primarily by any abrupt and powerful impression upon a sensory organ. Gazing upon a brilliant light, fixing the eyes upon a piece of polished metal, or upon the shining eyes of a second person, the sudden clangor of a Chinese gong, may suffice to induce the cataleptic state. Dumontpallier[94] reports the case of a young woman who accidentally hypnotized herself by gazing into the mirror before which she was dressing her hair. This cataleptic state may also be secondarily induced by merely opening the eyes of a patient in whom a condition of hypnotic lethargy has been previously developed. If only one eye be thus opened, the corresponding side of the body alone becomes cataleptic. Closing the eyes causes the disappearance of this symptom, with complete restoration of the purely lethargic state. During the cataleptic condition the several tendinous reflexes disappear, neuro-muscular hyper-excitability ceases, the skin becomes insensible, but the special senses, particularly those of sight and hearing, maintain a partial activity. In this half-awakened state the senses may become avenues of suggestion from without for the production of movements; but, if left to themselves, the limbs remain motionless.

The lethargic state may be induced by simply pressing together the eyelids of the subject, or by causing him to fix his gaze upon some definite object. The paroxysm begins with a deep inspiration, causing a peculiar laryngeal sound, followed sometimes by the appearance of a little foam on the lips. The eyelids are either wholly or partially closed, and are in a state of continual tremulous motion. The eyeballs are generally turned upwards and inwards. The muscles are completely relaxed. The tendinous reflexes are exaggerated; pressure over a muscle, or upon a nerve, arouses a peculiar contracture of synergic muscles and groups of muscles that are supplied by the excited nerve trunk. The facial muscles, however, do not thus become contractured; they merely contract during the application of the stimulus. If the lethargic subject be rendered cataleptic by opening the eyes, these contractures persist even after waking; and they can only be dispelled by renewing the lethargic state before resorting to pressure upon the antagonistic muscles-the process by which contractures peculiar to this species of lethargy may always be annulled. By the approach of a magnet to a contractured limb, the rigidity may be completely transferred to the corresponding muscles upon the opposite side of the body. If upon a limb of a lethargic subject who has been rendered cataleptic by opening the eyes, an Esmarch's band be applied, pressure over the bloodless muscles excites no contracture until the band is removed. A contracture is then developed, and it may be transferred to the opposite limb by the approach of a magnet. To this phenomenon has been applied the term latent contracture.

The extraordinary muscular excitability manifested by these subjects is further illustrated by an observation recorded by Dumontpallier.[95] If one end of an India rubber tube, half an inch in diameter, and five or six yards in length, be applied over a muscle in the leg, and if the other end be in like manner connected with a watch, every movement of the second hand will be followed by a slight contraction in the muscle. The same result follows connection with the wire of a telephone; and, if a microphone be introduced into the circuit, the incidence of a ray of light upon the instrument, or even its reflection from the conjunctival surface of the eye of a spectator, will arouse a responsive muscular contraction. Charcot has also seen muscular motion upon the opposite side of the body when a mild galvanic current was applied to the parietal surface of the skull, presumably over the motor centres of the corresponding half of the brain.

During these manifestations of muscular hyper-excitability, there is complete insensibility to pain, but the senses of sight and hearing seem to preserve some degree of activity. The subject, however, does not often exhibit any susceptibility to influence by suggestion.

The somnambulic state may be directly induced by fixed attention with the eyes, by feeble and monotonous excitement of the senses, by passing the hands over the face and arms of the subject, and by many other processes of analogous character. This variety constitutes the ordinary form of hypnotic sleep. It may be very easily developed during either the lethargic or the cataleptic state as a consequence of pressure or of gentle friction upon the top of the head. Thus Heidenhain, in the course of his experiments, caused muscular paralysis by rubbing the scalp. Friction of one side of the head occasioned paralysis of the opposite side of the body without notable affection of the consciousness of the subject. The eyes and the eyelids behave as in the lethargic state. The subject seems to be asleep, but there is less muscular relaxation than in the lethargic variety. There is no exaggeration of the tendinous reflexes, and muscular hyper-excitability is absent. But by lightly touching or breathing upon the surface of a limb, its muscles may be thrown into a condition of rigidity which differs from the contracture of the lethargic state, in the fact that it does not yield to excitement of the antagonistic muscles, though yielding readily to a sudden repetition of the same form of excitement by which it was originally produced. Thus a subject under my own observation who, by pressure upon the eyeballs, was rendered insensible to every form of painful stimulation, would immediately pass into a state of perfect rigidity, if his limbs and body were rubbed for a few seconds with the palm of the hand. While in this condition, if the heels were placed upon a chair and the back of the head upon another, not only could the entire weight of the body be thus supported, but also the additional weight of another full-grown man, sitting upon his body, without causing any more yielding than if it had been a log of wood that was lying across the chairs. From the immobility of the cataleptic state this rigidity differs by its greater degree of resistance to passive motion. Though insensibility to pain may be perfectly developed in this state, there is generally an exalted condition of certain forms of cutaneous sensibility, and of the muscular sense. Strange perversions of other special senses are sometimes remarked. Thus, Cohn[96] discovered that a patient who was naturally color-blind, was able, when unilaterally hypnotized, "to distinguish colors which were otherwise undistinguishable." Conversely, when the cataleptic state is induced, the healthy eye becomes incapable of discerning colors. Spasm of accommodation is also present, and is one of the earliest demonstrable symptoms of the hypnotic condition.

These remarkable exaggerations and perversions of sensibility have been the cause on the one hand, of much skepticism regarding the verity of the phenomena of hypnotism, and, on the other, of much credulity, extending even to a belief in the existence of supernatural and miraculous powers. The extraordinary character of these experiences is well illustrated by the following letter from Lieut. J. M. Brooke, of the United States Navy, to President Wayland, of Brown University. It may be found in "Wayland's Intellectual Philosophy."

"Washington, Oct. 27th, 1851.

"SirIt affords me pleasure to comply with your request, made through my brother William, relative to some experiments performed on board the United States steamer 'Princeton,' in the latter part of the year 1847, she being then on a cruise in the Mediterranean. Nathaniel Bishop, the subject of the experiments, was a mulatto, about twenty-six years of age, in good health, but of an excitable disposition. The first experiment was of the magnetic or mesmeric sleep, which overpowered him in thirty minutes from the commencement of the passes made in the ordinary way, accompanied with a steadfast gaze and effort of the will that he should sleep.

"In this state he was insensible to all voices but mine, unless I directed or willed him to hear others; he was also insensible to such amount of pain as one might inflict without injury, that is, what would have been pain to another. He would obey my directions to whistle, dance or sing. When aroused from this sleep he had no recollection of what occurred while in it. That such an influence could be exerted, I was already aware, having previously witnessed satisfactory experiments. Of clairvoyance I had never been convinced; indeed, considered it nothing but a sort of dreaming produced by the will of the operator. I became aware of its truth rather through accident than design.

"It happened, one day, that some of my brother officers asked a question which the others could not answer. Bishop, who had been a few moments before in a mesmeric sleep, gave the desired information, speaking with confidence and apparent accuracy. As the information related to something which it seemed almost impossible to know without seeing, we were very much surprised. It struck me that he might be clairvoyant; and I at once asked him to tell me the time by a watch kept in the binnacle, on the spar or upper deck, we being on the berth or lower deck. He answered correctly, as I found upon looking at the watch, allowing eight or nine seconds for time occupied in getting on deck. I then asked him many questions with regard to objects at a distance, which he answered, and, as far as I could ascertain, correctly.

"For example, one evening, while at anchor in the port of Genoa, the captain was on shore. I asked Bishop, in the presence of several officers, where the captain then was. He replied, 'At the opera with Mr. Lester, the consul.' 'What does he say?' I inquired. Bishop appeared to listen, and in a moment replied: 'The captain tells Mr. Lester that he was much pleased with the port of Xavia; that the authorities treated him with much consideration.' Upon this, one of the officers laughed, and said that when the captain returned he would ask him. He did so, saying, 'Captain, we have been listening to your conversation while on shore.' 'Very well,' remarked the captain, 'what did I say?' expecting some jest. Then the officer repeated what the captain had said of Xavia and its authorities. 'Ah,' said the captain, 'who was at the opera? I did not see any of the officers there.' The lieutenant then explained the matter. The captain confirmed its truth, and seemed much surprised, as there had been no other communication with the shore during the evening. I may remark that we touched at several ports between Xavia and Genoa.

"On another occasion, an officer being on shore, I directed Bishop to examine his pockets; he made several motions with his hands, as if actually drawing something from the officer's pockets, saying, 'Here is a handkerchief and a box; what a curious thing! full of little white sticks with blue ends. What are they, Mr. Brooke?' I replied, 'Perhaps they are matches.' 'So they are,' he exclaimed. My companion, expecting the officer mentioned, went on deck, and meeting him at the gangway, asked, 'What have you in your pockets?' 'Nothing,' he replied. 'But have you not a box of matches?' 'Oh, yes!' said he. 'How did you know it? I bought them just before I came on board. The matches are peculiar, made of white wax with blue ends.'

"The surgeons of the 'Princeton' ridiculed these experiments, upon which I requested one of them (Farquharson) to test for himself, which he consented to do. With some care he placed Bishop and myself in one corner of the apartment, and then took a position some ten feet distant, concealing between his hands a watch, the long hand of which traversed the dial. He first asked for a description of the watch. To which Bishop replied, ''Tis a funny watch, the second hand jumps.'

"The doctor then asked him to tell the minute and second, which he did; directly afterwards exclaiming, 'The second hand has stopped!' which was the case, Dr. Farquharson having stopped it. 'Well,' said the doctor, 'to what second does it point, and to what hour, and what minute is it now?' Bishop answered correctly, adding, ''Tis going again.' He then told twice in succession the minute and second.

"The doctor was convinced, saying that it was contrary to reason, but he must believe. I then proposed that the doctor should mark; and directed Bishop to look in his mother's house, in Lancaster, Pa., (where he had never been) for a clock; he said there was one, and told the time by it; one of the officers calculated the difference in time for the longitudes of Lancaster and Genoa, and the clock was found to agree within five minutes of the watch time."

Such clairvoyance is very rare; in fact, it is difficult, at first thought, to believe in its existence. Nor should its alleged possession be credited in any instance until all possibility of deception has been excluded. The example just related seems to be, in this respect, one of the best, for the reason of its occurrence in a little group of men whose isolation and thorough acquaintance with each other must have reduced the chances of simulation to the lowest degree. When carefully considered, moreover, it is apparent that the exaltation of the functions of sight and of hearing in this case was not different in kind or in degree from that that has already been recorded in connection with certain cases of natural somnambulism and of dreaming. The condition of the brain is probably identical in all such instances; it is the mode of its induction that is subject to variation. The remarkable feature of the hypnotic state consists in its production at the pleasure of either the subject or of the agent under whose control he has passed; whereas the phenomena of natural somnambulism and of the clairvoyant dream occur only during sleep, and independently of the will of the patient.

Another singular fact in this connection is the receptivity of the hypnotized brain for suggestions from the minds of other persons. Usually, the patient is insensible to all communications which do not emanate from the agent by whom he is held in control; but in certain cases it is probable that the brain is more or less open to impressions of a particular sort from any source. Numerous examples illustrate the manner in which the course of an ordinary dream may be thus directed. The hypnotic dream is far more easily modified by suggestions from without. The simplest examples of this are exhibited by the hypnotized subject who walks, jumps, lies down, executes every variety of pantomime, in obedience to the commands of his director. Somewhat more complicated are the actions that are developed through excitement of the imitative faculties. Every movement of the director that can be perceived by the subject will be at once reproduced. Dr. Fischer relates[97] the case of a patient who, although exceedingly ignorant of the art of music, was able, during the hypnotic paroxysm, to sing with Jenny Lind all kinds of songs, so accurately that it was impossible to distinguish their separate voices. Expression of the various emotions and passions may also be provoked by merely placing the subject in the several attitudes characteristic of such feelings.

In the lower grades of the hypnotic state, consciousness is not abolished, and the subsequent recollection of events during the experience may be quite perfect. In such cases illusions and hallucinations, that were excited by suggestions from the controlling mind of another, survive in memory, and become the causes of serious delusion. Witness, for example, the manner in which excitable people, partially hypnotized in a so-called "spiritual circle," believe in the reality of the illusions which have occupied their powers of perception during a "seance." To this inferior grade of self-induced hypnotism belong all those conditions of sensory hyper?sthesia by means of which certain persons are enabled to read the hidden thoughts of others. This capacity is, essentially, a mere exaltation of that power which all mankind shares in a greater or less degree. In every instance it has been remarked that the ordinary "medium" can only respond correctly to questions for which the true answer is present in the mind of the questioner. To all other interrogatories the replies are delivered purely under the influence of random suggestion. In some cases the pathway of communication lies through actual bodily contact, as in ordinary "mind-reading," where the invisible molecular oscillations of the muscular elements of one person serve to guide the perceptions and movements of another. But, more frequently, the transmission of ideas is effected through the action of the facial and ocular muscles. From these organs of expression the "table-rapper," or the "planchette-writer," reads the unspoken thoughts of the questioner, in a manner very like, yet vastly more delicate than that by which deaf mutes are taught to interpret the movements of the lips of persons with whom they converse. This fact is clearly illustrated by the experience of Maury,[98] in an interview with a celebrated table-rapper who, without the slightest hesitation, made known to him the age, name, and date of death of a brother whom he had lost. She also gave the same information regarding his father, and pronounced the names of other persons upon whom he had fixed his attention. But, if he turned away his face, or if he concealed his eyes so that the woman could no longer scrutinize their expression, her responses became entirely uncertain and destitute of conformity with fact.

The induction of the hypnotic state, if not too often repeated, is sometimes of considerable service in the relief of various functional disorders of a painful character. This fact, enthusiastically announced, many years ago, by Dr. Braid, has recently been freshly brought forward through the experiments of Fischer,[99] Wiehe,[100] Rieger,[101] and others. In our own country this method of treatment has not yet been adopted by many in the medical profession, though its efficacy in a particular class of cases is not denied. Outside of professional circles, however, it is exploited to a considerable extent under the strange misnomer of Metaphysical Healing. But, as De Watteville has truly remarked,[102] "the time is near when the curative influence of hypnotism will be submitted to the same scrutiny as its physiological and psychological import has undergone."

THE END.

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INDEX.

Acids, 71

hydrobromic, 88

hydrochloric, 72

hydrocyanic, 100

hydrocyanic, in gastric disease, 103

lactic, 72

nitric, 72

nitro-muriatic, in hepatic insomnia, 103

phosphoric, 72

Aconite, 63, 93, 100

Africa, maladie du sommeil of, 30

winds from the deserts of, effect of, 46

Africans, habits of, regarding sleep, 40

victims of the maladie du sommeil, 30

Alcohol, 76

effect of, upon the brain, 54

in angina pectoris, 99

in asthma, 101

in chorea, 110

in dyspepsia, 103

in fever, 105

in hepatic diseases, 102

Allen, Prof. J. Adams, case of somnambulism observed by, 185

Allix, observations of, regarding bodily temperature in sleep, 7

Allix and Hohl, observations of, regarding the pulse in sleep, 6

Aloetic purgatives in insanity, 94

Ammonia, in fever, 105

Amyl nitrite, 84

in angina pectoris, 99

in asthma, 101

An?mia of the brain, 53

An?sthetics, 75

Angelic visitors, delusions regarding, 129

Angina pectoris, 99

Anti-spasmodic effects of belladonna, 69

Apparent death, 34

crucial test of, 35

Arabia, effects of wind from the deserts of, 46

Arago, observations of, regarding atmospheric electricity, 46

Arsenic, in asthma, 101

Atropia, 69

Atropine, use of, with opiates, 87

Artificial sleep, effect of, upon the process of oxidation, 9

mode of production of, 22

Artificial somnambulism, 214

cataleptic form of, 219

lethargic form of, 220

recollection of the events of, 227

somnambulic form of, 222

three varieties of, 219

Assaf?tida, use of, in insomnia, 110

Assimilation, rate of, in sleep, 5

Association of ideas, cessation of, in sleep, 3

effect of, 123

Asphyxia, 100

Asthma, insomnia caused by, 101

relieved by atropine, 69

relieved by chloroform, 82

relieved by ether, 82

relieved by iodide of potassium, 110

relieved by lobelia, 71

relieved by stramonium, 71

relieved by tobacco, 71

Atmospheric electricity, effects of, 46

Australia, effect of winds from the deserts of, 46

Azam, a case of somnambulic life observed by, 208

Bachelder, Dr. G. H., observations of, on the maladie du sommeil, 32

Baillarger, hallucination excited by dreaming, 126

Ball and Chambard, classification of the varieties of somnambulism, 169

Baths, use of, as nervous stimulants, 60

cold, 73, 95

in fever, 104

in insomnia, 112

in scarlet fever, 76

shower, 95

warm, 94

Bartholow, on the use of phosphorus, 71

Beard and Rockwell, on the use of electricity, 62

Beer, effect of, 76

Belladonna, 69, 100

use of, in asthma, 101

use of, in fever, 104

use of, in hepatic diseases, 102

Bismuth, use of, in gastric diseases, 103

Bladder, insomnia in irritability of, 90

Blisters, use of, in rheumatism, 106

Blood, control of its circulation by the nervous system, 26

Bombardment, sleep during, 1

Boussingault, experiments of, on the process of oxidation in the tissues, 9

observations of, on respiration in sleep, 6

observations of, regarding the bodily temperature in sleep, 7

Brain, consequences of inordinate excitability of, 159, 161

exalted receptivity of, during the waking state, 150

exalted susceptibility of, in sleep and dreaming, 144, 150

the, its division into separate mechanisms, 13

the, a reservoir of sensory impressions, 124

Brandy, use of, in wakefulness, 77

Bromide of potassium, use of, in insanity, 95

of sodium, use of, in chronic alcoholism, 97

of sodium, use of, in delirium tremens, 98

Bromides, the, 88

use of, in convulsions, 110

use of, in delirium, 77

use of, in fever, 104

use of, in night terrors, 112

use of, in pregnancy, and after parturition, 109

use of, with chloral and morphia, 86

Brooke, Lieut. J. M., observations of, regarding hypnotic clairvoyance, 224

Bronchitis, insomnia caused by, 100

insomnia of, relieved with paraldehyde, 80

Brunton, Dr. T. Lauder, his theory of counter-irritation, 62

Butylchloral hydrate, 83

Buschick, experience of, in waking before earthquakes, 144

Caffeine, effect of, upon the brain, 54

Camphor, 67

use of, in asphyxia, 100

use of, in fevers, 105

use of, in the insomnia of cachexia, 108

use of, after parturition, 109

Cannabin, 69

Cannabin tannate, 68

Cannabis indica, 68

anti-aphrodisiac effect of, 69

use of, in delirium tremens, 98

use of, in fever, 104

use of, in insanity, 96, 97

use of, in pregnancy, 109

use of, as a substitute for hyoscyamus, 113

Cantharides, 63

Capsicum, 63

Capsicum, use of, in the insomnia of delirium tremens, 77, 98

Carbolic acid, vapor of, for relief of cough, 100

Carbon, oxidation of, during sleep, 7

Carbonic acid gas, discharge of, during sleep, 9

Cardiac debility, use of butylchloral in, 83

Cardiac disease, insomnia of, treated with paraldehyde, 80

treated with digitalis, 66

Cardiac dyspn?a, relieved with opiates, 87, 98

Cardiac neuralgia, 99

Carotid arteries, compression of, for relief of insomnia, 25, 27, 57

Cataleptic form of artificial somnambulism, 219

Catarrh, nasal, effect of sleep upon, 8

Caton, Judge John D., on the difficulty of sleep during the continuous daylight of summer in Norway, 40

Cerebral activity, effect of, upon bodily temperature, 8

Cerebral an?mia and its cause during sleep, 25, 28

use of phosphorus for, 71

Cerebral circulation, dependence of consciousness upon, 25, 27

during sleep, observations upon, by Professor Mosso, 26

Cerebral exhaustion, benefited by the use of phosphorus, 71

in fever, 105

Cerebral hyper?mia, effects of, 145

insomnia of, treatment with paraldehyde, 80

Cerebral irritation in cachectic states, 108

Cerebro-spinal meningitis, use of opiates in, 93

Cerebro-spinal weakness, 110

Change of life, use of valerian during, 68

Chicago, embarkation from, 45

the great fire in, 40

Child-birth, insomnia after, 81

Chloral, 82

Chloral hydrate, influence of, upon oxidation in the tissues, 9

association of, with morphia and bromides, 86

use of, in angina pectoris, 99

use of, in asthma, 101

use of, in cachexias with insomnia, 109

use of, in chorea, 110

use of, in chronic alcoholism, 97

use of, in delirium tremens, 98

use of, in fevers, 104

use of, in hepatic diseases, 102

use of, in insanity, 95

use of, in meningitis, 94

use of, in night terrors, 112

use of, in respiratory diseases, 100

Chlorodyne, 82

use of, in syphilitic neuralgia, 107

Chloroform, 81

use of, in asthma, 101

use of, in convulsions, 110

spirit of, in the treatment of fevers, 105

Chossat, observations of, on the temperature of pigeons, 7

Circulation of blood, its regulation by the nervous system, 26

disorders of, 52

modified by counter-irritation, 63

state of, during sleep, 6

Clairvoyance, hypothetical explanation of, 148

in dreams, 146, 148, 149

in dreaming, and in natural somnambulism, 226

in the hypnotic state, 224

Clark, observations of, on the sleeping dropsy, 30

Codeia, 85

Codeine, 88

Coffee, effects of, upon the brain, 54

Cold, a nervous sedative, 73

Cold baths, 73

Cold, excessive, a cause of stupor, 47

Colic, uterine, relief of, 81

Color-blindness, effect of hypnotism upon, 223

Coma, 32

Coniine, 91

Conium, 90, 95

Consciousness, duration of the sensations required for its excitement, 23

state of, during sleep, 14

Convulsions, excited by compression of the carotid arteries, 27

treatment of, 110

Cough, spasmodic, treatment with spirit of chloroform, 82

Counter irritants, 62

Croton oil, 63

Cups, counter irritation with, 63, 93

Curci, observations of, regarding belladonna, 69

regarding morphia, 85

Cutaneous disorders, causes of insomnia, 55

DaCosta, on lith?mia, 106

Darkness, favorable to sleep, 18

Day and night, alternation of, a cause of sleep, 17

Death, apparent, 34

test of, 35

Degeneration of the brain, 55

Demme, observations of, on bodily temperature in sleep, 7

Delirium, 54

excited by hyoscyamus, 70

excited by stramonium, 71

of exhaustion, 77

treatment of, with musk, 67

Delirium tremens, treatment of, with alcohol, 77

with bromides, 89

with capsicum, 77

with chloral, 82

with digitalis, 67

Delusions, caused by dreams, 128

Depressing emotions, a cause of sleep, 19

Diagram, illustrating the stages of sleep, 4

the varieties of somnambulism, 172

Digitalis, indirectly hypnotic effect of, 66

treatment of delirium tremens with, 98

Diminution of energy, represented by sleepiness, 2

Disease and dissolution, revival of memory in, 165

Dover's powder, 67, 100, 104, 110, 112

Double consciousness, 204, 206

Dreams, 116

analysis of, 133

at the moment of waking, 14

brevity of, 15

causes of, 118

cause of special vividness of, 134

clairvoyant, 146, 148, 149

coherence of, 131

definition of, 120

dependence of, upon partial sleep of the brain, 11

duration of, 135

excited by gustatory sensation, 43, 125, 130

by heat, 43

by painful diseases, 141

by sensory impressions during sleep, 29

by sounds, 41

incoherence of, 133

intellectual combinations in, 131

mode of their production, 124

primitive belief in the divine origin of, 160

prophetic, 142, 143

recollection of, 140

relation of, to depth of sleep, 4

relation of, to waking hallucinations, 126

resemblance of, to the mental processes of insanity, 133

revival of memory in, 162

somnambulic, 178

state of volition during, 141

suggested by external impulses, 125, 130

theory of, 116

waking, 123

Dropsy, treatment of, with digitalis, 66

Dumontpallier, case of self-hypnotism related by, 219

Duration of sleep, 110

Dyspn?a, cardiac, 98

treatment of, with digitalis, 66

Dyspeptic insomnia, 104

East Indies, climate of, a cause of insomnia, 44

Eggs, as an article of food, 66

Electrical test of apparent death, 35

Electricity, atmospheric, 46

use of, 62, 63

Emphysema, insomnia of, relieved with paraldehyde, 80

Energy, diminution of, represented by sleepiness, 2

renewal of, by sleep, 5

Epilepsy, double consciousness in, 205

Ether, hypnotic effect of, 81

inhalation of, 98

use of, in asthma, 101

use of, in convulsions, 110

use of, in irritative cough, 100

Ether, compound spirit of, 81

use of, in delirium tremens, 98

use of, in hepatic diseases, 102

Excrementitious substances, causes of insomnia, 55

Exhaustion, a cause of sleep, 19

relief of with alcoholic stimulants, 76

states of, 64

use of musk in, 68

Exner, experiments of, to test the possibility of dreamless sleep, 14

Eye, state of its secretions during sleep, 8

Facial neuralgia, treatment of, with butylchloral, 83

Fainting, a counterfeit of sleep, 25

Fatigue, a cause of sleep, 19

Fatigue theory of sleep, 20

Fevers, eruptive, treatment of with musk, 68

infective, 57

typhoid, 57

treatment of with cold baths, 73

Flaxseed tea, 100

Florida, climate of, in insomnia, 114

Fonssagrives, observations of, regarding atmospheric electricity and insomnia, 46

Food, lack of, a cause of insomnia, 63

Foot-baths, hot, in the treatment of insomnia, 93, 94

Force, fluctuations of, 15

kinetic, 15

potential, 15

Frank, J. P., case of somnambulism related by, 195

Functional nervous disorders, treatment of with hypnotism, 229

Gairdner, W. T., case of somnambulic lethargy reported by, 174

Gastro-intestinal glands, state of their secretions during sleep, 8

Gelsemium, 90

treatment of fever with, 104

use of, in the wakefulness of children, 112

Generation of ideas, relation of, to molecular movements in the brain,

24

Grasset, case of somnambulism related by, 177

Guérin, observations of, on the maladie du sommeil, 30

Guiana, delusions among the Indians of, founded upon dreams, 128

travels in, 42

Guy, observations of, regarding the pulse in sleep, 7

Hallucination, case of, related by Dr. E. H. Clarke, 156

experienced by Sir Edmund Hornby, 150

production of, by drugs, 120

sometimes excited by dreams, 126, 150

Hamilton, Sir William, experiments of, on the possibility of dreamless sleep, 14

Hasheesh, visions excited by, 120

Hayes, Dr. P. S., case of lucid lethargy reported by, 35

Headache, 54

Hearing, persistence of during sleep, 41

sense of, during sleep, 11

Heart, pulsation of, in sleep, 6

Heat, a cause of insomnia, 44

a nervous stimulant, 59

effects of excessive, 47

liberation of, during sleep, 9

Heidenhain, observations of, on hypnotism, 214

Helmholtz, observations of, on liberation of heat during sleep, 9

Hemicrania, treatment of, with butylchloral, 83

Henneberg, experiments of, on oxidation in the tissues, 9

Hibernation, phenomena of, 48

Hoffmann's anodyne, 81

Hohl and Allix, observations of, on the pulse in sleep, 6

Holland, Sir Henry, observations of, regarding the loss of memory during exhaustion, 209

Hops, 90

treatment of chronic alcoholism with, 97

Hornby, Sir Edmund, experience of hallucination, 150

Horsford's Acid Phosphate, 72

Horvath, observations of, on the temperature of hibernating marmots, 8

Hunger, 2

Hydrobromic acid, 88

Hydrochloric acid, useful in atonic dyspepsia, 72

Hydrocyanic acid, 100

in gastric diseases, 103

Hyosciamia, 70, 96

Hyosciamine, 70

Hyoscyamus, 70

use of, after parturition, 109

use of, in asthma, 101

use of, in fever, 104

use of, in hepatic diseases, 102

use of, in insanity, 96

use of, in insomnia of children, 112

use of, in renal diseases, 102

Hyper?mia of the brain, 52, 54, 110

Hypnagogic hallucinations, 3, 4

Hypnagogic state, 2

Hypnotic sleep, duration of, 217

Hypnotic sleep, clairvoyance in, 224

condition of the special senses in, 223

conditions favorable to, 214

exaltation of the imitative faculty during, 227

methods of inducing, 215

perception during, 149

Hypnotism, 214

likeness of, to somnambulism, 203

observations of Braid, 214, 229

observations of Charcot, 214, 219, 221

observations of Cohn, 223

observations of De Watteville, 229

observations of Dumontpallier, 219, 221

observations of Fischer, 150, 227

observations of Harting, 215

observations of Heidenhain, 214, 215, 216, 222

observations of Milne-Edwards, 215

observations of Rieger, 229

observations of Wiehe, 229

receptivity of the brain to suggestions during, 226

suggestion of ideas during, 226

therapeutical use of, 228

Hysteria, a cause of double consciousness, 205

Hysterical excitement, treatment of, 68

Ice-cap, in the treatment of acute affections of the brain, 93

Iceland moss, for the relief of cough, 100

Ideas, their dependence upon molecular movements in the brain, 24

Illusions, excited by disease and by drugs, 120, 122

Imagination, persistence of, in sleep, 3

Imitative faculties, exaltation of, in hypnotic states, 227

Immermann, on cold baths, 73

Impulses to violence during somnambulism, 193

Im Thurn, Everard F., on dreams among the Indians of Guiana, 128

Indians, of Guiana, magic practices among, 42

Inflammations affecting the brain, 54

Inhalations, medicated, 100

Injuries of the brain, 55

Insanity, 54, 57, 70, 133

Insomnia, 38

Insomnia, causes of, 39

caused by aortic obstruction, 84

caused by asthma, 101

caused by cardiac disorders, 51

caused by cold, 47

caused by contagia of animal origin, 55

caused by cutaneous disorders, 49, 55

caused by dyspepsia, 51

caused by electrical disturbances, 46

caused by excrementitious substances, 55

caused by fatigue, 78

caused by heat, 44, 46

caused by heat and humidity, 44

caused by icterus, 49

caused by inflammations, 50

caused by insects, 49

caused by itching in myelitis, 49

caused by itch-mite, 49

caused by light, 39

caused by malaria, 72

caused by meningitis, 50

caused by miasms, 55

caused by morbid states of the central nervous organs, 51

caused by neuralgia, 50

caused by neuritis, 50

caused by neuromata, 50

caused by oxaluria, 72

caused by pain, 49

caused by parasites, 49

caused by periostitis, 50

caused by phosphatic diathesis, 72

caused by pneumogastric disorder, 51

caused by poisons, 55

caused by products of putrefaction, 55

caused by respiratory disorders, 51

caused by rheumatic diathesis, 72

caused by sounds, 41

caused by smells, 42

caused by stramonium, 71

caused by sympathetic nerve disorder, 50

Insomnia, occurrence of, after childbirth, 81

occurrence of, after parturition, 109

occurrence of, during acute affections of the brain, 92

occurrence of, during bronchitis, 80

occurrence of, during cardiac diseases, 66, 80, 87

occurrence of, during change of life in women, 84

occurrence of, during childhood, 110

occurrence of, during chorea, 110

occurrence of, during chronic alcoholism, 97

occurrence of, during chronic phthisis, 84

occurrence of, during delirium tremens, 87, 90, 97

occurrence of, during diseases of the heart and blood-vessels, 98

occurrence of, during diseases of the liver, 102

occurrence of, during diseases of the respiratory organs, 99

occurrence of, during disorders of nutrition, 107

occurrence of, during dysmenorrh?a, 84

occurrence of, during emphysema, 80

occurrence of, during febrile conditions and fevers, 87, 104

occurrence of, during gastric and intestinal disorders, 87, 103

occurrence of, during gout and rheumatism, 103, 107

occurrence of, during headache, 84

occurrence of, during hysteria, 81, 89

occurrence of, during insanity, 94

occurrence of, during irritability of the bladder, 90

occurrence of, during irritability of the sexual organs, 90

occurrence of, during irritative dyspepsia, 90

occurrence of, during jaundice, 80

occurrence of, during lith?mia, 106, 107

occurrence of, during mania, 87, 89, 90

occurrence of, during melancholia, 96

occurrence of, during mental exhaustion, 89

occurrence of, during nervous disorders, 80

occurrence of, during neuralgia, 84

occurrence of, during old age, 78, 113

occurrence of, during opium habit, 84

occurrence of, during paretic dementia, 96

occurrence of, during phthisis, 80, 87

occurrence of, during pregnancy, 89, 109

occurrence of, during the puerperal state, 89

occurrence of, during renal diseases, 101

occurrence of, during rheumatism and gout, 105, 107

occurrence of, during sexual excitement, 89

occurrence of, during spasmodic diseases, 109

occurrence of, during states of exhaustion, 67

occurrence of, during syphilis, 106, 107

Insomnia, relation of, to states of the cerebral circulation, 57

relief of, by compression of the carotid arteries, 25

Iodide of potassium, treatment of asthma with, 110

Ipecac, treatment of asthma with, 101

Irritability of the brain, 53, 54

Itching of eczema, relieved with cannabis indica, 69

Jacobi, A., on wakefulness of children, 111

Japanese, use of massage among, 61

Jaundice, insomnia of, treatment with paraldehyde, 80

Jessen, case of hallucination caused by dreaming, 127

Joseph, St., dreams of, 142, 160

Judgment, suspension of, during sleep, 3

Kohlschütter, experiments of, to measure the depth of sleep, 16

Koumiss, 64

Lactic acid, hypnotic effects of, 72

Lactate of sodium, hypnotic effects of, 20, 72

Lactucarium, 88

Latent contracture, 221

Leeches, use of, 63, 93, 94

Lethargic form of artificial somnambulism, 220

Lethargy, 33

produced by excessive cold, 48

Lewin, observations of, on respiration during sleep, 6

experiments of, on oxidation in the tissues, 9

Liebermeister, experiments of, on oxidation in the tissues, 9

Life, normal, 4

possibility of intermissions in its active manifestation, 15

Light, interference of, with sleep, 40, 41

Liquors, effects of, 76

Lith?mia, a cause of insomnia, 106

Lithium bromide, 88

Lobelia, anti-spasmodic effects of, 71, 101

Lomi-lomi, 61

Lucid lethargy, 35

contrasted with somnambulic lethargy, 176

Lupulin, 90

Macario, case of somnambulism, reported by, 192

Mackinac, voyage to, 45

Macnish, case of somnambulic life, reported by, 206

Maladie du sommeil, 30

Malaria, treatment of insomnia, caused by, 72

Mania, use of chloral in, 82

Marmot, hibernation of, 48

temperature of, during hibernation, 8

Massage, 60, 109

Matter and mind, communication between, 22

Maury, A., classification of the varieties of somnambulism, 168

experience of, with table-rapping, 228

theory of, regarding forgetfulness of the events of somnambulism, 211

Measles, use of baths in, 74

Meat juice, 66

Memory, effect of physical exhaustion, 209

exaltation of, in somnambulism, 187

persistence of, in sleep, 3

relation of, to phenomena of somnambulism, 192

revival of, during disease and dissolution, 165

revival of, during dreaming, 162

Meningitis, 54, 57

Mental activity during sleep, 14

Mesnet, case of somnambulism related by, 196

Metaphysical healing, 229

Michigan, Lake, voyage upon, 45

Northern, summer climate of, favorable to sleep, 45

Milk, peptonized, 64

Mind and matter, communication between, 22

alternate states of action and repose, 15

sleep of, 15

state of, during sleep, 14

Mind-reading, 218, 227

Minnesota, summer climate of, favorable to sleep, 45

Mitchell, S. Weir, observations of, regarding effect of variable barometric pressure, 47

Molecular movement, its relation to the generation of ideas, 24

Moral responsibility in somnambulism, 203

Morphia, 97, 98, 100, 101

Morphine, influence of, on oxidation in the tissues, 10

Mosso, Professor, on the circulation of blood during sleep, 26

on respiration during sleep, 5

Mouth, condition of, during sleep, 8

Muscles, effect of sleep upon, 12

fibrillary twitching of, during sleep, 3

Muscle-reading, 218

Musk, 67, 100, 105

Mustard, 63

Nasal catarrh, state of secretion during sleep, 8

Narcotic stupor, 29

Nerves, of common sensation, affections of, 39, 49

pneumogastric, 51

sympathetic, affections of, causes of insomnia, 50

Nervous disorders, insomnia of, relieved with paraldehyde, 80

hypnotic treatment of, 229

Nervous irritation, effect of, on tissue change, 10

sedatives, 58, 59

stimulants, 58, 59

system, its control over the circulatory apparatus, 26

Neuralgia, cardiac, 99

treatment of, with alcohol, 77

treatment of, with belladonna, 69

treatment of, with preparations of valerian, 68

Neurasthenic patients, 66

New Providence, climate of, beneficial in insomnia, 114

Night and day, alternation of, a cause of sleep, 17

Night terrors, 179

treatment of, 89, 112

Nitric acid, 72

Noctambulism, 169

Noise, sleep prevented by, 41

North China Herald, criticism of Sir E. Hornby's narrative, 155

Norway, difficulty of sleeping during the summer, 40

Nutrition, effect of sleep upon, 5, 9

disorders of, 52

Obersteiner, his theory of sleep, 20

Odors, effect of, upon sleep, 11

Old age, decline of life in, 113

Omphaloscopy, 217

Opium and opiates, 84, 98

Opiates, use of, in treatment of cachexias, 108

use of, in treatment of fever, 104, 105

use of, in treatment of gastric disease, 103

use of, in treatment of insanity, 96

use of, in treatment of renal diseases, 102

use of, in treatment of rheumatism, 105

Oxaluria, insomnia caused by, 72

Oxygen, absorption of, during sleep, 9

Ozone, use of, in the treatment of asthma, 101

Pacific Islanders, habits of, regarding sleep in the daytime, 40

use of massage among, 61

Pain, a cause of sleep, 19

Paraldehyde, 79,

95, 97, 108

Paregoric, 100

Perception, effect of, upon nervous tissue, 10

duration of, necessary to arouse consciousness, 23

range of, circumscribed by sleep, 12

transfer of, in telepathy and hypnotism, 217

Percussion, 61

Perspiration, secretion of, during sleep, 9

Pettenkofer, experiments of, on oxidation in the tissues, 9

experiments of, on respiration in sleep, 6

Pettenkofer and Voit, on tissue changes, 10

Pflüger, hypothesis of, regarding the cause of sleep, 21

Phosphatic diathesis, a cause of insomnia, 72

Phosphoric acid, 72

Phosphorus, 71

Phthisis, cough of, relieved with lactucarium, 88

insomnia of, relieved with paraldehyde, 80

treatment of, with opiates, 87

Physiological activity, reduction of, during sleep, 5

Physiological cause of somnambulism, 180

Planchette-writing, 228

Pleuritic pain, 99

Pneumogastric nerves, insomnia caused by affections of, 51

Pneumonia, 68, 100

Porter, effects of, 76

Potassium bromide, 88

Preyer, his theory of sleep, 20

Psychical Research, Society for, investigations by, 149, 217

Pulse, state of, during sleep, 6

Punkah, use of, to promote sleep, 44

Quetelet, observations of, on respiration during sleep, 5

Quinine and opium, use of, in fever, 104

Reasoning powers, arrest of, during sleep, 3

Recollection of the events of artificial somnambulism, 227

of the events of natural somnambulism, 188

Reflex movements during sleep, 12

Refrigeration, threefold effect of, 49

Relation between molecular movement and the generation of ideas, 24

Respiration during sleep, 5

Revelation through dreams, 160

Revery, nature of, 120

Rheumatic diathesis, a cause of insomnia, 72

Rosenthal, observations of, regarding lethargy, 33, 34

observations regarding apparent death, 35

Rush, Dr., observations of, on the revival of memory in dissolution, 165

Sailors, sleeping during a bombardment, 1

Sailor-boy, sleeping on a mast, 1

Salicylic acid, treatment of rheumatism with, 106

Saliva, secretion of, during sleep, 8

Samuel the prophet, dream of, 129

Sandwich Islands, climate of, for relief of insomnia, 114

Scarlet fever, treatment of, with baths, 74, 75

Scharling, observations of, regarding bodily temperature during sleep, 7

experiments of, on oxidation in the tissues, 9

Screaming fits of children, 112

Secretion, state of, during sleep, 8

Sedatives, nervous, 59, 73

Self-hypnotism, 219

Sensory excitement, effect of, upon the cerebral circulation, 27, 28

Sensory organs, condition of, during somnambulism, 191

Sexual organs, irritability of, 90

Shampooing, 61

Simon, P. Max, case of somnambulism related by, 182

dream related by, 142

Sleep, affected by certain winds, 45

artificial, mode of its production, 22

caused by the alternation of day and night, 17

caused by depressing emotions, 19

caused by exhaustion, 19

caused by fatigue, 19

caused by painful impressions, 19

caused by the venereal act, 19

definition of, 1

dreamless, 14

duration of, 4, 110

effects of its invasion upon the intellectual faculties, 13

effect of, upon consciousness, 13, 14

fatigue theory of, 20

favored by darkness, 18

favored by the suppression of sensation, 18

hindered by heat, 44

hindered by light, 39

hindered by smells, 42

hindered by sounds, 41

introductory stage of, 2

invasion of, 10, 117

measure of its depth by the experiments of Kohlschütter, 16

Obersteiner's theory of, 20

Pflüger's hypothesis regarding the cause of, 21

preceded by sleepiness, 2

Preyer's theory of, 20

rapid induction of, in certain cases, 24

relation between the duration of, and the average length of the night, 17

stages of, 4

the cause of, 29

unequal incidence of, upon different portions of the brain, 13

Sleep-drunkenness, 180, 181

Sleepiness, precursive of sleep, 2

Sleeping dropsy, 30

Sleeplessness, causes of, 39

Smells, abolition of sleep by, 42

Smile, during sleep, 12

Smith, E., experiments of, on oxidation in the tissues, 9

Snoring, occasional interruption of sleep by, 11

Society for Psychical Research, investigations by, 149, 217

Sodium bromide, 88

Somniation, 169

Somnambulic dreams, 171, 178, 181

recollections of, 188

Somnambulic form of artificial somnambulism, 222

Somnambulic lethargy, 171, 173

contrasted with lucid lethargy, 176

Somnambulic life, 169, 204

a case of, 206

a case of, related by Azam, 208

a case of, related by Macnish, 206

Somnambulism, 166

artificial, 214

case of, related by Prof. J. Adams Allen, 185

case of, related by J. P. Frank, 195

case of, related by Macario, 192

case of, related by Mesnet, 196

case of, related by P. Max Simon, 182

causes of, 166

condition of sensory organs during, 191

dependence of, upon partial sleep of the brain, 11

likeness of, to hypnotism, 203

moral responsibility in, 203

phenomena of, 167, 210

physiological cause of, 180

relation of memory with events of, 192

varieties of, according to A. Maury, 168

varieties of, according to Ball and Chambard, 169

varieties of, diagrammatically exhibited, 172

violent impulses during, 193

Somnolence, 30

Somnolentia, 180, 181

Sound, effect of, to hinder sleep, 42

effect of, to induce sleep, 42

Spasmodic croup, 110

Special sense organs, affections of, 39

Special senses, condition of, during invasion of sleep, 11

perversion of, during the hypnotic state, 223

Spinal cord, irritability of, 110

reflex energy of, during sleep, 3

Spinal irritation, 62

Spirit of chloroform, 81

Spiritual circle, manifestations in, 227

Stewart, Dugald, observation of, 43

Stimulants after parturition, 109

in fever, 105

nervous, 59

Stramonium, 70, 101

Strümpell, observations of, regarding sleep produced by suppression of sensation, 18

Strychnia, 105

Stupor produced by excessive heat or cold, 47

Subsultus tendinum, treatment of, with musk, 67

Suction, involuntary, during infantile sleep, 12

Suppression of sensation, a cause of sleep, 18

Swedish movement cure, 61

Sympathetic nerves, affections of, 39, 50

Table-rapping, method of communication in, 228

Tannate of cannabin, 68

Tartar emetic, use of, in asthma, 101

use of, in delirium tremens, 98

use of, in fever, 104

use of, with opium, 108

Taste, relation of, to insomnia, 43

Tea, effect of, upon the brain, 54

Telegraphy without a wire, through water, 147

Telepathy, investigation of, by the Society for Psychical Research, 149

Temperature, of the body, during sleep, 7

sense of, 43

Thapsia, 63

Theory of sleep, Obersteiner's, 20

Pflüger's, 21

Preyer's, 20

Thirst, 2

Thompson, Sir William, his doctrine concerning a sixth sense, 43

Tickling, effect of during sleep, 12

Tobacco, anti-spasmodic effect of, 71, 99, 101

Transfer of perceptions, 217

Trousseau, observations of, on the pulse during sleep, 6

Tuberculosis of the cerebral membranes, 55

Tully's Powder, 67

Tumors of the brain, 55

Turkish baths, 60

Turpentine, 63

Typhoid fever, insomnia during, 64

treatment of, with baths, 74

treatment of, with musk, 68

treatment of, with Tully's Powder, 67

Typhus fever, treatment of, with musk, 68

Unconsciousness, produced by compression of the carotid arteries, 27

relation of, to modifications of the cerebral circulation, 25

Urea, elimination of, during sleep, 9

Urine, secretion of, during sleep, 9

Uterine colic, 81

Valerian, 68, 109

Valerianate of ammonia, 68

of zinc, 68

Venereal act, a cause of sleep, 19

Vierordt, observations of, on the duration of sleep, 110

Visions, character of, 119

of the ancient prophets, 161

Voit, observations of, on oxidation in the tissues, 9

on respiration during sleep, 6

Volition, cessation of, during sleep, 3

Wakefulness, 38

causes of, 39

dependence of, upon instability of cerebral protoplasm, 22

Warburton, Rev. Canon, clairvoyant dream of, 146

Weariness, a cause of sleep, 1

Wharton and Stillé, on sleep-drunkenness, 181

Whooping-cough, treatment of, with belladonna, 69

Wind, effect of, upon sleep, 45

Wine, effects of, 76

use of, in the insomnia of old age, 78

Ziemssen, von, on the use of baths, 73

* * *

Footnotes:

[1] Rosenbach, Zeitschr. f. klin. med. 1881. Brain, Vol. IV, p. 138.

[2] Alfred Maury, Le Sommeil et les Rêves, Chap. IV.

[3] Hermann's Handbuch der Physiologie, Vol. IV, Part II, p. 98.

[4] Handbuch der Kinderkrankheiten, Vol. I, p. 346.

[5] Handbuch der Physiologie, Vol. IV, Pt. II, p. 217.

[6] Op. cit., pp. 142 and 456.

[7] Dic. Encyc. des Sci. Méd., Art. Sommeil, pp. 277.

[8] Quoted by Vierordt, Handbuch der Kinderkrankheiten, Vol. I, p. 307.

[9] Dic. Encyc. des. Méd., Ie série, t. XV, p. 75.

[10] Handbuch der Kinderkrankheiten, Vol. I, p. 383.

[11] Carpenter's Physiology, 8th edition, p. 560.

[12] Handbuch der Physiologie, Vol. II, Pt. II, p. 297.

[13] Quincke, Archiv. f. Experim. Pathol., Vol. VII, p. 115.

[14] Carpenter's Physiology, 8th edition, p. 526, Handbuch der Kinderkrankheiten, 2d edition, Vol. I, p. 373.

[15] Dic. Encyc. des Sci. Méd., IIIe Série, Vol. X, p. 268.

[16] Handbuch der Physiologie, Vol. V, p. 142-156.

[17] Kohlschütter, Messungen der Festigkeit des Schlafes. Dissert. Leipzig, 1862, und Zeitschrift f. rat. Med., 1863. Quoted, Hermann's Handbuch der Physiologie, Vol. II, Pt. II, p. 295.

[18] Obersteiner, Zur Theorie des Schlafes, Zeitschr. f. Psych. XXIX. Preyer, Ueber die Ursachen des Schlafes. Vortrag. Stuttgart bei Enke. 1877, und centralbl. f. d. Med. Wiss. 1875. S. 577.

[19] Theorie des Schlafes. Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol. X, 468.

[20] Artificial An?sthesia and An?sthetics, pp. 15-17.

[21] Carpenter's Physiology, 8th ed., p. 852.

[22] Sulla Circolazione del Sangue nel Cervello dell'Uomo. Abstract in Brain, Vol. IV, p. 100.

[23] Transactions of the London Epidemiological Society, Vol. I, p. 116.

[24] De la maladie du sommeil, 1869.

[25] The Medical Record, July 1, 1882, p. 23.

[26] Real. Encyc. der ges. Heilkunde, VIII, 276.

[27] Op. cit. p. 276.

[28] A Summer in Norway, by John Dean Caton, pp. 251 and 311.

[29] A. Maury, op. cit., p. 156.

[30] Among the Indians of Guiana. By Everard F. Im Thurn.

[31] Le Sommeil et les Rêves, p. 154.

[32] Nature, Vol. XXIX, pp. 438-462.

[33] Ganot's Physics.

[34] Dic. Encyc. des Sci. Méd., Art. Climat.

[35] Comptes-rendus Acad. des Sci., 1840, t. XI, p. 823.

[36] Am. Journ. Med. Sci., April, 1877, p. 305.

[37] A remarkable illustration of this will be found related in The Lancet, July 26, 1884, p. 112.

[38] Dic. Encyc. des Sci. Méd., Art. Froid, p. 139.

[39] Medical and Surgical Electricity, 4th ed., p. 413.

[40] Nature, March, 1883.

[41] Lo Sperimentale, April, 1884.

[42] Artificial An?sthesia and An?sthetics, pp. 20-28. William Wood & Co., New York, 1881.

[43] Bull. gén. de Thérap., 1884, 2o Livr.

[44] Centralblatt für klin. med., 1884. Nr. 12.

[45] The National Dispensatory, 1884, p. 433.

[46] Deutsche Med. wochenschr., 1883, Nr. 49.

[47] Lo Sperimentale, April, 1884.

[48] The National Dispensatory, 1884, p. 993.

[49] Kiernan, Journ. Nerv. and Mental Diseases, Vol. X, p. 234.

[50] Psychological Medicine, Bucknill and Tuke, 4th ed., p. 731.

[51] Clinical Lectures on Mental Diseases.

[52] Ringer's Therapeutics, 10th ed., p. 421.

[53] C. H. Jones, Functional Nervous Disorders, p. 284.

[54] Am. Jour. Med. Sci., Oct., 1881, p. 313.

[55] Handbuch der Kinderkrankheiten, Vol. I., p. 214.

[56] Op. cit., Vol. I., Pt. 2, p. 153.

[57] Herbert Spencer, First Principles, p. 486.

[58] A. Maury. Le Sommeil et les Rêves, p. 154.

[59] On Intelligence, p. 61.

[60] Wharton and Stillé's Medical Jurisprudence, Third Edition, Vol. I, p. 482.

[61] Among the Indians of Guiana. By Everard F. Im Thurn. London: 1883, p. 344.

[62] A. Maury, Le Sommeil et les Rêves, p. 219 et seq.

[63] Obscure Diseases of the Brain and Mind. Philadelphia, 1866, pp. 394-398.

[64] Le Monde des Rêves, p. 88.

[65] Op. cit., p. 91.

[66] The Nineteenth Century, July, 1884, p. 71.

[67] Nature, October, 16, 1884, p. 596.

[68] Lebensmagnetismus oder Hypnotismus, von Dr. E. L. Fischer, pp. 71-73.

[69] The Nineteenth Century, July, 1884, p. 89.

[70] Visions: A Study of False Sight, p. 39.

[71] Inquiries concerning the Intellectual Powers, tenth edition, p. 283.

[72] Medical Inquiries and Observations upon Diseases of the Mind, p. 277.

[73] Loc. cit.

[74] Le Sommeil et les Rêves, p. 248.

[75] Dic. Encyc. des Sci. Méd., Article Somnambulisme Naturel.

[76] The Lancet, Dec. 22, 1883, p. 1,078, and Jan. 5, 1884, p 5.

[77] Brain, Jan., 1884, p. 454.

[78] Medical Jurisprudence, 3d ed., Vol. I, pp. 464-471.

[79] Le Monde des Rêves, p. 257.

[80] Chicago Medical Journal, 1869, p. 650.

[81] Maury, Le Sommeil et les Rêves, p. 234.

[82] Pathologie interne.

[83] L' Union Médicale, July 21st and 23d, 1874.

[84] Chicago Journ. of Nervous and Mental Diseases, Vol. II, p. 48.

[85] Loc. cit.

[86] Philosophy of Sleep, p. 167.

[87] Revue Scientifique, May 20, Sept. 16, 1876; Dec. 22, 1877; March 8, 1879.

[88] Vol. III, p. 584.

[89] Chapters on Mental Physiology, p. 160.

[90] Le Sommeil et les Rêves, p. 226.

[91] Lancet, July 29, 1882, p. 164.

[92] Transactions of the Society, etc., Vols. I, II, III.

[93] Le Progrès Médical, Feb. 18, 1882, p. 124.

[94] Le Progrès Médical, March 25, 1882, p. 223.

[95] Le Progrès Médical, Jan. 14, 1882, p. 25.

[96] Brain, Vol. III, p. 394.

[97] Op. cit., p. 18.

[98] Le Sommeil et les Rêves, p. 361.

[99] Op. cit.

[100] Berlin. Klin. Wochenschr, January, 1884.

[101] Der Hypnotismus, Jena, 1884.

[102] Brain, July, 1884, p. 278.